02晶体生长结晶学与矿物学讲解课件.pptx
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1、McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Termslong-range order (solid-state physics)A tendency for some property of atoms in a lattice (such as spin orientation or type of atom) to follow a pattern which is repeated every few unit cells.long-range orderAtomic positions in a crystal exhibit a
2、 property calledlong-range orderor translational periodicity; positions repeat in space in a regular array. Encyclopdia BritannicaWikipediaThe order can consist either in a full crystallinespace groupsymmetry, or in a correlation. Depending on how the correlations decay with distance, one speaks ofl
3、ong-range orderor short-range order. long range order,结晶学概念。,结晶学概念。指整体性的有序现象。例如在一个单晶体的范围内,质点的有序分布延伸到整个晶格的全部,亦即从整个晶体范围来看,质点的分布都是有序的。 百度百科百度百科在晶体中若每种质点(黑点或圆圈)在整个图形中各自都呈现规律的周期性重复。把周期重复的点用直线联结起来,可获得平行四边形网格。可以想像,在三维空间,这种网格将构在三维空间,这种网格将构成空间格子,这种在图形中贯彻始终的规律称为远程规律或成空间格子,这种在图形中贯彻始终的规律称为远程规律或长程有序。长程有序。教科书上(李胜
4、荣,教科书上(李胜荣,2012)长程有序(long-range order) 即晶体内部的原子排列具有即晶体内部的原子排列具有延绵不断的有序性延绵不断的有序性; 反之叫短程有序反之叫短程有序 (罗谷风,罗谷风,2010)Encyclopdia Britannicaquasicrystal,also called quasi-periodic crystal, matter formed atomically in a manner somewhere between the amorphous solids of glasses (special forms of metals and oth
5、er minerals, as well as common glass) and the precise pattern of crystals. Like crystals, quasicrystals contain an ordered structure, but the patterns are subtle and do not recur at precisely regular intervals. WikipediaA quasiperiodic crystal, or, in short, quasicrystal, is a structure that is orde
6、red but not periodic. A quasicrystalline pattern can continuously fill all available space, but it lacks translational symmetry(平移对称)(平移对称). While crystals, according to the classical crystallographic restriction theorem, can possess only two, three, four, and six-fold rotational symmetries, the Bra
7、gg diffraction pattern of quasicrystals shows sharp peaks with other symmetry orders, for instance five-fold.准晶体准晶体 Quasicrystal:McGraw-Hill Science & Technology Encyclopedia:Quasicrystal:A solid with conventional crystalline properties but exhibiting a point-group symmetry inconsistent with transla
8、tional periodicity. Like crystals, quasicrystals display discrete diffraction patterns, crystallize into polyhedral forms, and have long-range orientational order, all of which indicate that their structure is not random. But the unusual symmetry and the finding that the discrete diffraction pattern
9、 does not fall on a reciprocal periodic lattice suggest a solid that is quasiperiodic. Their discovery in 1982 contradicted a long-held belief that all crystals would be periodic arrangements of atoms or molecules.准晶体准晶体 Quasicrystal:准晶体准晶体是其内部质点排列具有远程规律具有远程规律,但没有平移周期(赵赵珊茸,珊茸,2003),或不体现周期重复(潘兆橹,潘兆橹,
10、1993),即不具格子构造。这种物态是介于晶体与非晶体之间的一种状态,人们称之为准晶态或准晶体(quasicrystal)。 中国大百科全书,中国大百科全书,1993:准晶体:原子等呈定向长程有序排列,但不作周期性平移重复,具有与空间格子不相容的对称(如五次对称轴)的固体。准晶体准晶体是一种固体,但其内部即不像非晶质体那样完全无序的分布,又不像晶体那样的三维周期性平移有序三维周期性平移有序。准晶体准晶体是其内是其内部结构在三维空间作部结构在三维空间作长程取向有序分布长程取向有序分布的固体的固体 (罗谷风,罗谷风,2010)。(a) 110 diffraction pattern from La
11、CO3 crystal recorded by the SC200D CCD at camera length of 600mm, 200kV, full CCD 2x binning and 10sec exposure; (b) reversed contrast of left image. Discrete diffraction pattern (离散衍射图离散衍射图)Quasicrystal Zn-Mg-Ho Diffraction 国际晶体学联合会国际晶体学联合会最近建议把晶体定义为衍射图谱呈现明衍射图谱呈现明确图案的固体(确图案的固体(any solid having an e
12、ssentially discrete diffraction diagram)来代替原先的微观空间呈现周期性结构的定义。2-1 晶体的形成方式2-2 晶核的形成2-3 晶体生长模型2-4 晶面的发育2-5 影响晶体生长的外部因素2-6 面角守恒定律第二章第二章 晶体生长理论晶体生长理论 晶体生长过程可以是:晶体生长过程可以是: 1.1.液相液相结晶固相结晶固相 2.2.气相气相结晶固相结晶固相 3.3.固相固相结晶固相结晶固相2-1 2-1 晶体的形成方式晶体的形成方式第二章 晶体生长理论1.1.液相液相结晶固相结晶固相 a)a)熔体中结晶熔体中结晶 b)b)溶液中结晶溶液中结晶 c)c)蒸
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