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1、 第三章 语 法 第一节 基本考情分析本部分共设10道题。每道考题中有一空白,要求考生在了解句义的基础上根据语法要求在四个备选答案中选择一个最佳答案。每题0.5分。语法部分具体需要掌握的内容如下:1 名词、代词的数和格的构成形式及其用法。2 动词的基本时态、语态的构成形式及其用法。3 形容词,副词的比较级和最高级的构成形式及其用法。常用连接词、冠词的词义及其用法。45 非谓语动词(不定式、动名词、分词)的构成形式及其用法。6 虚拟语气的构成及其用法。7 各类从句的构成及其用法。8 强调句型的结构及其用法。9 常用倒装句的结构。第一节 语法考点精解一时态和语态(一)一般现在时1.表示现时状态和现
2、在瞬间动作用一般现在时表示的现时状态通常都带有一定的持续性,因此只适用于静态动词。例如:What do you think,Jane?简,你在想什么?用一般现在时表示的现在瞬间的动作通常只适用于表示短暂动作的动态动词。2.表示不受时间限制的客观存在所谓不受时间限制的客观存在包括客观真理,格言,科学事实及其他不受时间限制的事实。例如:The moon moves round the earth.月亮绕着地球转。3.表示现在习惯动作所谓现在习惯动作指经常发生的动作,一般现在时常用来表示现在时间里某种动作的经常性和习惯性。例如:Father doesnt smoke.父亲不抽烟。4.表示将来时间I
3、hope,I bet等引导的宾语从句用现在时表示将来时。例如:I bet he comes tomorrow.我打赌他明天会来。5.有些表示状态和感觉的动词可用于一般现在时如 be, love, hate, like, want, hope, need, prefer, wish, know, understand, remember, believe, recognize, guess, suppose, mean, belong, think(以为), feel, envy, remain, consist, contain, seem, look(看起来),see, fit, suit,
4、 owe, own, hear, find, suggest, propose, allow, show(说明),prove, mind(在意), have(有), sound(听起来), taste(尝起来), matter, require, possess等。例 1.I _ what he has said is true, although Ive always hated him.A.believe B. believed C.have believed D.am believing例2.If you _ to my advice, please tell your parents
5、about it immediately.A.will listen B. listened C. have listened D. had listened(二)现在进行时现在进行时是用助动词be的现在形式(am, is, are)加-ing分词构成。现在进行时可用于以下几种情况:1.现在进行时和always, continually, forever等词连用时,表示重复的动作并具有强烈的感情色彩。例如:You are always finding fault with me.你总是找我的错。He is continually starting the work.他不断地开始工作。【注意】表
6、示态度、感知或所属关系的动词如desire, wish, understand, suppose, belong, know等一般不用现在进行时。2.表示说话时正在进行的动作表示现在做的事情,通常要用现在进行时。能用于进行时的动词一般都是表示持续动作的动态动词。【注意】现在进行时的这一用法与一般现在时的区别。一般现在时一般含有长久的意思,而现在进行时则含有暂时的意思。3.表示现阶段一直在进行的动作此动作在说话时不一定正在进行。例如:Youre writing a letter while Im reading a book.我在读书,你在写信。4.表示位移动词如start, leave, co
7、me, go, arrive, fly, land等,可用现在进行时表示将来要发生的行为,但主语必须是人。例如:He is flying to Shanghai tomorrow.他明天将乘飞机去上海。He is coming an hour later.一小时后他就来。例3. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence,_ and perfected now.A. developed B .have developed C. are being developed D. will have been develop
8、ed例4. Dont disturb him. He_ to the weather forecast.A. listens B .is being listenedC. is listening D. has listened例5. My wife_ .A. has forever criticized B. forever criticizes me C.was forever criticizing D. is forever criticizing me例6. “You _ very clever today.” Would indicate that this was unusual
9、. A.are being B. have been C. were D. are(三)现在完成时和现在完成进行时1.现在完成时的用法现在完成时的语法结构:have/has + -ed分词。(1)已完成用法: 表示动作或过程发生在说话之前某个没有明确说出的过去时间(常指最近的过去时间),现在已经完成了,并与现在的情况有联系。例如: He has bought a car.他已买了辆车。(2)未完成用法:指动作或状态从过去某时开始持续到现在,可能持续下去,也可能刚刚结束。例如:Ive lived here since 1999.从1999年开始我就住在这里。2 现在完成进行时的用法语法结构:ha
10、ve/has been + -ing分词。它的主要用法与现在完成时的“未完成”用法相似。例如:I have been living here for ten years.我已住在这儿10年了。Ive only been wearing glasses since last year.从去年开始我就戴眼镜了。例7. This is one of the most diligent students that I _.A.even have known B. have ever knownC. know D. knew例8. He _ Beijing for five years.A. Has c
11、ome to B. has been in C. has arrived D. has gone to例9. It _a long time since we last met.A. Has been B. will be C. was D. had been例10. It seems oil _from this pipe for some time. Well have to take the machine apart to put it right.A. Had leaked B. is leaking C. leaked D. has been leaking (四)一般过去时 1.
12、表示现在 这是英语口语中常见的一种表示礼貌的用法。例如: I wondered if you could lend me a book. 您能借我一本书吗? 2.表示过去时间发生的动作或存在的状态,以及过去的习惯动作。例如: He got up late this morning. 今天早上他起得晚。 3.表示过去将来 这是一种与一般现在时表示将来相对应的用法。它表示已经确定了的计划或安排或日历上的事件,句中需要有具体时间。 例11. It is time he _ what is wrong. A.was told B. is told C. must be told D. can tell
13、 例12. Not until the game had begun _ at the sports ground. A.had he arrived B. would he have arrived C. did he arrive D. should he have arrived (五)过去完成时和过去完成进行时 1.过去完成时的用法 过去完成时的“已完成”用法表示一个动作或状态在过去某时之前已经完成或结束。例如: When I got the station, the train had left. 当我到达车站的时候,火车已经开走了。 (2)过去完成时的“未完成”用法表示一个动作或状
14、态在过去某时之前已经开始,一直延续到这一个过去时间,而且到那时还未结束,仍有继续下去的可能性。例如: By six oclock they had worked twelve hours. 到六点钟他们已经工作了12个小时。 2.过去完成进行时的用法 语法结构:had been + -ing分词。它的主要用法与现在完成进行时的用法相同,只是时间推移到了过去。 在用于表示两件先后发生的事情时,when, before, after, until等从属连词往往可以互换使用。例13. A thief who broke into a church was caught because traces
15、of the wax, found on his clothes, _ from the sort of candles used only in church.A. come B. that come C. coming D. had come(六)一般将来时和将来进行时1.表示将来或按计划将要发生的行为时,多用将来进行时。We shall be having a meeting at two oclock this afternoon.今天下午两点我们有一个会议。2.表示将来时间的多种结构(1) will/shall + V.原形,表示说话人的主观态度和看法,如表示“预见”,例如:I wi
16、ll do it, if you like.如果你喜欢,我就做。(2)will/shall + be + -ing,表示“自然要发生”的含义。I shall be writing to you soon.不久我将给你写信。(3)be going to +V. 原形,表示“意图”,即打算在将来做某事。 How long is he going to stay here? 他准备在这儿呆多久?(4)be +-ing(现在进行时)表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作,常用于表示位置转移的动词,如go, come, leave, start, arrive等;也可用于其他动态动词。例如: The presi
17、dent is coming to the U.N. this week. 这个周末总统将来联合国。(5)to be + V.原形,表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作。它可表示命令、禁止或可能性等。例如:The dictionary is not to be here.这本字典不该放在这儿。(6)一般现在时表示将来时间,常用于条件状语和时间状语分句。例如: It she comes ,Ill tell her all about it. 如果她来,我将告诉她所有的一切。 Ill give it to you after I return. 我回来后就把它给你。 【注意】过去将来时表示过去将来时间,
18、其结构形式为should/would +V.原形,was/were going to + V.原形,was/were + -ing , was/were + 不定式,以及一般过去时等。例14. While people may refer to the television for up-to-the-minute news, it is unlikely that the television _ the newspaper completely.A. will replace B. replace C. have replaced D. replaced(七)将来完成时1.表示在将来某一时
19、间以前已完成的动作或一直持续的状态,这种时态必须有一个时间状语。常用的时间状语有:by the end of this month, by 10 oclock this evening, by May next year 以及由by the time, before或when 等引导的状语从句。例如:I will have finished my school by the next year.明年我将毕业。I hope he will have come back before I leave.我希望他在我离开前回来。2.在时间和条件状语从句中现在将来完成时则由现在完成时表示。例如:The
20、children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school.孩子们从学校一回来就做作业。例 15. By the end of this week, we workers surely _a satisfactory solution to the technological problem. A .have found B. will have found C. will be finding D. are finding例 16.By the time he arrives in Beijing
21、, we _here for two days.A. have been staying B .have stayed C. shall stay D. will have stayed(八)语态1.语态是一种动词形式,表示主语与动词所表示的动作之间的关系英语动词有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态,主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,又称为施动者;被动语态表示主语是动作的承受着,又称受动者。GCT 考试主要考查被动语态部分,故这里只讲被动语态。2.被动语态的形式 am(1)一般现在时被动语态形式 is done arewas(2)一般过去时被动语态形式 done Were(3)现在进行时被动语态形式
22、is being done are was(4)过去进行时被动语态形式 being done Were (5)现在完成时被动语态形式 has been done have(6)过去完成时被动语态形式 had been done在表示将来时间时,被动语态可用“shall/will be +过去分词”或“be going to +be+过去分词”等形式表示。与主动语态一样,被动语态的前面也可以带情态动词。3.被动语态的作用(1)为了强调主语:这时主语为新信息,通常带不定冠词或定冠词,句中不出现施动者。例如:An inquiry is to be held.他们将会进行一项调查。(2)为了强调谓语:
23、这时主语为已知信息,而谓语为新信息,句中不出现施动者。例如:They will be punished. 他们将被罚。(3)为了强调施动者:这时如果省略了施动者,可能导致意思不完整。例如:The suggestion was made by Mr. John.这个建议由约翰先生提出。Such things are only eaten by animals.只有动物吃这些东西。(4)为了修辞的需要。1)出于含蓄、礼貌或客观陈述的目的而避免使用I或we做主语。例如:They are called fools. 他们被称作傻瓜。2)为了避免使用语气过于正式的one或过于非正式的you做主语。例如:
24、These books can be found on the third floor.这些书在三楼能找到。3)当主动句中的施动者带有较长的修饰语时。例如:An elderly woman was shot yesterday by a man who threatened to kill her if she did not open the safe.昨天,一位老妇人被一个男子开枪打死,那人威胁她不打开保险柜就杀死她。例 17.Marys husband was _to be handsome but dishonest.A. thought about B. thought C. thi
25、nking of D .they thought例18.It_us that our letter _. A. was astonishing hadnt been received B. had astonishing wouldnt be received C. has astonishing wasnt being received D. astonishing hadnt been received二、主谓一致 主谓一致指主语和谓语动词之间在“人称”和“数”的方面的一致关系。一般来说,主语是单数概念,则谓语用单数形式;主语是复数概念,则谓语用复数形式。1.不定式、动名词或从句与主谓一致
26、(1)动词不定式、动名词、从句做主语时,当单数看待。例如:How we can carry out the plan hasnt been discussed yet.我们怎样执行这个计划还没有讨论。(2)关系分句中的主谓一致问题。在“one of+复数名词+关系分句”结构中,关系分句动词通常依照语法一致原则用复数形式。例如:He is one of those people who like to keep everything in order.他是一位做事仅仅有条的人。(3)关系代词who, which, that在定语从句中做主语时,从句中谓语动词的人称或数应与先行词一致。例如:How
27、 close parents are to their children has a strong influence on the character of the children.父母与孩子亲近的程度对塑造孩子的性格有着强烈的影响。(4)在there be 句型或其他倒装句中,谓语动词与临近的主语一致。例如:Ever since the old artists painting went on exhibit, there have been large crowds at the museum every month.自从这位老艺术家的画展被展出以来,每月都有成群的人来博物馆观看。2.
28、”the +adj.” 结构做主语(1)在表示某一类人时,谓语动词用复数。例如:The poor are always kind.穷人总是友善的。(2)表示指定的某一人时,谓语动词用单数。例如:The departed was her sister.那位离去的人是她姐姐。(3)表示事物的抽象特征时,谓语动词用单数。例如:The best is not yet to come.最好的还没来。3代词作主语 (1)everyone , no one 作反意疑问句的主语,反问句的主语用they 。例如:Everyone is here, arent they?大家都在,是吗?(2)由any-, no-
29、, some-, every-作前缀的合成代词做主语时,谓语动词用单数,如 anybody, anyone, anything, nobody, no one, nothing, someone, something, everyone, everybody, everything以及either, neither, each等。例如:Somebody has parked his car right in front of mine.有人把车停在我的正前方。4.以集体名词做主语的主谓一致的用法(1)对于以单数形式出现的集体名词如police, people, cattle, militia,
30、 poultry(家禽), vermin(害虫)等,通常做复数,随后的动词用复数。例如:The police are looking into the records of all those involved in the crime.警察正在调查那些与录音带有牵连的罪犯。(2)对于不可数名词的集体名词如foliage(叶子), machinery, equipment, furniture, merchandise(商品)等,随后的动词用单数。例如:All the machinery in the factory is made in china.这个工厂里的所有机器设备都是中国制造的。(
31、3) 对于既可做单数也可做复数的集体名词,如果作为一个整体看待,谓语动词用单数;如果强调整体中的每个成员,谓语动词用复数。这样的名词有:family, group, committee, army, crowd, team, class, public, government, majority, minority, jury, club, board, staff, faculty, crew, association等。例如:Our family has lived in this house ever since I was born.自我出生以来,我们家就住在这幢房子里。5.并列结构做
32、主语的主谓一致用法(1)由and/bothand 连接的并列结构做主语,谓语动词一般用复数,但如果and结构做主语指同一人或物,谓语动词用单数。例如:My colleague and former classmate is near deaths door.我的同事也是我以前的同班同学快要死了。(2)由or, nor, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also连接的并列结构做主语,随后的动词形式通常按照“就近原则”处理,例如:Neither you ,nor I, nor anyone else was awarded the prize.不是你也不是我也不
33、是其他任何人获得奖金。Either fans or an air-conditioner is not necessary for this lab.风扇和空调对这个实验室都没有必要。My sister or my brother is likely to be at home.我的姐妹们或兄弟们有可能在家。(3)主语带有as well as, as much as, along with, except, together with, with,6.数量词做主语时的主谓一致用法1)以表示确定数量的名词词组做主语。(1)如果数量概念被看作一个整体,动词用单数;如果被看作组成该数量的一个个的个体
34、,则动词用复数。例如:Five thousands dollars is a large sum of money.5000美元是一大笔钱。(2)如果主语由“one in / one out of +复数名词”构成,在正式语体中,动词用单数;在非正式语体中,动词也可按照“就近原则”用复数。例如:One out of 50 students has been chosen to attend the meeting.从50位学生中选出一位参加会议。2)以表示非确定数量的名词词组做主语。(1)如果主语是all of,some of,none of,half of,most of等表示非确定数量的名
35、词词组,其后面的动词形式依of词组中的名词类别而定。(2)“many a +单数名词”或“more than one +单数名词”结构做主语时,其谓语动词用单数。例如:More than one persons is involved in this.在这件事中,不止一个人受到牵连。例19.Many a boy and many a girl it with own eyes.A. has seen his B. has been their C. have seen his D. have seen their【答案】A【译文】很多男孩和女孩亲眼看见了。例20.The committee a
36、mong themselves for four hours.A. has been arguing B. has been argued C. have been arguing C. have been argues【答案】C【译文】委员会一直争论了4个小时。例21. considerable number of students like football.A. There are a B. While a C.They are a D.A【答案】D【译文】相当多的同学喜欢足球。三虚拟语气用虚拟语气的句中所假设的情况是过去和现在都不存在的,或将来不大可能发生的。1. 在虚拟语气句中通常主
37、句和从句都使用虚拟语气If 从句 主句与现在事实相反动词的过去式(be 为 were)would (should ,could ,might )+动词原形 与过去事实相反动词的过去完成式would (should ,could ,might )+ have +动词原形与将来事实相反1. 动词的过去式2. were + 不定式3. should + 动词原形would (should ,could ,might )+动词原形例如:If it were to rain tomorrow , the football game would be put off.如果明天下雨,足球赛就延期。(与将来事
38、实相反)If you hurried , you would catch the bus .如果你再快一点,你就会搭上车了。(与现在事实相反)2. 含蓄条件句含蓄条件句是指没有出现 if 引导的条件句,而条件句的意思是用其他方式(without , but for , otherwise 等)表达的。例如:Without your help , we couldnt have finished the work on time. (Without your help=If you had not helped us)要不是你的帮助,我们不可能按时完成工作。常用来代替或引导含蓄条件句的单词和结构
39、还有:or , but that , given , provided ,suppose , supposing , were it not for 等等。3. 错综时间虚拟语气句在某些虚拟语气句中,主句与条件从句所表示的动作或状态发生在不同的时间,这时从句与主句要根据各自所发生的时间选用符合具体时间的虚拟语气形式。(1) 条件句表示过去,主句表示现在。例如:If they had left yesterday , they wouldnt be walking in the rain now.如果他们昨天已经离开的话,他们现在就不可能在雨中行走。(2) 从句表示过去,主句表示将来。例如:If
40、 we hadnt made enough preparations , we couldnt start next month.如果我们没有做好充足的准备,我们下个月就不能开始。(3) 从句表示将来,主句表示过去。例如:If I were not to take the examination tomorrow , I would have gone to the theatre with you yesterday.如果不是我明天考试,昨天我就会和你一起去看戏了。(4) 从句表示将来,主句表示现在。例如:If we werent to have a meeting this afterno
41、on , I would go to the concert now.要不是今天下午有会议,现在我就会去听音乐会。4. 虚拟语气在wish宾语从句中的应用wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气,其谓语部分有时态变化:表示现在情况的虚拟时,动词用“一般过去时(如 did)”;对过去的情况进行虚拟时,动词用“过去完成时(如 had done)或情态动词的过去时+动词的现在完成时(如 could have done )”形式;表示对将来情况的虚拟时,用“情态动词的过去时形式+动词原形(如 might do)”。例如:I wish I could have finished writing the book
42、report yesterday.我多么希望我昨天完成了写作报告。5. 从句中谓语用should +动词原形的虚拟语气的应用(1)在及物动词advise(建议),agree(认同),ask(要求),beg(乞求),command(命令),decide(决定),demand(要求),determine(决定),direct(命令),desire(期望),insist(坚持),maintain(坚持),move(规定),order(命令),prefer(偏爱),propose(建议),recommend(推荐),request(要求),require(要求),resolve(决定),stipula
43、te(规定),suggest(建议),urge(极力催促),vote(投票表决)等后面的宾语从句须用虚拟语气。虚拟语气的形式是should +动词原形,should 可以省去。例如:The doctor suggested that he not go there.医生建议他不要去那儿。(2)在It is strange /important /necessary /suggested /desired /requested等+that从句中以及It is a pity /shame /no wonder 等+that从句中 。例如:It is required that all members be present.要求全体成员都要到场。(3)在suggestion ,order ,plan ,idea 等后面的同位语从句中。例如:We are all for your plan that the discussion be put off.我们都赞成你对讨论延期的建议。(4)在as if ,as though 引导的状语从句中,如果表达的意思与事实不相符,要用虚拟形式,谓语的形式与wish 后面的宾语从句相同。如果as if ,as though从句中所叙述的情况实现的可能性较大,可用陈述语气。例如:They talked as if they had b
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