2022年七八级重要语法知识复习.pdf
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1、七八年级重要语法知识复习句子成分主语 :句子所说的是“什么人”或“什么事物”表动作或状态的主体,一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语等充当。Lucy is an American girl. (名词)He likes dancing.(代词)谓语 :说明主语“做什么”“是什么”“怎么样”表主语的动作或状态。谓语部分里的主要的词用 动词 。谓语和主语必须在“人称”和“数”两方面一致。We study English. He is a student. 表语 :说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”表主语的性质、状态和特征。由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语等充当,和系动词一起构成表语。He
2、is a teacher.(名词)He is asleep.(形容词)(常见的系动词有: be, sound(听起来 ),look( 看起来 ),feel(摸起来 ), smell(闻起来 ),taste(尝起来 ),feel(感觉 ),keep/stay(保持 ),seem(好像 )become 等。The food tastes good. 宾语 :表动作、行为的对象,由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语等充当。1)动作的承受者- 动宾I like China.(名词)He hates you . (代词)2)介词后的名词、代词和动名词- 介宾For breakfast, he likes
3、eggs. What about playing basketball. 3)双宾语 - 间宾(指人)和直宾(指物)He gave me a book yesterday. 宾语补足语 :对宾语的补充说明。We made him monitor我们选他当班长. (名词)We will make them happy. (形容词)定语 :修饰或限制名词或代词的词或句子。He is a good student.(形容词)I want two apples. (数词)He is our friend. (代词)Mr. Xu is a chemistry teacher.(名词)The book o
4、n the desk is mine. (介词 ) 状语 : 用来修饰动词、形容词或副词,表行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度、等意义。He will go there tomorrow. It s very nice. He studies English hard. We will meet under this tree. I go to school by bike.简单句的五个基本句型1. 主语 不及物动词We exercise. 2. 主语 及物动词宾语She likes English. 3. 主语 系动词表语She is happy4. 主语 双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语She
5、 gave John a book/ She bought a book for me. 5. 主语及物动词宾语宾语补语We made him monitor.我们选他当班长. She makes her mother angry宾语从句讲解宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语,就是在句中作及物动词的宾语,或介词的宾语,或形容词的宾语。根据引导宾语从句的不同连词,宾语从句可分为三类。1. 由 that 引导的宾语从句在意义上相当于一个陈述句。that 只有语法作用, 没有实在的意精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - -
6、 - - -第 1 页,共 9 页 - - - - - - - - - - 义,在口语和非正式文体中可以省略。例如:She doesn t know (that) she is ill.He said (that) he wanted to stay at home. I am sure (that) he will help me with English. 2. 由 if 或 whether 引导的宾语从句在意义上相当于一般疑问句,if 和 whether 意为 “ 是否 ” 。if 和 whether 不能省略。例如:I want to know if (whether) he live
7、s here. He asked me whether (if) I could help him. 注意:if 和 whether 大多数情况下可以互换。 但在下列情况下只可用whether : 1与 “ or not ”连用成词组时;Can you tell me whether you like this book or not? 2作介词后的宾语从句时;I m worried about whether Tom will come. 3动词不定式“to do”之前。 I decide whether to go with them.2. 由连接代词 who, whom, whose,
8、what, which 和连接副词when, where, why, how 引导的宾语从句在意义上相当于特殊疑问句。这些连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充当某个成分,不能省略。例如:Do you know who (whom) they are waiting foe? He asked whose handwriting was the best. Can you tell me where the No.3 bus stop is? I don t know why the train is late.二. 宾语从句的语序所有的宾语从句的语序应为陈述句(主语 +谓语 )的语序。例如:I h
9、ear (that) physics isnt easy.Can you tell me how I can get to zoo? Please tell me when we ll have the meeting.三. 宾语从句的时态1. 如果主句的时态是一般现在时,宾语从句根据需要该用什么时态就用什么时态。如:I dont think (that) you are right.Please tell us where he is. Can you tell me how I can get to the railway station? 2. 如果主句的时态是一般过去时,宾语从句只能用
10、相应的过去时态(一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时,过去完成时),以保证前后时态一致。例如:He asked what time it was. He asked if you had written to Peter. 3. 如果宾语从句所陈述的是客观真理、自然现象和科学原理时,从句则用一般现在时。例如:Our teacher said that Januaryis the first month of the year. Scientists have proved that the earth turns around the sun. 四. She doesn t think I am
11、 right. 他认为我是不正确的。当 think, believe, imagine, suppose, except 等表“认为”的动词后跟宾语从句时,如果主句的主语是第一人称(I, we),则否定转移到从句上, 即否定前移 。I don t think it is very cold today. 他认为今天不是很冷。五 I don t know what I (should) buy. = I don t know what to buy. “我不知道我该买什么。”当宾语从句的主语与主句的主语为相同时,这时宾语从句可以与“疑问词 +不定式” 替换。一般现在时表示1)经常性、习惯性的动作
12、或存在的状态。e.g. I go to school on foot. He is very busy now. 2)表示主语的特征、性格、能力、爱好等。e.g. He can swim. I work hard. I like 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 9 页 - - - - - - - - - - watching TV. 3)表示客观真理e.g. There are seven days in a week. The moon moves round the ear
13、th. 其时间状语有often、 usually 、 always、 sometimes 等频率副词,on Saturdays、 in the morning(afternoon evening) 、every day 等。其结构按正常语序,即“主语+谓语 +其它”,有时为了起强调作用,时间状语也可提前. 1)含有 be 动词的要在be 上做变化 . E.g. Danny is a good student. Danny isn t a good student. (否定句 ) Is Danny a good student? (一般疑问句 ) 2) 有动词原形。E.g. They have
14、lunch at 12:00. They dont have lunch at 12:00. (否定句 ) Do they have lunch at 12:00? (一般疑问句 ) 3)第三人称单数做主语的,有动词单数形式。E.g. Jenny speaks English very well. Jenny doesnt speak English very well. Does Jenny speak English very well? 做题时常见错误如下:一、 be 动词与行为动词同时出现在句子中例: We are work on the farm on Sunday. 答案: pla
15、nt 解析: 学生往往会用汉语的思维方式去翻译,就成了“我们是工作在农场上在星期天”。这是学习英语最忌讳的,要看语法是不是正确,在英语中,be 是表状态, do 是表动作,两种动词不能同时出现在句子中,可记住如下口诀:“英汉语言有差异,be 、do 不能放一起,仔细琢磨细分析,语法千万要牢记。”二、单三人称形式易出错例: 1 He plaies (play) football very well. 答案: 1 plays 2 Danny gos (go) to school at 7:10. 答案: 2 goes 解析:1 以辅音字母加y 结尾的动词变单三人称形式才能把y 换成 i 再加 es
16、;2 与名词变复数不同,变单三人称形式以o 结尾的词要加es. 三、在句式变换时易出错例: 1 Does Jenny has a good friend? 答案: 1 Does have 2 Brian doesn t lives (not live) in China. 答案: 2 doesn t live 解析:单三人称做主语的一般现在时做句式变化时,可记住如下口诀:“见助动,用原形”。此口诀也可推广用于一般过去时态中。e.g. He didnt go home yesterday. 四、对 do 的理解易出错例: We don t (not do) our homework in the
17、 afternoon. 答案: dont do 解析: do 是一个比较难理解的词,它有三个含义: a)是所有行为动词的总称;b)是助动词,无实义; c)是一个具体的行为动词“做,干”。此句中给出的do 指“做,干”,not 指把此句变为否定句,故须在do 前加助动词don t。五、对主语的数判断有误例: Li Ming with me are (be) in Beijing. 答案 : is 解析:表面一看是“我和李明两个人在北京”,但with 在此做伴随状语,不能做主语,故用 is. 另外,宾语从句中,从句部分若是表示客观真理,不管主句是何时态,从句都要用一般现在时;在时间和条件状语从句中
18、,主句表将来,从句要用一般现在时。一般过去时精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 9 页 - - - - - - - - - - 表示 1)过去某个时间所发生的动作或存在的状态。e.g. I bought a new shirt yesterday. /He was a worker two years ago. 2)过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。e.g. When I was a child, I often played with fire./ Li Lei always
19、 walked to school last term. 3)谈到已故人的情况时多用过去时。e.g. Lu Xun was a great writer.4 )有些发生时间实际是过去发生的,也应用过去时态。e.g. What did you say? 另外,还可用过去时表示委婉的语气。e.g. Could you lend me your pen? 其结构是 主语 +动词的过去式 。be动词的过去式为was, were;行为动词的过去式有规则变化和不规则变化两种,规则变化有以下几种情况:1) 直接在动词原形末尾加-ed. e.g. work-worked; ask-asked; 2 ) 以e
20、结 尾 的 动 词 只 加 -d. e.g. arrive-arrived; like-liked.3) 末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节,应先双写这个辅音字母,再加 -ed. e.g. shop-shopped; 4)以辅音字母 +y 结尾的动词 ,先把 y 变成 i,再加 -ed. e.g. carry-carried; study-studied. 有些动词变过去式是不规则的,e.g. fly-flew; break-broke; teach-taught. 这些需要象生单词一样记住. 其句式变化分为两种情况1)含有 be动词的依然在be上做文章 . e.g. I was born in
21、 1980. I was not born in 1980. Were you born in 1980? 2) 含有行为动词的变否定句要在行为动词前加助动词 didnt.,同时把动词变成原形; 变一般疑问句 ,在句首加助动词did,同时把动词变成原形 . e.g. I bought a gift for my mum yesterday. I didnt buy a gift for my mum yesterday. Didyou buy a gift for your mum yesterday? 其时间状语为yesterday或由其构成的短语,e.g. yesterday mornin
22、g; 由last+时间 构成的短语 , e.g. last year; 由时间段 +ago构成的短语 , e.g. three days ago; 另外 ,还有on the morning of Monday, just now 等,以及一些表示过去时态的从句.注意 ,在宾语从句中主句为过去 ,一般从句也为过去. 常见错误如下 : 一把动词变成过去式易出错例: 1 They stoped (stop) talking just now. 2 They plaied (play) football yesterday. 答案 : 1 stopped 2 played 解析 :我们可以记住下面的口
23、诀:动词变成过去式,双写规律要牢记;y 前若是辅音字,y 变 i加-ed; y 前若是元音字 ,只须直接加 -ed. 二 忘记把动词变成过去式例: I fly (fly) kites on the afternoon of Sunday. 答案 : flew 解析 :我们可以记住下面的口诀:一般过去时态里,过去形式莫忘记. 三 在句式变换时易出错例: 1 We didnt went (not go) out last Friday. 2 Did you had a good time yesterday? 答案 : 1 didnt go 2 Did have 解析 :请记住口诀 见助动 , 用
24、原形 . 四 易与单三人称作主语的一般现在时弄混例: He taughts (teach) me English last year. 答案 : taught 解析 :行为动词的过去式无人称和数的变化.即使主语是单三人称,也和其它人称所用动词的形式一样 . 五 易与现在完成时弄混例: 我看过这部电影I saw(see) the film. 答案 : I have seen (see) the film. 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 9 页 - - - - - - - - -
25、 - 解析 :我看过这部电影说明我了解这部电影的内容,强调现在的情况,应用现在完成时; 一般过去时态的句子只是说明我看了这场电影,与现在无关 . 现在进行时表示 1、 现在(说话的瞬间) 正在进行或发生的动作,强调“此时此刻” 。 E.g. He is reading . They are talking now. 2、当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。E.g. They are working these days. 3、 某些动词的现在进行时,表预定的计划或即将发生的动作。E.g I am coming. 其结构为 be+现在分词 . 现在分词的变法有1、一般在动词词尾加上-in
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