材料科学与工程基础作业讲评-9.pptx
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1、 =hc/Eg=0.55m h=6.62*10-34J.s/1.6*10-19=4.13*10-15eV.s c =3*108m.s-1 对波长对波长0.550.7 m的的可见光透明可见光透明 R=(n1-1)2/(n1+1)2=0.053 T=(1-R)2e- l; 0.85=(1-0.053)2e- *0.02; =2.6 T=(1-R)2e- l =0.80819.9 Compute the velocity of light in calcium fluoride (CaF2 ), which has a dielectric constant r of 2.056 (at frequ
2、encies within the visible range) and a magnetic susceptibility of-1.43 10-5.r r=1+=1+m m=1-0.0000143=0.9999757=1-0.0000143=0.9999757n=(r rr r)1/21/2=1.43=1.43v=c/n=2.10v=c/n=2.1010108 8m/sm/s另解:另解: r=/0, =0 r r= / 0, = 0 r19.19 The fraction of nonreflected radiation that is transmitted through a 10-
3、mm thickness of a transparent material is 0.90. If the thickness is increased to 20 mm, what fraction of light will be transmitted?I IT T=I=I0 0(1-R1-R)2 2e e-l-l=I=I0 0e e-l-l0.9=e0.9=e-l-l=e=e(-0.010.01) =10.54=10.54IT=I0e(-0.020.02)=0.81I=0.81I0 019.22 Briefly explain what determines the characte
4、ristic color of (a) a metal and (b) a transparent nonmetal.金属:吸收和再发射金属:吸收和再发射透明非金属:透射、透明非金属:透射、部分吸收(选择性吸部分吸收(选择性吸 收)。收)。 19.24 The index of refraction of quartz is anisotropic. Suppose that visible light is passing from one grain to another of different crystallographic orientation and at normal inc
5、idence to the grain boundary. Calculate the reflectivity at the boundary if the indices of refraction for the two grains are 1.544 and 1.553.R=(n2-n1)2/(n2+n1)2 =(1.553-1.544)2/(1.553+1.544)2 =8.42710-619.25 Briefly explain why amorphous polymers are transparent, while predominantly crystalline poly
6、mers appear opaque or, at best, translucent.半晶聚合物,结晶与非晶区密度差异造半晶聚合物,结晶与非晶区密度差异造成折射指数差异,成折射指数差异,当晶区尺寸大于可见当晶区尺寸大于可见光波长,造成光散射光波长,造成光散射,造成不透明或半造成不透明或半透明。透明。吸收吸收:光穿过介质时,引起介质的价电子跃迁,或:光穿过介质时,引起介质的价电子跃迁,或使原子振动而消耗能量,或因电子能量转变成分子的动使原子振动而消耗能量,或因电子能量转变成分子的动能即热能,从而构成光能衰减。能即热能,从而构成光能衰减。反射反射:光在两相交界面上返回入射相中:光在两相交界面上返
7、回入射相中透射透射:光在两相交界面上进入透射相中:光在两相交界面上进入透射相中旋光性旋光性:偏振光的偏振面转过一定角度:偏振光的偏振面转过一定角度非线性光学性质非线性光学性质:分子在强光场的作用会产生极化:分子在强光场的作用会产生极化光泽光泽:材料表面某一方向反射光较强:材料表面某一方向反射光较强发光发光:材料吸收高能辐射,然后发射可见光:材料吸收高能辐射,然后发射可见光19.7 (a) Briefly explain why metals are opaque to electromagnetic radiation having photon energies within the vis
8、ible region of the spectrum. (b) Why are metals transparent to high-frequency x-ray and -ray radiation? 高能级高能级(价带)只部分填充电子,具有可见光频价带)只部分填充电子,具有可见光频率的辐射,会激发电子到费米能级以上的空能级率的辐射,会激发电子到费米能级以上的空能级(吸收再发射光子)。(吸收再发射光子)。 对高频辐射无吸收对高频辐射无吸收(不会产生电子跃迁,因不会产生电子跃迁,因为没有合适的空轨道为没有合适的空轨道 )19.13 It is desired that the reflec
9、tivity of light at normal incidence to the surface of a transparent medium be less than 5.0%. Which of the following materials in Table 19.1 are likely candidates: sodalime (石灰钠)(石灰钠)glass, Pyrex glass, periclase(方镁石)(方镁石), spinel(尖晶石)(尖晶石), polystyrene, and polypropylene? Justify your selections.R=
10、R=(ns-1ns-1)2 2/ /(ns+1ns+1)2 2soda-lime glasssoda-lime glass:R=R=(ns-1ns-1)2 2/ /(ns+1ns+1)2 2= =(1.458-11.458-1)2 2/ /(1.458+11.458+1)2 2=0.0347=0.0347Pyrex glassPyrex glass:R=R=(ns-1ns-1)2 2/ /(ns+1ns+1)2 2=(1.47-1)=(1.47-1)2 2/(1.47+1)/(1.47+1)2 2=0.03615=0.03615periclasepericlase:R=R=(ns-1ns-1)
11、2 2/ /(ns+1ns+1)2 2=(1.74-1)=(1.74-1)2 2/(1.74+1)/(1.74+1)2 2=0.0729=0.0729spinolspinol:R=R=(ns-1ns-1)2 2/ /(ns+1ns+1)2 2=(1.72-1)=(1.72-1)2 2/(1.72+1)/(1.72+1)2 2=0.07=0.07PSPS:R=R=(ns-1ns-1)2 2/ /(ns+1ns+1)2 2= =(1.60-11.60-1)2 2/ /(1.60+11.60+1)2 2=0.05325=0.05325PPPP:R=R=(ns-1ns-1)2 2/ /(ns+1ns+
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