2022年初中英语知识点总结4.docx

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1、名师整理精华学问点中学英语学问点总结一般现在时的用法1) 常常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用；时间状语： every , sometimes, at, on SundayI leave home for school at 7 every morning.2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实；The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China.3) 表示格言或警句中；Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败；留意：此用法假如显现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现

2、在时；例： Columbus proved that the earth is round.4) 现在时刻的状态、才能、性格、个性；I don t want so much.Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.比较： Now I put the sugar in the cup. I am doing my homework now.第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬时动作；再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 其次

3、句中的 now 是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时；2. 一般过去时的用法1） 在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态；时间状语有： yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 198等2 ；Where did you go just now.2） 表示在过去一段时间内,常常性或习惯性的动作；When I was a child, I often played football in the street.Whenever the Browns went during their visit, t

4、hey were given a warm welcome.3） 句型：It is time for sb. to do sth 到 时间了 该 了 It is time sb. did sth. 时间已迟了 早该了It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了；名师归纳总结大肚能容,容学习困难之事,学习有成第 8 页,共 11 页It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了；would had rather sb. did sth. 表示宁愿某人做某事 I d rather you came tomorrow.4 wish, wonder

5、, think, hope 等用过去时,作摸索性的询问、恳求、建议等；I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些；比较：一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在；Christine was an invalid all her life. 含义：她已不在人间； Christine has been an invalid all her life.含义：她现在仍活着 Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. 含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州； Mrs. Darby has lived in Kent

6、ucky for seven years. 含义：现在仍住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去留意： 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气；1）动词 want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等；Did you want anything else.I wondered if you could help me. 2）情态动词 could, would.Could you lend me your bike.3. used to / be used toused to + do： 过去常常 表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在；Mother used not to be so

7、forgetful.Scarf used to take a walk. 过 去常常漫步 be used to + doing： 对已感到习惯,或 习惯于, to 是介词,后需加名词或动名词；He is used to a vegetarian diet.Scarf is used to taking a walk.现在习惯于漫步 典型例题- Your phone number again. Iquite catch it.- It s 69568442.A. didn t B. couldn t C. don t D. can t答案 A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看出,在听的时

8、候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去,因此应用过去时；4. 一般将来时1) shall 用于第一人称,常被 will所代替；will在陈述句中用于各人称,在争求看法常常用于其次人称；Which paragraph shall I read first.Will you be at home at seven this evening.2) be going to +不定式,表示将来；a. 主语的意图,即将做某事；What are you going to do tomorrow.b. 方案,支配要发生的事；The play is going to be produced next month；c. 有

9、迹象要发生的事Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.3) be +不定式表将来,按方案或正式支配将发生的事；We are to discuss the report next Saturday.4) be about to +不定式,意为立刻做某事；He is about to leave for Beijing.留意： be about to 不能与 tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用；5. be going to / will用于条件句时,be going to 表将来will表意愿I

10、f you are going to make a journey, you d better get ready for it a s soon as possible. Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.6. be to和 be going tobe to 表示客观支配或受人指示而做某事；be going to 表示主观的准备或方案；I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 客观支配 I m

11、 going to play football tomorrow afternoon主. 观支配 7. 一般现在时表将来1） 以下动词： come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return 的一般现在时表将来；这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或支配好的事情；The train leaves at orrow morning.When does the bus star. It stars in ten minutes.2） 倒装句,表示动作正在进行,如： Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. There goes

12、the bell. = The bell is ringing.3） 在时间或条件句中； him to wait for me. I ll write to you as soon as I avreri there.4） 在动词 hope, take care that, make sure tha等t 后；I hope they have a nice time next week.Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.11. 用于现在完成时的句型1） It is the first / second

13、 time. thty. It was the third time that the boy had been late.2） This is the tha结t 构, that 从句要用现在完成时 . This is the best film that I ve ever seen.这是我看过的最好的电影；This is the first time that I ve he这ar是d 我him第一sin次g.听他唱歌；典型例题(1) -Do you know our town at all.-No, this is the first time Ihming答案 B. This is

14、the first time 后面所加应为现在完成时,应选B；(2) -Have youbeen to our town before.-No, it s the first time Ihere.A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come答案 D. ever 意为曾经或无论何时,反意词为 never,此两词常用于完成时； This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause的句型中,从句要用完成

15、时；留意：非连续性动词的否定形式可以与表示连续时间的状语连用；即动作不发生的状态是可以连续的；（错） I have received his letter for a month.（对） I haven t received his letter for almost a month.12. 比较 since 和 forSince 用来说明动作起始时间, for 用来说明动作连续时间长度；I have lived here for more than twenty years. I have lived here since I was bornM 1976.I have known Xiao

16、 Li since she was a little girl.My brother has been in the Youth League for two years. I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.留意：并非有 for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时；I worked here for more than twenty years. 我现在已不在这里工作； I have worked here for many years.现在我仍在这里工作； 小窍门： 当现在完成时 +一段时间,这一结构中,我们用下面的公式转化,很简单就

17、能排除非连续动词在完成时中的误使；1) 对 Tom has studied Russian for three years.= Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.2) 错 Harry has got married for six years.= Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.明显,其次句不对, 它应改为 Harry got married six years ag

18、o. 或 Harry has been married for six years.13. since的四种用法2) since +一段时间 + agoI have been here since five months ago.3) since +从句Great changes have taken place since you left. Considerable time1）主语句中有一个宾语的被动语态,如： He saw her in the shop yesterday.She was seen in the shop yesterday.2 主语有两个宾语的被动语态Li Lei

19、gave me a chemistry book.I was given a chemistry book by Li Lei.A chemistry book was given to me by Li Lei. 3）主动句中含宾语补足语的句子的被动语态如宾语补足语是不带 to 的不定式,变为被动语态时,该不定式前要加to ；此类动词为可- He was seen to play football on the playground.如宾语补足语是带 to 的不定式,那么被动语态仍保留 to:Mother told me not to be lateI was told not to be

20、late环境,构成被动语态；Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry. 6）表示 据说 或 信任的词组believe, consider, declare, expect, feel ,n report, say, see, suppose, think, understandIt is said that据说It is reported that It is believed that It is hoped that据报道 大家信任大家期望It is well known that众所周知It

21、is thought thatIt is suggested that大家认为据建议It is taken granted that It has been decided that被视为当然大家打算It must be remember that 务必记住的是It is said that she will leave for Wuhan on Tuesday.14. 连续动词与瞬时动词1 用于完成时的区分连续动词表示体会、环境瞬时动词用于否定句,表示 到 ,才 He didn t come back until ten o clock.他到 10 点才回来；He slept until t

22、en o clock.他始终睡到 10 点；典型例题1. You don t need to describe her. Iher several times.A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet答案 B. 第一此题后句强调对现在的影响, 我知道她的模样, 你不用描述； 再次,several times告知为反复发生的动 expect elect endeavor hope fail happen help hesitate learn long mean manage offer ought plan prepare pre 胶合板 ask, beg,

23、choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wishI like to keep everything tidy. 我喜爱每件东西都保持干净；I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜爱你年使每件东西都保持干净；I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话；I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话；3） 动词+疑问词+ todecide, know, consider forget, l

24、earn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tellPlease show us how to do that.请演示给我们如何去做；There are so many kinds of taper-ecorders on sale that I can t make up my mind wh有ic这h to buy.么多的录音机,我都拿不定想法买哪一种；留意: 疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时,谓语动词用单数；The question is how to put it into practice

25、.问题是怎样把它付诸实施；2. 不定式作补语1 动词+ eport request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn例句：a. Father will not allow us to play on the street.父亲不让我们在街上玩耍；b. We believe him tFind 的特别用法：Find 后可用分批哦 , declare声称, discover, fancy设想, feel find, guess, judge, imagine, know,pro

26、ve, see理解, show, suppose, take以为, understandWe consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.我们认为汤姆是班上最好的同学之一；典型例题Charles Babbage is generally consideredthe first computer.A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented答案： A. 由 consider to do sth. 排除 B、D；. 此句只说明创造这一个事实,不定

27、式后用原形即可；而 C 为现在完成时,创造为点动词一般不用完成时,且此处也不强调对现在的影响, 因此不选 C；哦-=人们认为这本书没什么意思；4 there be+不定式believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstandWe didn t expect there to bemsaony people there我. 们没料到会有那么多人在哪里；留意 ： 有些动词需用 as 短语做补语,如 regard, think believe, take, consider.We regard Tom as o

28、ur best teacher我. Mary took him as her father1） It s easy for me to do t我ha做t.听到你的声音真兴奋；们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师；这事太简单了It s necessary for youlotck the car when you do not use it.当你不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的；2 It s very kind of you to help 他us帮. 助我们,他真好；Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, br

29、ave, considerate考虑周到的 , silly, selfish自私的名师整理精华学问点例句:It was silly of us to believe him. 我们真愚蠢,竟然信任了他；It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了；留意： 1 其他系动词如, look ,appear等也可用于此句型2) 不定式作为句子成分时,动词用单数形式；3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用It is to的句型对To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见；错It

30、 is to believe to see.4. It s fo和r sbI.t s of sb.1） for sb. 常用于表示事物的特点特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible 等：德,表示主观感情或态度的形容词, 如 good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right；个句子；假如道理上通顺用 of ,不通就用 for；如：You are nice. 通顺,所以应用 of；He is hard. 人是困难的,不通,因此应用 for；3) 祁使句（ Ie）祈使句往往是用来表示说话

31、人的恳求、命令、要求、建议,等等；祈使句的主语常被省略, 由于这个主语很明确地是听话人 yo-祈使句的谓语用动词原形；它的否定形式是句首用Dont +动词原形,或是 Not to +动词原形；例如：Be quiet , please . （大家）请寂静；Stand up . 起立！Dont smoke in the office . 请不要在办公室吸烟；Dont be standing in the rain . 别站在雨里；Not to be careless when youre driving a car .开车时不要马虎大意；4) 感叹句（ Exclamato 和 ry Sentenc

32、e）感叹句表示、惊奇等剧烈的心情；这类句子中,有许多是由What 或 How 引起的； What 用来强调名词, How 就强调形容词、副词或动词；这类句子的构成只需将所强调或是说,所感叹的对象放到句首；句子无需倒装,句子要用正常语序；当然,假如不用这种句型,而句子（无论）本身又表示了上述的种种心情,那么该句也就成了感叹句；例如：What a fine day it is today . 今日天气多好啊！How fine it is today .今日天气多好啊！What a lovely son you have .你有个多可爱的儿子啊！ How lovely your son is . 你

33、的儿子多可爱1.介词： in, on, under, behind, near, at, of名师归纳总结大肚能容,容学习困难之事,学习有成第 12 页,共 11 页1). in 表示在 中, 在 内；例如： in our class在我们班上in my bag在我的书包里in the desk在桌子里in the classroom在教室里2). on表示 在 上；例如： on the wall在墙上on the desk在桌子上on the blackboard在黑板上3). under表示 在 下 ；例如： under the tree在树下under the chair在椅子下unde

34、r the bed在床下4). behind表示 在 后面 ；例如： behind the door在门后behind the tree在树后5). near 表示 在 邻近 ；例如： near the teachers desk 在讲桌邻近near the bed 在床邻近6). at 表示 在 处 ；例如： at school在学校at home在家at the door在门口7). of表示 的 ；例如：a picture of our classroom我们教室的一幅画a map of China一张中国地图3.some和 any在确定句中用 some. 例如：There are so

35、me books on the desk.桌子上有一些书；Lucy has some good books露西有一些好书；在疑问句和否定句中用any ；例如：Is there any ink in your pen.你的钢笔里有墨水吗？Do you have any brothers and sisters.你有兄弟姐妹吗？There isnt any water in the glass.杯子里没有水；记住它们的特别用法； some 亦可用于表示希望得到对方确定的答复或表示建议、委婉恳求的疑问句中.例如： Would you like to have some apples.你想吃苹果吗？

36、any 也可用于确定句中,表示 任何的 ；例如：Any one of us can do this.我们当中任何一个都能做这个；some和 any 的用法是常常显现的考点,期望大家能精确地把握它们的用法；5. little的用法a little dog一只小狗, a little boy一个小男孩； little 常用来修饰有生命的名词；*但 little 仍可表示否定意义,意为少的 ,加不行数名词；There is little time.几乎没时间了；There is little water in the cup.杯中水很少；三. 语法1.名词全部格名词如要表示与后面名词的全部关系,通常

37、用名词全部格的形式,意为 的；一般有以下几种形式：（ 1） . 一般情形下在词尾加 s ；例如：Kates father Kate的爸爸my mothers friend我妈妈的伴侣（ 2） . 假如复数名词以s 结尾,只加 ；例如：Teachers Day老师节The boys game男孩们的嬉戏（ 3） . 假如复数名词不以s 结尾,仍加 s ；例如：Childrens Day儿童节Womens Day妇女节（ 4） . 表示两个或几个共有时,全部格应加在后一个名词上；例如：Lucy and Lilys room Lucy和 Lily 的房间Kate and Jims father Ka

38、te和 Jim 的爸爸动物和无生命事物的名词的全部格一般不在词尾加s ,而常常用介词of 的短语来表示；a map of China一幅中国地图the name of her cat她的猫的名字a picture of my family我的家庭的一张照片the door of the bedroom卧房的门2、代词项目人称人称代词 物主代词 指示代词反身代词主格 宾格形容词名词性第一人称 单数 I me my mine myself复数 we us our ours ourselves其次人称 单数 you you your yours yourself复数 you you your yours yourselves第三人称 单数 she her her hers herself he him his his himselfit it its its this that itself复数 they them their theirs these those themselves