2022年届中考英语语法考点知识重点复习13.docx

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1、精品学习资源非谓语动词（一）非谓语动词就是在句子中不充当谓语的动词；它不受主语的限制， 也没有像谓语动词那样的时态和语态的变化，又称为非限定动词，在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、宾补、定语和 状语；非谓语动词包括三种形式：不定式、动名词和分词；动词不定式动词不定式的基本形式为：to+动词原形，有时可不带to ；不定式的否定形式是not to+动词原形；动词不定式仍旧具有动词的功能，可以接宾语或状语而构成不定式短语；例如：to beat the opponent打败对手 to put on your coat穿上你的外套to drive fast快速驾车to return home归国，回家留意

2、： 不定式之前的 to 又称为小品词 与介词 to 功能不同； 介词 to 之后要接名词或代词的宾格，或相当于名词的短语作它的宾语；而不定式的小品词to 的后面需要跟原形动词；speak to him to 是介词 对他讲话to speak English to 是不定式的小品词讲英语1 不定式在句子中的用法(1) 不定式作名词的用法不定式起名词作用，在句子中可以充当主语、表语、宾语和宾语补足语； 不定式作主语To grow more trees here is very important.（=It is very important to grow more trees here.） 在这

3、里多种些树是特别重要的；To think carefully before you act is necessary.（=It is necessary for you to think carefully beforeyou act.） 你须三思而后行；To walk to school takes me twenty minutes.=It takes me twenty minutes to walk to school.欢迎下载精品学习资源步行到学校我要花20 多分钟；留意：在 It is.to 的句型中， It 是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式；这种结构，防止了句子的头重脚轻；通常不定

4、式被视为单数第三人称，所以动词用is 或 was；Its bad for your eyes to read inthe sun.在阳光下看书对你的眼睛有害；另外，不定式作主语的句子，同时有另外一个不定式作表语时，不能转换成“It is.to.的句 ” 型；例如：To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见； 不能转换为：It is to believe to see.不定式作主语不定式，作主语，有一点，应留意，短语长，往后移，其位置，it替； 不定式作表语Her dream is to be a lawyer.她的理想就是成为一名律师；What they want is to d

5、o it at once.他们所要求的就是马上着手做这件事； 不定式作宾语不定式作宾语是用在及物动词之后；常用的及物动词有：want, wish, hope, like, begin,start, help, agree, refuse, promise, learn, forget, know, need, try等；She wanted to get home earlier that day.她那天想要早一些到家；They refused to do so. 他们拒绝那样做；巧记接不定式作宾语的动词Hope、wish、want 、agree、promise 、Demand、ask、ref

6、use 、Manage、learn 、decide 、Pretend 、choose三个期望两答应；设法学会做打算不要假装在挑选 不定式作宾语补足语要求用不定式作宾语补足语的动词很多，例如： ask, want, believe, know, tell, advice , like, feel, help, force, invite, let, have, make, prefer, notice, order, remind, see, teach, think, expect, enable, cause, choose, allow, persuade 等；欢迎下载精品学习资源She

7、adviced him to do so.她劝他这么做；The doctor told me not to go on with the work.医生告知我不要再连续做这件工作了；He reminded me to lock the door when I Left.他提示我离开时锁上门；留意： 1、表示感官的动词如see, hear, watch, feel, notice和某些使役动词如let, make, have等，其后作宾语补足语的不定式通常不带to ；例如： It made me feel thirsty.这东西让我感到口渴；2、动词 help 之后，不定式带 to 或不带 to

8、 都可以；Will you please help me to take this suitcase.请你帮我提一下这个衣箱好吗.必背：以下结构必需使用不带to 的动词不定式；had better do.最好仍是做 would you please do. 请您做 would rather do. 宁愿做 would sooner do. 愿做 may just as well do. 是做 的好 rather than do.而不是做 例如：Susan preferred to stay at the dormitory rather than go out with them.苏姗宁可呆在

9、宿舍里，也不跟他们出去；As you are feeling hungry, you may just as well find something to eat.欢迎下载精品学习资源既然你觉得饿了，仍是找些吃的东西吧；Youd better take this way.你最好走这条路；留意：在复合宾语中，可以用形式宾语it代替作直接宾语的不定式，而将不定式放在补足语的后面；She found it difficult to change his mind. 她发觉要想转变他的思想很困难；He considere d it his duty to do so.他认为这样做是应当的；The si

10、tuation now makes it easy for them to finish building the bridge on time.目前的这种情形使他们很简洁按时完成大桥的建设；(2) 不定式作形容词的用法-作定语不定式作定语修饰名词， 要放在所修饰的名词之后又称后置定语 ；这类名词常常使用的有： time, way, chance, right 权 力，need 需要，decision打算 ，opportunity 机会 ， effort 努力 ， courage士气 ， struggle 斗争 等；例如：Mr. Wang is a man to believe in.王先生是

11、一位值得信任的人；I think he is a man to depend on.我认为他是一个可以依靠的人；Can you find anything to read at the dentist.在牙诊所你可以找到可阅读的东西吗. The boy found no one to play with.这孩子找不到人跟他一块玩；(3) 不定式作副词的用法 -作状语； 不定式可以在句子中作目的、缘由和结果状语；I am sorry to have bothered you.我特别愧疚打扰了你；缘由状语 They will come to the city to look for a job.他

12、们将要到大城市来找工作；目的状语 欢迎下载精品学习资源If you are so stupid as to do so, you must expect trouble.你假如愚蠢得这样做事，你就等着自找麻烦吧；结果状语 “ too.to. 结构中”的不定式含有否定的意思，因此“ too.to.表示 “太” 而 不能 ”；The boy is too young to join the army.这孩子太小，仍不能参军；He is too busy to see me. 他太忙，不能来看我；“ so as.不+ 定式 ”结构，不定式作目的状语，意思是“以便 ”；“ so形+ 容词 副词 +as

13、+不定式 ”结构，不定式作结果状语；He went there quickly so as to meet her.他赶快到那里去以便可以碰见她；目的 He was so kind as to offer his seat to me.承他好意，把座位让给了我；结果 The man was so angry as to smash the things in the room.这个人气极了，便开头摔屋里的东西；结果 比较：不定式作宾语和作状语的区分；1 She wants to sleep. 作宾语 她想去睡觉；2 She went there to sleep. 作状语 她去那儿睡觉；不定式

14、 sleep 在上述两句话中分别作宾语和状语；区分它们有两种方法： 及物动词之后的不定式为宾语 如上面第一句 ；不及物动词之后的不定式为状语 如 上面其次句 ； 按句子含义懂得，第一句中，缺少不定式 to sleep作宾语 ，句子便不完整 she wants ， 因 此这里的不定式 to sleep 是不能缺的；而例 2 中的 to sleep 作状语 修饰动词 went ，表示去 那里的目的 是睡觉 ；假如没有这 个不定式 to sleep ，句子依旧完整；(4) 不定式作插入语To tell you the truth, youd better change your car.说实在话，你

15、最好换换你这辆车； one to blame.欢迎下载精品学习资源说句公道话，这不是他的错，不该批评他；2 不定式的时态不定式常常使用的有三种时态形式：一般式，进行式和完成式；(1) 一般式 to do通常表示与谓语动词所示动作同时或在其后发生的行为或动作；She wanted to write a letter.她想写一封信；She told him to put the things in the room in order.她让他把屋子里的东西整理一下；(2) 进行式 to be doing表示不定式动作与谓语动作同时发生；但留意，不定式所用的必需是连续性动词；It is foolish

16、 of him to be doing such a kind of things all the ti me.他老是做这种事情，真是愚蠢至极. That poor girl seems to be following him. 那个可怜的女孩子似乎在跟着他；(3) 完成式 to have done表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动作之前；They appearedto have known each other. 他们看来相互已经熟悉；Im glad to have made a friend like you.我特别兴奋交了像你这样一个伴侣；3 不定式的被动形式不定式的被动形式用于其规律主语是不

17、定式所示动作的承担者；常常使用的有两种形式： 一般式： to be done ；完成式： to have been done ；The bridge across the river is to be built next year.这座跨河大桥将于明年修建；He felt greatly honored to have been invited.受到邀请，他感到很荣幸；4 动词不定式与疑问词的连用动词不定式可以与疑问词连用构成不定式短语；这些疑问词有： 疑问代词 what, who, which ；欢迎下载精品学习资源疑问副词 how, when, where, why等等；不定式短语可以在

18、句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分；(1) 作主语How to control the water pollution is a big problem.如何掌握水污染仍是一个大问题；When to start the project remains undecided.什么时候开头这项工程仍旧没有打算；(2) 作宾语He doesnt know what to do.他不知如何是好；Tell me why to be late again. 告知我为什么又迟到了； 3作宾补 宾语补足语 Can you find out why to do it in this way.你能弄明白为什么要这样做吗

19、. He will show me how to drive a car. 他要教我如何开车；提示： 带有疑问词的不定式短语，常常与以下动词连用： tell, teach, show, know, learn, decide,forget, find out等等；4作表语The big problem is where to park the car at the business centre.商业中心的停车是一个大问题The question is where to find the genius.问题是到哪里去找这样的天才5 不定式的省略在上下文连接比较紧密的情形下，为了防止重复，将相同

20、的部分省略，但小品词to 要保留；-Did you find the reference books about it.-No, I tried to, but failed.-你找到有关的参考书了吗.-没有；我尽力了，但没找到；欢迎下载精品学习资源-Do you like to see that film with me.-Yes, I d like to.-你情愿跟我去看那部电影吗.-是的，特别情愿； 巧记动词不定式的用法不定式有标记， to与动原连一起；没有人称数变化，动词特点它具备；主宾定状表补语， 只有作谓不行以； Not 加上不定式，否定结构要牢记；疑问词与不定式，构成短语有意义；

21、认真推敲多摸索，精确判定有依据；注：动原=动词原形6 不定式的一些常用结构(1) be+to doShe is very proud to be a student in Beijing University.作为一名北京高校的同学，她感到骄傲；Your mother will be angry to find that nothing has been done.你母亲看到什么事都没做会发火的；(2) have has, had+不定式这一结构表示 “不得不 ”，“只好 ”的意思；He will have to swallow the bitterness sooner or later.他

22、迟早要吞下这颗苦果的；As she missed the train, she had to return home. 由于耽搁了那趟火车，她只得又回家去了；3there is are+ 不定式There is something important to do today.今日有一件重要的事情要做； There are lots of letters to type now. 现在有很多信要打出来；(4) be about+ 不定式表示 “刚要做 ”I was just about to leave when you phoned me.我刚要走，你就给我来电话了；The match is

23、about to begin. Hurry up.比*上要开头了，快点 .欢迎下载精品学习资源(5) only+ 不定式，表示 “却 ”They lifted a stone only to drop it on their own feet.他们搬起石头，却砸了自己的脚；He went home in a hurry only to find that nothing happened there.他赶忙赶回家里却发觉家里什么事都没有；(6) so as not to do. 为了 不“”She worked hard so as to be a college student.为了要上高校

24、，她刻苦学习；He went to work early so as not to be there late.为了不迟到，他很早就去上班了； 7enough+ 不定式表示 “特别，足够 ” This car is not big enough to seat five people. 这辆车不够大，坐不下五个人；He drove fast enough to catch up the train.他把车开得飞速，足以赶上那列火车；留意：1. “形容词 或副词 +enough+ 不定式 ”构成的是简洁句， 可以和复合句 “so.that.相互转”换；例如：It is easy enough f

25、or her to do. 简洁句 It is so easy that she can do it. 复合句 这件事情很简洁，她可以做；2. “ so.that cant和 句型 “”too.to.的相互”转换 ；She is too frightened to say a word. 简洁句 She is so frightened that she cant say a word. 复合句 她太可怕了，以致于一句话也说不上来；The dictionary is too expensive for me toafford. The dictionary is so expensive th

26、at I cant afford it. 这本词典太贵了， 以致 我买不起；8It is was+形容词 +of for sb.+ 不定式It is clever of you to deal with such a thing.这样一件事情你处理得很聪慧；欢迎下载精品学习资源It was necessary for me to explain it.我对此作一下说明是必要的；比较：该句型中 “of sb.和”“for sb.的使”用情形不同，可以从两方面加以区分： 它们两者所用的形容词不同A of sb. 的句型一般使用表示主观感情或态度的形容词；例如：good, kind, nice, r

27、ight, wrong, wise, clever, foolish, careful, careless 等；It is wise of her to do so.她这样做是特别明智的；It was clever of him to go away at that time.在那个时刻他走开是很聪慧的；B for sb. 的句型使用表示客观情形的形容词；例如：hard, easy, possible, impossible, difficult, necessary, unnecessary, important, interesting等；It was impossible for him

28、 to get there on time.他要准时到达那里已是不行能的事； It is simple for me to solve the problem. 对我来说解决此事特别简洁； of sb. 的句型通常都可转换为不定式作状语的句子，但for sb. 句型不行以；It is very nice of you to offer me a seat.You are very nice to offer me a seat.特别感谢你给我让座；It was careless of him to lose so many things. He was c areless to lose so

29、 many things.他丢了这么多东西，真是太马虎了；It is very important for you to practise your oral English in the daily life.在日常生活中练习你的英语口语是特别重要的；这句话不能变为： She is very important to practise.非谓语动词（二）动名词动名词既具出名词的特性，在句子中可作主语、表语、宾语和定语，又保留了动词的功欢迎下载精品学习资源能，可以有自己的宾语和状语而构成动名词短语；动名词的构成形式为“动词 +ing ”；当动名词在句子中做主语时，其谓语动词必需用单数形式；例如：

30、Seeing is believing.作主语，表语 眼见为实；Do you mind my smoking here.你介意我在这里抽烟吗.作宾语 Staying with him made her veryhappy. 和他呆在一起使她感到特别欢乐；动名词带自己的状语with himThe children enjoyed playing games together.孩子们宠爱一起做嬉戏玩；动名词带自己的宾语the games动名词的否定形式和时态、语态的变化动名词的否定形式为 “not doing ；”动名词的时态分为一般式doing 和完成式 having done ；它们的被动语态

31、分别为：一般式being done ，完成式 having been done ；例如： She made her parents very happy by getting the first award on the performances.确定 得了表演一等奖，这使她的父母很兴奋；He admitted not telling us the truth at last.他最终承认没有跟我们说实话；否定 Keep the medicine away from being touched by the children.把药放在儿童够不到的地方；被动式 This huge bridge s

32、ucceeded in having been built up last month.这座庞大的桥梁最终在上个月建成了；被动式 动名词的用法(1) 作主语：用于表示泛指的而不是一次性的动作；动名词作主语常常采纳it作形式主语的句型；Playing football is their favorite sport. It is their favorite sport playing football.踢足球是他们最宠爱的运动；欢迎下载精品学习资源Living here is very safe. It is very safe living here.居住在这里是很安全的；(2) 作宾语：H

33、e is considering changing a job.他正在考虑换一件工作； She cant avoid meeting him. 她免不了要碰见他；He tried to deny taking away my dictionary.他尽力否认拿走了我的词典；(3) 作表语：Living is also learning.生活也是学习；His favorite sport is running. 他最宠爱的运动是跑步； 4作定语：We all attended the opening ceremony.我们都参与了开幕式；Susan won the first prize in

34、the singing competition.苏姗获得了唱歌大赛的一等奖；We should learn from all the advanced teaching methods.我们应当学习全部的先进的教案方法；必背：记住以下常用的动词和短语1、以下动词，它们只能接动名词作宾语而不能接不定式；admit承认appreciate感谢avoid 防止cant help 禁不住consider 摸索，考虑deny 否认欢迎下载精品学习资源delay 推迟detest厌恶enjoy 宠爱excuse 愧疚escape 逃跑finish 完成forgive 原谅fancy 想象imagine想象

35、involve 包括keep 坚持pardon 原谅，宽恕practise练习 resist 阻挡，抗击suggest 建议understand懂得save 省略be worth doing值得做；He admitted taking my dictionary.他承认拿走了我的词典；Do you try to avoid making her annoyed.你是尽力不惹她愤怒吗. Stop talking and listen to me. 请不要说话了，听我讲；2.动名词常常作这些短语之后的介词的宾语；be good at 善于be engaged in 从事be satisfied w

36、ith对感到中意 be surprised at对感到惊讶 be interested in对感爱好欢迎下载精品学习资源be responsible for对负责任be fond of宠爱be tired sick of厌倦 be proud of以而骄傲be afraid of可怕be capable of 有才能be used to 习惯于be opposed to反对belong to属于depend on依靠give up 舍弃put off推迟keep on 连续succeed in 胜利dream of理想refer to指的是object to反对feel like 想要prev

37、ent.from防止stop.from阻挡献身于look forward to希望She is good at swimming她善于于游泳；He is used to walking to his office every day.他已经习惯每天走路去上班；They persist in solving the problem in this way.他们坚持以这种方式解决问题；欢迎下载精品学习资源作直接宾语时，动名词与不定式在含义上的区分 forget doing sth. 和 forget to do sth.forget doing sth. 意思是 “遗忘了曾经做过某一件事”；The

38、 old woman always forgets taking the medicine.那个老太太总是遗忘已经吃过药；forget to do sth. 表示 “遗忘了要去做某事 ”；The old woman always forgets to take the medicine. 那个老太太总是遗忘要吃药； remember doing sth.和 remember to do sth.remember doing sth. 意思是 “记得过去曾经做过的某一件事”；I remember eating the dish before.我记得以前吃过这道菜；remember to do s

39、th. 表示 “记着要去做某一件事 ”；I remember to eat the dish at the restaurant.我记着在这家餐馆要吃这道菜； stop doing sth. 和 stop to do sth.stop doing sth. 表示 “停止正在做的某件事情”；Lets stop working and have a rest.让我们停下手里的活，歇一会儿；stop to do sth. 意为 “停下来去做另一件事 ”；at here.让我们在这里停一下买些吃的东西； regret doing sth. 和 regret to do sth.regret doing

40、 sth. 表示 “懊悔过去做过的某一件事情”；She regretted telling her mother the truth.她懊悔把真相告知了她的母亲；regret to do sth. 意思是 “对正在做的，或者是仍未做的事情表示懊悔”；I regret to borrow money from him.我懊悔要向他借钱； want, need , require 表示 “需要 ”的意思时，后面的宾语常使用动名词或不定式的被动式；欢迎下载精品学习资源This car needs repairing. This car needs to be repaired.这辆车需要修理一下；T

41、he road wants rebuilding. The road wants to be rebuilt.这条道路需要重新修建；动名词的常用句型 go+doing sth.去做go hunting去打猎go hiking 去远足go skating 去滑雪g去观光 be worth doing sth.值得做 This film is worth seeing.这部电影值得一看；Your suggestion is worth considering.你的建议值得考虑； cant help+doing sth.禁不住 They couldnt help laughing when they

42、 saw him.当他们观察他时，不禁大笑起来； be used to+doing sth. 习惯做 His father is used to walking to his office. 他父亲已习惯走路去上班；Was she used to living there.她住在那里习惯吗 . It is no usegood+doing sth.做没用Its no good crying over spilt milk.覆水难收；Its no use waiting here for her.在这里等她没有用；欢迎下载精品学习资源 forgive sb. for doing sth.原谅某人

43、做某事； prevent sb. from doing sth. 防止，阻挡某人做某事；They all forgave the boy for doing such a thing.他们大家都原谅了这个孩子做的事情；You must prevent the children from touching the dangerous things.你们务必不要让孩子接触危急物品； without+doing sth.没有做 就 she kept sitting there without saying to anybody. 她始终坐在那里，默不作声；Complete the following exercises without referring to the text.完成以下习题，不要看书； no+doing. 表示 “禁止，不准 ”；No parking. 表示 “不准停车 . ”No smoking. 表示 “请勿吸烟 ”非谓语动词（三）分词分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种形式；现在分词的构成为：原形动词+ing；过去分词的构成为：原形动词 +ed； 现在分词与过去分词的比较1它们所表示的语态不同现在分词具有主动和进行的含义，常常用于表示事