2022年中考英语名词冠词代词知识点及易错题精讲精练2.pdf
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1、一名词I. 名词的种类:专有名词普通名词国名 .地名 .人名,团体 .机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II. 名词的数:1. 规则名词的复数形式:名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s 或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下:规则例词1 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days 2 以 s, x, ch, sh 结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes 3 以 -f 或 -fe 结尾的词变-f 和-fe 为 v 再加
2、-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives 加-s belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs 4 以辅音字母加y 结尾的名词,变y 为 i 加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities 5 以元音字母加y 结尾的名词,或专有名词以y结尾的,加 -s toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays,
3、Henry-Henrys 6 以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加 -es hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes 不少外来词加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos 两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos 7 以元音字母加-o 结尾的名词加-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos 8 以 -th 结尾的名词加-s trut
4、h-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, 2. 不规则名词复数:英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,现归纳如下:规则例词1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2 单复数相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3 只有复数形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasse
5、s, contents 4 一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle, staff 5 部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员)audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party 6 复数形式表示特别含义customs( 海 关 ), forces( 军 队 ), times( 时 代 ), spirits( 情 绪 ), drinks( 饮料 ), sands(沙滩 ), pa
6、pers(文件报纸 ), manners(礼貌 ), looks(外表 ), brains(头脑智力 ), greens(青菜 ), ruins( 废墟 ) 7 表示“某国人”加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans 单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese 以 -man或 -woman结 尾 的 改 为 -men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen 8 合成名将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-
7、by, story-tellers, boy friends 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 14 页 - - - - - - - - - - 词无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 将两部分变为复数women singers, men servants III. 名词的所有格:名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加s 构成,二是由介词of 加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西,
8、后者多表示无生命的东西。1. s所有格的构成:单数名词在末尾加s the boy s father, Jacks book, her son-in-law s photo, 复数名词一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother, 不规则复数名词后加s the children s toys, women s rights, 以 s 结尾的人名所有格加s 或者Dickens novels, Charles s job, the Smiths house 表示各自的所有关系时, 各名词末尾均须加 s Japans and America s problems,
9、 Janes and Mary s bikes 表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加s Japan and America s problems, Jane and Mary s father 表示某人家店铺,所有格后名词省略the doctor s, the barbers, the tailor s, my uncle s 2. s所有格的用法:表示时间todays newspaper, five weeks holiday 2 表示自然现象the earths atmosphere, the trees branches 3 表示国家城市等地方的名词the country s plan,
10、the world s population, China s industry 4 表示工作群体the ships crew, majority s view, the team s victory 5 表示度量衡及价值a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples 6 与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the life s time, the play s plot 7 某些固定词组a birds eye view, a stones throw, at one s wit s end(不知所措 ) 3. of 所有格的用法:用于无生命的东西:the l
11、egs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时:the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词:the struggle of the oppressed 二冠词冠词分为不定冠词(a, an),定冠词(the),和零冠词。I. 不定冠词的用法:1 指一类人或事,相当于a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly. 2 第一次提及某人某物,非特指A boy is waiting for you. 3 表示“每一”相当于every, o
12、ne We study eight hours a day. 4 表示“相同”相当于the same We are nearly of an age. 5 用于人名前,表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out That boy is rather a Lei Feng. 6 用于固定词组中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time 7 用于 quite, rather, many, half,
13、what, such之后This room is rather a big one. 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 14 页 - - - - - - - - - - 8 用于 so(as, too, how)+ 形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet. II. 定冠词的用法:1 表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal. 2 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe,
14、 the moon, the Pacific Ocean 3 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door? 4 用于乐器前面play the violin, play the guitar 5 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the wounded 6 表示“一家人”或“夫妇”the Greens, the Wangs 7 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two children. 8 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海,山川群岛的名词前the Un
15、ited States, the Communist Party of China, the French 9 用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was invented in China. 10 在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个年代in the 1990s 11 用于表示单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour. 12 用于方位名词,身体部位名词,及表示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder. III. 零冠词的用法:1 专有名词,物质名词,抽象名词,人名地名等名词前Beijing University, Jack,
16、China, love, air 2 名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every 等限制I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this? 3 季节,月份,星期,节假日,一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring 4 表示职位,身份,头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America. 5 学科,语言,球类,棋类名词前He likes playing football/chess. 6 与 by 连用表示交通工具的名词前b
17、y train, by air, by land 7 以 and 连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night 8 表示泛指的复数名词前Horses are useful animals. 三代词 :I. 代词可以分为以下七大类:1 人称代词主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they 宾格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them 2 物 主代词形 容 词性my, your, his, her, its, our, their 名词性mine, yours,
18、his, hers, its, ours, theirs 3 反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 4 指示代词this, that, these, those, such, some 5 疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever 6 关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as 7 不定代词one/ some/ any, each/ every, non
19、e/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 14 页 - - - - - - - - - - other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either II. 不定代词用法注意点:1. one, some 与 any: 1) one 可以泛指任何人,也可特指,复数为ones。some 多用于肯定句,any 多用于疑问句和否定句。One should learn to
20、 think of others. Have you any bookmarks? No, I dont have any bookmarks. I have some questions to ask. 2) some 可用于疑问句中,表示盼望得到肯定的答复,或者表示建议,请求等。Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money? 3) some 和 any 修饰可数名词单数时,some 表示某个, any 表示任何一个。I have read this article in some magazine. Please cor
21、rect the mistakes, if any. 4) some 和数词连用表示“大约”,any 可与比较级连用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today? 2. each 和 every: each 强调个别,代表的数可以是两个或两个以上,而every 强调整体,所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dict
22、ionary. Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points. 3. none 和 no:no 等于 not any,作定语。 none 作主语或宾语,代替不可数名词,谓语用单数,代替可数名词,谓语单复数皆可以。There is no water in the bottle. How much water is there in the bottle? None. None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties
23、. 4. other 和 another: 1) other 泛指“另外的,别的”常与其他词连用,如:the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other 特指两者中的另外一个,复数为the others。如:He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other. Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam. 2) another 指“又一个,另一个”
24、无所指,复数形式是others,泛指“别的人或事”如:I dont like this shirt, please show me another (one). The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others. Some like football, while others like basketball. 5. all 和 both, neither 和 either all 表示不可数名词时,其谓语动词用单数。both 和 all 加否定词表示部分否定,全部否定用neither 和 none. Al
25、l of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English. Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher. 三道易错名词考题分析精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 14 页 - - - - - - - - - - 1. _ father
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