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1、图 1 西峰油田西 A井气油比测试曲线 1 油气性质变化特征 1.1 脱气特征 伴生气产量与原油脱气速度有很 大关系,西峰油田西 A 井高压物性资 料分析表明,压力每降低 IMPa, 溶 解气油比降低 5. 6mVt,见图 1。在饱 和压力以下,溶解气油比随着压力的 下降呈直线下降变化,原油脱气对压 力变化具有较高的敏感性。此外还应 注意到,原油脱气过程与溶解过程并 不是相互重合的两条曲线,二者的差 异与溶解气组成有着密切的关系,一 般轻烃组分越高,差别越大。也就是 说,在开采的过程中,原油因地层压 收稿日期 2009-07-24 基金项目 中国石油天然气集团公司重大科技专项课题 ( 2008
2、E-13). 作者简介 曾亚勤( 1965-),男, 1984 年江汉石油学院毕业,博士,高级工程师,现主要从事油气开采工艺技术研宄与管理工作。 石油天然气学报(江汉石油学院学报 ) 2009 年 10 月 第 31 卷第5 期 。 116。 Journal of Oil and Gas Technology (J. JPI) Oct 2009 Vol 31 NQ 5 长庆油田伴生气生产特征分析 曾亚勤 ,王林平, 魏立军(长庆油田分公司油气工艺技术研究院,陕西西安 710018) 摘要 通过对长庆油田伴生气现场测试和取样数据调查分析,从油气性质变化特征和开采特征两方而入 手,按不同含水级别进
3、行划分,应用数理统计的方法研究了伴生气的生产变化特征,讨论了生产气油比 与地层压力、井底流压、含水等因素的变化关系,总结了伴生气基本生产动态特征,为油区伴生气的综 合利用提供了可靠的参考依据。 关键词 伴生气;生产特征;地层压力;井底流压;含水 中图分类号 TE349 文献标识码 A 文章编号 1000-9752 (2009) 05-0116-04 陕北地区是我国重要的石油天然气产区,仅中生界探明原油地质储量就达 5Xl st 以上。该地区的 油藏普遍属于低渗稀油油藏,油层原始压力大于原油饱和压力,原始溶解气油比为 20 120mVt,生产 气油比 60 100mVt,如果仅按照 60mVt
4、生产气油比进行计算,按年产 1200X 104t 原油计,则每年可 产伴生气约 7. 2X 10sm3。 长庆油田目前在一些主要区块采用轻烃回收装置对伴生气加以利用,但也还有相当部分伴生气直接 燃烧或放空 12。石油伴生气同石油或天然气一样,是大自然留给我们的不可多得、也不可再生的优质 资源,如果就这样白白排放到大气或燃烧后排放到大气中,不但造成了宝贵资源的浪费,还严重地污染 了环境。因此有必要研宄伴生气资源综合利用问题,而要对其综合利用,首先必须对其储量、成分和分 布及开采过程中的变化规律有足够的认识 34,也就是说,首先要解决伴生气生产特征的问题,然后才 能针对性地选择合理的回收利用方法和
5、设备。 第 31 卷第 5 期 曾亚勤等:长庆油田伴生气生产特征分析 。 117 。 图 3 西峰油田白 W井溶解气组分变化趋势图 力降到饱和压力后大量脱气,即使再 恢复地层压力,脱离出来的溶解气也 不能全部重新溶解到原油中。大量的 溶解气在压力下降后采出。 1. 2 伴生气组分 根据现场取样分析,长庆油田伴 生气 C3以上组分含量都较高,大部分 在 25%以上。见图 2。从层位分布看, 姬塬、靖安长 D 和安塞长 B 储层轻烃 含量较高,分别达到了 37. 15%和 34%,西峰长 C 储层轻烃含量较低, 有 25%左右。 油管气和套管气轻烃含量有所不 同,一般油管气的轻烃含量高于套管 气,
6、见表 1。 随着地层压力的降低,溶解气中 CH4含量降低,轻烃组分增加,见图 3。 2002 年西峰油田白 W 井取样分析 结果轻烃含量只有 13.4%,目前平均 为 25. 5%左右,上升了 12 1%。 2 开采特征 2 1 井 底脱气严重,生产气油比一般 是原始气油比的 1 3. 5 倍 根据现场测试,目前长庆油田有许 多井在地层压力、井底流压低于饱和压 力状态下开采,井底流压与饱和压力的 比值一般在 0. 17 0. 5 之间,井底脱气 严重,生产气油比高,见表 2。 表 2 长庆油田伴生气开米指标 油田 原始 目前 流压 / 饱和压力 目前气油比 /原始气油比 地层压力 /MPa 饱
7、和压力 /MPa 气油比 /m3 0 t_1 静压 /MPa 流压 /MPa 气油比 /m3 t_1 原始压力 安塞 9. 7 6. 2 75. 7 7. 47 2 36 250 0. 77 0. 38 3. 3 西峰 18 11. 5 108 13. 22 5. 21 377 0. 73 0. 45 3. 49 五里湾 12 6. 43 66. 1 11. 16 1. 69 176 0. 93 0. 26 2 66 云盘山 11. 5 7. 26 59. 9 11. 18 2 53 120 0. 97 0. 35 2 白于山 10. 7 5. 97 47. 8 13. 95 2 98 47
8、1. 30 0. 50 0. 99 姬塬 16. 6 10. 61 52 8 8. 74 1. 82 79 0. 53 0. 17 1. 49 2 2 高压井生产气油比普遍比低压井低 地层压力高能够有效地抑制溶解气在地层地下脱离出来。当井底流压低于饱和压力时,高地层压 力通过控制近井地带的脱气半径达到减少溶解气的脱气量,从而降低伴生气产量。一般地层压力高的井 则伴生气产量低,地层压力低的井伴生气产量高,见表 3。如安塞油田现场测试低含水期 ( 含水率 /w 图 2 长汰油田谷凶块 C3 牷烩组分货重 表 1 长庆油田伴生气 C3 以上轻烃组分含量 油田 套管气轻烃含量 /_%油管气轻烃含量 /
9、 % 安塞长 B 32 5 36. 4 西峰长 C 25. 3 25. 7 白于山长 D 36. 4 42 8 云盘山长 B 28. 7 姬塬长 D 39. 7 29. 6 118 石油天然气学报(江汉石油学院学报 ) 2009 年 10 月 150 口井进行生产气油比计算处理。 结果表明,油管气与套管气的比值在 1/2 1 之间,套管气产量占总产气量 的 1/2 2/3 之间,见图 4。这主要是 因为目前长庆油田井底流压大部分都 在饱和压力以下,更有部分油井的地 层压力也低于饱和压力,溶解气在地 层、井底附近脱气并形成可流动相, 在泵入口处,自由气更容易从空间更 大的环套空间排出。 2 4
10、含水超过 70%以后,产气量少 或不产气 图 5 给出了实际测试得到的油井 含水率与生产气油比之间的关系。随 着含水率的升高,产气量逐渐变小。 2 5 产气量变化具有阶段性特征 长庆油田伴生气产量变化具有明 显的阶段性特征,一般在低含水期 , 伴生气产量较高。随着含水率的上升, 产量逐渐降低,并乱在阶段初期,降 低速度较大,在阶段后期速度减缓, 直到含水超过 70%以后,油井基本不 产气(见图 6)。 从理论上分析,对未饱和油藏, 伴生气是原油相变的产物。未饱和油 图 4 套管气和总气量对比关系 图 5 长庆油田生产气油比随含水上升变化趋势 = 20%)生产的井共 19 口,除王 F 井(气量
11、太小)、侯 F 井(气量太高)气量超出仪器量程外,其他 17 口井都测到了伴生气产量。其中有 8 口井的地层静压最于饱和压力,有 9 口井的地层静压低于饱和压 力。高压井的生产气油比 普遍低于低压井,在井底流压相差不大的条件下,平均地层压力降低 IMPa, 则生产气油比增加 57m3/1。 表 3 长庆油田高压井与低压井伴生气生产情况对比 油田 高压井 ( pr pb ) 平均 低压井 ( A Pb )平均 井数 / 口 静压 /MPa 流压 /MPa 气油比 /m3 t 一 1 井数 / 口 静压 /MPa 流压 /MPa 气油比 /m3。厂 1 安塞 8 7. 44 1. 4 188 9
12、4 1 1. 46 378 西峰 3 18 6. 51 189 2 7. 83 4. 47 263 靖安 6 11. 16 1. 53 94 云盘山 13 11. 17 2 58 126 白于山 8 13. 73 2 58 51 姬塬 13 8. 74 4. 38 80 平均 12 3 2 92 129. 6 6. 89 3. 43 240. 3 注: Pr为地层静压 ;为地层饱和压力 . 单井对比也反映了同样的问题。如杏河作业区杏 M 井和杏 N 井,两口井的井底流压相差不大,生 产气油比主要受地层压力的影响。杏 N 井地层压力保持在 6. 3MPa, 生产气油比为 288m3/t;杏 M
13、井地 层压力 3. 78MPa, 已远远低于饱和压力,生产气油比上升到 358m3/t, 二者相差 70m3/t。 1 3 套管气产量比重大 对长庆油田现场测试套管气的 第 31 卷第 5 期 曾亚勤等:长庆油田伴生气生产特征分析 。 119。 藏在开发过程中,随着压力的下降一 般都要经历相变过程,根据生产条件 的不同,相变发生的地点和时间有所 不同。当地层压力低于油藏饱和压力 时,溶解气在地层中就脱离出来并形 成单独流动的气相,此时相变发生并 贯穿整个地层。当地层压力高于饱和 压力,生产井井底流压低于饱和压力 时,随着原油向生产井底流动,压力 越来越低,原油在流动的过程中,溶 解气逐渐脱离出
14、来,在近井地带形成 油气两相流,相变发生在生产井近井 地带。当井底压力高于饱和压力时,相变发生在井筒。长庆油田目前生产情况看,井底流压都低于饱和 压力 60%以下,相变发生在地层和近井地带 5 6。 伴生气的生产特征与相变发生情况具有很大关系,当地层压力低于饱和压力时,生产气油比会远远 大于油藏原始气油比。当地层压力高于饱和压力、生产井井底流压低于饱和压力时,生产气油比也会高 于原始气油比,这也是长庆油田在含水初期伴生气产量很高的原因。 对注水开发油藏,在注水井附近,原油单相流已变成油水两相流。在生产井近井地带,因原油脱气 和水驱过程,还有可能出现油气水三相流。在注水开发油藏中,当生产井井底流
15、压低于饱和压力生产 时,井底附近出现油气两相流,随着油藏含水饱和度的增加,油相饱和度降低,与之相应,从原油中脱 离出来的气相,其饱和度也相应减小,直到不参与流动,此时油气两相流转化为油水两相流。此阶段由 于水饱和度越来越大,气相不作为单相进行流动,伴生气产量主要是溶解在原油中的溶解气,没有自由 气量采出,同时随着含水率的升高,采油量逐渐下降,伴生气也随之会越来越少,甚至不出气。 3 结 语 通过对伴生气现场测试和取样数据分析,从油气性质、伴生气生产动态两方面对长庆油田的伴生气 开采特征进行了研宄分析。从油气性质看,当地层压力低于饱和压力后,地层原油很容易脱气,溶解气 油比随地层压力的降低呈直线
16、降低;伴生气轻烃组分早期含 量较高,并随着生产时间的延长,轻烃组分 含量在逐渐上升。从开采特征角度看,目前地层和生产井底附近脱气现象严重,伴生气产量较高,一般 为原始溶解气油比的 13. 5 倍;地层压力高的井产气量比地层压力低的井低;从伴生气的组成看,套 管气产量占总产气量的 2/3 以上;随着含水率的上升,伴生气产量越来越低,当含水率达到 70%以后, 产气量很少或基本不产气;产气量变化有着明显的阶段性特征。 参考文献 1 李秀锦,唐鑫 .靖安油田井口套管气回收技术应用研宄 J.石油天然气学报, 2005, 27 (4): 513 514. 2 李秀锦 .靖安油田陈氏螺杆泵油气混输工艺技术
17、优化 .石油天然气学报, 2005, 27 (3): 560 -561. 3 王晓东,高敬文 .吐哈油田伴生气变化规律探讨 J.吐哈油气, 20 4, 9 (3): 288 -291. 【 41 谭德见,张正茂 .江汉油田伴生气生产现状及对策 J1 .江汉石油职工大学学报, 2003, 16 (4): 4546, 49. 丨 5 丨刘德华,刘志森 .油藏工程基础丨 M| .北京:石油工业出版社, 2004 丨6 丨杨胜来,魏俊之 .油层物理学丨 M| .北京:石油工业出版社, 2006. 编辑 苏 开 科 含水率 /% 图 6 长庆油田产气量变化趋势 Abstract: Practice sh
18、owed that well completion system of inter-salt non-sandstone reservoirs seriously affected the normal production of wells The well completion was very important for the reservoir development In combination with the casing collapse mechanism stud- y, the reasonable methods are determined by analysis
19、of different completion modes, it provides a guidance for the development of nonsandstone reservoir and gained a good application effect Key words: Qianjiang Depression; well completion method; salt bed; plastic flow; casing collapse 112 Physical Simulation Research of Horizontal Well Development in
20、 Low Permeability Sandstone Reservoirs SHENRui, HU Zhiming, XIONG Wei, GAO Shusheng, XUEHui (Instituteof Porous Flow and Fluid Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lang fang 065007, Hebei, China) Abstract: The porous structural characteristics of natural sandstone outcrops were analyzed with conv
21、entional mercury injection method and it was compared with low permeability reservoir& The feasibility of physical modeling by low permeability sandstone outcropsa was demonstrated, and the problem of artificial sand packed model which was hard to reach low permeability was solved On the basis of th
22、e physical simulation, an experiment was performed on closed boundary reservoir produced by constant pressure An electronic balance and high-precision pressure sensor is used to achieve automatic data The character of pressure distribution and production decline is analyzed Key words: low permeabili
23、ty; sandstone reservoir; horizontal well; physical simulation; conventional mercury injection 116 Production Characteristics of Associated Gas in Changqing Oilfield ZENG Ya-qin, WANG Lin-ping, WEI Lijun Research Institute of Oil/Gas Technology, Changqing Oilfield Company, Xi an 710018 , Shaanxi Chin
24、a) Abstract: A field test and sampling data of associated gas of Changqing Oilfield were analyzed, starting from two aspects: variation of petroleum characteristics and recovery feature (characteristics), and by classifying different water content levels and application of the mathematical statistic
25、al method, features of production performance of associated gas were investigated and discussed. The changes of factors of formation pressure , production gas- oil ratio, bottomhole flowing pressure, and water content etc are discussed, and the basic features of production performance of associated
26、gas are summarized, it provides a reliable basis for an integral application of associated gas in oilfields Key words: associated gas; production feature; formation pressure; bottomhole flow pressure; water content 120 The Design Principles and Methods of Horizontal Well Development in Jianghan Oilf
27、iled XI A Zhi-gang (Jianghan Oil Production Plants Jianghan Oil Company Qianjiang 433124, Hubei, China、 ZHANG Guo-Wei, LIU DehUd, LONG Ming (Key Laboratory of Drilling and Production Engineering for Oil and Gas College of Petroleum Engineerings Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei, China) YAN
28、Xiao-feng i9th Oil Production Plants Daqing Oilfield-, Daqing 163S53, Heilongjiang China) Abstract: The design principles and methods of horizontal well development of several reservoir types concerning the geological and reservoir conditions were proposed The mentioned reservoirs with low permeabil
29、ity reservoirs, edge reservoirs, fractured reservoirs, etc The position of horizontal well decided by the direction characteristics of the reservoirs, and the length was not the longer the better, it should meet the level of productivity and economic inputs permitted The design in a developed reserv
30、oir needed to consider the position and the location relationship of the existed well pattern and the horizontal well It took the reservoir geography and development dynamic factors such as reservoir directional characteristics, reservoir area, production-injection well pattern control area, new res
31、ervoir development design into consideration Horizontal well direction and length design are proposed in an edge water reservoir of Jianghan Oilfield by using numerical simulation Key words: horizontal well; reservoir; edge water reservoir; bottom water reservoir; optimal design 123 Technique of Fra
32、cturing and Packing in Thin Oil and Low Permeability Horizontal Wells SHI Bu-qian (College of Petroleum Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500? Sichuan China; The 1st Oil Production Plant, Henan Oilfield Company, SINOPEC, Tongbei 4141桃, Henan, China) LIU Yatl七 O The stOil Produc
33、tion Plants Henan Oilfield Companyy SINOPEC Tongbei 474780? Henan ? China) Abstract: The technique of packing sand control has successfully applied in the development of horizontal heavy crude oil wells The fracturing and packing technique of horizontal wells was developed from the techniques of pac
34、king and then the fracturing packing, and the technique of acid cleaning of mud cake was added to it, and then it was transferred to the horizontal thin oil wells Well Bim304 was taken for instance, the techniques of fracturing packing completion of horizontal wells, synthetical use of the technique
35、 is introduced in screen completion, acid cleaning, fracturing packing etc All working process were completed only by one pipe string, it was very convenient with less formation damage It is used in 4 wells such as Well Anpin 2, etc, the production increase is 3 to 10 times that of the production in
36、 the same zone compared to the straight wells Key words: low permeability reservoir; horizontal well; acid cleaning; fracturing; filling of annulus space 126 Experimental Study on Parameter Optimization of Air Assisted Microbial Flooding Process in Zhongyi Block Ng3 SONG Zhiy ng, GUO Lia -yUdn, YUAN
37、 Chsng-zhong (Instituteof Oil Production Technology Shengli Oilfield Company SINOPEC, Dongying 257QQQ, Shandong, China) LIU Ta (Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100 Shandong China) TANG Lin (HekouOil Production Pla
38、nt, Shengli Oilfield Company, SINOPEC, Dongying 2572QQ, Shandong, China) Abstract: To air assisted microbial flooding technology, volume of injected oxygen directly affected the growth and metabolism of aerobic microorganism in oil reservoirs and further affected oil displacement efficiency. Reservo
39、ir conditions of Gudao Zhongyi Block Ng3 in Shengli Oilfield were physically simulated, in which the surface tension, microbial concentration and low molecular organic acids of produced fluids were studied Results show that the optimal gas-liquid ratio of oxygen injected at normal pressure for air a
40、ssisted microbial flooding technology was 20: 1, which provides a theoretical foundation for field tests of air assisted microbial flooding technology. Key words: air-assisted microbial flooding technology; metabolites; aerobic microorganism; physical simulation experiments; volume of injected oxyge
41、n 130 Influence of Gas Injection Parameters on the Effect of Unstable-state Displacement by Gas Flooding LI JuhU3 (Key Laboratory of Drilling and Production Engineering for Oil and Gas, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei , China) LIU Bin (Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Devel
42、opment, Tuha Oilfield Company, PetroChina, Hami 名 39009, Xinjiang, China) Abstract: The features of reservoirs of unstable-state displacement was controlled by viscous fingering, gravity segregation and reservoir heterogeneity in gas displacements The effect of dimensionless on injection gas paramet
43、ers (dispersion number Nd, gravity number Ng) was studied to describe a multi-phase flow by using numerical simulation techniques The study shows that the more dispersion number is, the mass transfer and the degree of miscibility between injection solvent and oil are enhanced, the displacement efficiency is higher for miscible gas flood Whereas for immiscible and near-miscible gas flood, the more dispersion number is, the displacement efficiency is less and the oil recovery is lower. The more gravity number induced by the injection parameters is, the flow regime changes v
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