工业工程专业英语复习(完整版)(共8页).doc

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上CHARTER 2Industrial engineers are great at solving problems.工业工程师非常善于解决问题。New technologies have improved accuracy and speed and generally have increased the IEs ability to cover a more diverse set of interests.新技术已经提高了精确度和速度并逐渐提高了工业工程师们解决更多样问题的能力。 The problems associated with renaming I

2、E departments to describe their particular function may have more to do with appearance than with the actual job being performed.将工业工程部重新命名，以明确描述其具体职能，期间所所出现的问题与其说与实际完成的工作有关，倒不如说与问题的表象有关。Most IEs eventually must sell their ideas and plans to management, which often requires above-average communicati

3、on skills. For many IE graduates, this is a tough challenge. 许多工业工程师都必须要推销自己的想法和计划给管理部门，这常常需要较好的交流技巧.可这对于工业工程的毕业生来说是个很大的挑战.With all of these challenges facing the IE profession, there may be some who doubt the IEs future. But if the individual IE will assume the role as a change implementer - not a

4、change follower - broad opportunities are on the horizon.工业工程行业所面临的这些挑战会使一些人担心工业工程师的前途。然而，如果每个工业工程师都承担起变化的实施者而不是变化的追随者的角色，则广泛的机会就会出现.Industrial engineers seeking to expand their opportunities and improve the quality of operations are now looking at the entire process, rather than just a particular t

5、ask or business function.在质量运动中寻求更广机遇和进步的工业工程师们现在关注整个过程，而不仅仅是一个特别的工作或商业功能。Two areas that may be of special importance to IEs in the coming years include information technology (IT) and business process redesign. As IT continues to evolve, technological advancements will have a big impact on how comp

6、anies look at business processes of the next decade. Working together, IT and BPR has the potential to create a new type of industrial engineering, changing the way the discipline is practiced and the skills necessary to practice it.信息技术和业务流程再造这两个领域未来对工业工程师们特别重要。随着信息技术的发展，先进的技术将影响企业在下个世纪的商业进程。信息技术和业

7、务流程再造的联合操作有创造一个新型的工业工程的潜力。它将改变实用的准则和实际操作的技能。CHARTER 4Operations research as defined by the Operations Research Society of America, “is concerned with scientifically deciding how to best design and operate man-machine systems, usually under conditions requiring the allocation of scarce resources.” Im

8、portant to the field is the development, testing, and use of models to predict various outcomes under differing conditions or to optimize the outcome for a given condition.美国运筹学学会将运筹学定义为：在需要对紧缺资源进行分配的前提下决定如何最好的设计和运作人-机系统的决策科学。这个领域的重点是发展，检测和应用模型去预测在不同条件下的各种结果，或者优化给定条件下的结果。The networks of queues can r

9、epresent the situations such as the flow of messages through a communication network, job through a computer system, or products through centers in a factory.网络排队的情况等同于信息流通过通信网络，工作通过计算机系统，或产品通过加工中心。OptimizationOptimizingdetermining how to get an objective function or performance index to its maximum

10、 within the limits of available resources and technologyis a fundamental goal of decision making and, moreover, an important tool in engineering design.最优化决定如何得到一个目标函数或性能指标以使得在有限的资源和技术有限的条件下达到它的最大值是决策的基本目标，并且除此之外，它还是在工程设计方面重要的工具。In the more mature areas such as linear programming and unconstrained o

11、ptimization, and in those of intermediate maturity such as integer and constrained convex optimization, emphasis will be placed on rapid, large-scale computation.在那些更为成熟的如线性规划和无约束优化等领域和一些不太成熟的如整数和约束优化等领域，研究的重点将被放到快速的，大规模的计算上。We live in a world in which we have limited knowledge and an inability to p

12、redict the future with certainty. 我们生活在一个知识短缺和无力对未来事实进行预测的世界中。The study of stochastic processes provides us with a systematic way to model, design and control service systems characterized by such uncertainly. Operations research will continue to provide an observational framework for such studies t

13、hrough fundamental research into foundations of probabilistic phenomena.对统计过程的学习将会为我们提供一种系统的方法去建立、设计和控制系统中的不稳定因素。运筹学为我们提供了一个通过基础研究而了解基本的概率现象的框架。AI problem solving techniques tend to be inferential and to rely on expert knowledge and heuristics；OR uses algorithmic，mathematically based approaches。人工智能

14、解决问题倾向推理，依赖专业知识和启发思维。运筹学利用算法、基于数学的方法。To compete effectively in the markets of today and tomorrow，the entire production and distribution stages of the product realization process must act in concert，so as ultimately to deliver the right products at the right prices to the right places at the right ti

15、mes。为了有效地在今天和明天的市场中竞争，整个产品实现过程的生产和分配阶段必须行动一致，以便最终在正确的时间正确的地方以正确的价格交付正确的产品。CHARTER 5Work-measured labor standards have been around for about a century, and they will continue to be around for the foreseeable future. They are useful tools applicable to many areas of business. Perhaps the only thing wr

16、ong with these tools is their lack of a buzz word or catchy acronym.基于工作测量的劳动标准已经存在了大约一个世纪，并且它们将继续存在于可预见的未来。他们是适用于许多领域的有用的工具。也许对于它们而言，唯一的错误是缺乏一个时髦的术语或琅琅上口的缩写。Using labor standards to determine workers pay has generally proven to be demoralizing and adversarialand ineffective in the long run。利用劳动标准决定

17、工人的工资已经证明会使工人感到泄气并且产生敌对而且，从长远来看，也是不起作用的。There is no such thing as an “accurate” labor standard time。Human workers come in at least a billion models with vary physical mental，and emotional specifications and work under varying environment conditions。This variety makes “average” or standard times extr

18、emely difficult to determine。Standard times are standard times only because all parties involved agree they are standard times.没有一个准确的劳动标准时间。由于物理、精神和感情以及工作环境的不断变化，工人们至少可以被分为十亿种不同的类型。这些差异性使得平均或者标准的时间很难制定。标准时间之所以是标准的，仅仅是因为有关的所有部门都同意其是标准时间。Since practically everyone is already using standard times in o

19、ne form or another，using work measurement to develop these times is simply an improvement on what you are already doing。由于几乎每个人已经在这样或那样的形式下使用标准时间，利用工作测量来发展这些时间只是在前人已经做的事情上做简单的改进。Activity sampling - An often overlooked tool is activity sampling, usually called work sampling by North American IEs. In

20、this technique, a group of workers are observed at random times and their individual activities noted each tour. After a week or two, the average time spent on each activity can be calculated, and statistically justified. The average time per piece can then be determined. 活动抽样-一个经常被忽视的工具是活动抽样, 北美的工业

21、工程师通常称之为工作抽样。这种技术随机抽取一组工人并对他们个人的活动作出记录。一两周后, 每个活动的平均时间可以被计算并系统地确定下来。每件工作的平均时间就能够确定。CHARTER 6Ergonomics is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and artifacts and the design of the systems where people participate。功效学是一门关于人、产品和人员参与的系统设计之间的交互作用的科学学科。Th

22、e transformation from a rural agrarian to an urban, industrialized life has come at a cost, and workers are paying in terms of a tremendous increase in industrial injuries and in terms of worker stress. Many of these problems remain hidden, because the official statistics that can illuminate the tru

23、e state of affairs are not usually available.以田园式为主的农业经济向以城市化为主的工业经济的转变付出了一定的代价，这些代价是工人以显著增加的工业伤害和工作压力的形式付出的。这些问题中多数仍然隐藏，因为可以阐明事件真相的官方统计数据通常无法得到。TechnologytransferfromtheWesternworldisimportant,butmustbeconcernednotonlywiththeadaptationanduseofmachinesbutalsowiththeentireinfrastructureoftrainingloca

24、luserstodevelopindependentcapabilitiessothattheycanactfreelyontheglobalmarket.尽管从西方引进技术很重要，但技术转让的过程不仅要考虑如何使本土使用者适应和使用机器，而且还要考虑如何建设能够培训这些本土使用者的独立能力，以便其能够在全球化的市场中运用自如的整个基础设施。Theoperatorperceivestheenvironmentmainlythroughthevisual and auditory senses, then considerstheinformation, makes a decision and

25、 finally produces a control response。操作者感知环境主要是通过视觉和听觉的感官，然后考虑信息、作出决定，最后产生控制响应。Thereareseveralmodulatingvariablesthataffecttaskperformanceincluding:operatorneeds,attitudes,competence,expertise,motivation,age,gender,bodysizeandstrength.Theseareidiosyncraticvariablesandtheyaredifferentfordifferentindi

26、viduals.有一些调节的变量会影响任务的性能，包括：操作者需要，态度、能力、专业技能、动机、年龄、性别、身体尺寸和强度。这些都是异质的变量并且对不同的个体它们是不同的。Safety，operator（user）satisfaction and productivity are common goal。Ergonomics is rather a design methodology that is used to arrive at safety productivity and satisfaction。系统安全性，操作者满意度和生产率是一些常见的目标。应该说功效学是一种用来实现系统安全

27、性、生产率和操作者满意度的设计方法。CHARTER7Conventional layouts，such as product，process，and cellular layouts，do not meet these needs。常规的布局，比如产品式布局、工艺式布局和单元式布局，都不能满足这些需求。Whenproductvarietyishighorproductionvolumes are small, a functional layout, with all resources of the same type in one location,isoften thought to p

28、rovide the greatest flexibility(Figure 7-1)。However，a functional layout is notorious for its material-handling inefficiency and scheduling complexity，which can lead to long lead times，large work-in-process inventories，and inefficient material handling。当产品种类多或者产量小的时候，将同类型的设备资源放在同一处的功能式布局，通常被认为能提供最大的灵

29、活性（见表一）。然而，功能式布局却因本身物料搬运效率低下和能造成更长提前期、大量在制品存货和低效的物料搬运的调度复杂性而臭名昭著。Although cellular factories can simplify work flow and reduce material handling, they are generally designed to produce a specific set of products whose demand levels are assumed to be stable and product life cycles sufficiently long。尽

30、管单元化工厂能简化工作流程、减少物料搬运，它们通常是用来生产假定需求层次稳定、生命周期足够长的特定系列的产品。Layout design procedures, whether for functional or cellular layouts, have been largely based on a deterministic paradigm. Such design parameters as product mix, product demands, and product routings are assumed to be known with certainty.无论是功能式

31、布局还是单元式布局，其设计过程主要基于确定性的假设。这些设计参数，诸如产品结构，产品需求和生产工艺都假定为确定已知的。Increased product variety and the need for mass customization have led many companies to delay product differentiation ，postponing the point in the manufacturing process when products are assigned individual features。Companies do this ，for e

32、xample，by building a platform common to all products and differentiating it by assigning to it certain product-specific feature and components only after actual demand becomes known。不断增加的产品种类和大规模定制的需求已经导致许多公司延迟产品差异化，推迟生产过程中分配产品个性特征的那个点。例如，公司构建一个适用于所有产品的平台，只有当实际的产品需求知晓时才分配确定的产品特有的特征和组件以此实现差异化。CHARTER

33、 18Today,customersaredemandingonqualityinproducts,servicesandinlife.Theyhavebecomeincreasinglydiscerningandhavestartedlookingforoptionsmoreintunewiththeirbasicneeds,requirementsandself-esteem.Infact,theyarepreparedtopayapremiumforaqualityproductorservice.Oneoftheapproachesthatseemstoprovidethesoluti

34、ontotheaforesaidchallengesisthemanagementphilosophyoftotalqualitymanagement(TQM).现今，顾客对产品，服务甚至生活质量的要求越来越高。他们已经越来越具有洞察力。顾客开始以他们的基本需要，要求和自尊为基准进行选择。事实上，他们乐意为有质量保障的产品或服务进行额外支出。而针对上述的挑战的解决办法之一就是全面质量管理(TQM)的管理哲学。TQM is an approach for continuously improving the quality of every aspect of business life, i.

35、 e. it is a ever-ending process of improving for individuals, groups of people and the whole organization. It is an integrated approach and set of practices that emphasizes, inter alia, management commitment, continuous improvement, customer focus, long-range thinking, increased employee involvement

36、 and teamwork, employee empowerment, process management, competitive benchmarking, etc. TQM是一种对商业活动中所有方面的质量进行持续改进的一种方 法, 也就是对个体、群体和整个的组织进行改良的持续过程。它 是一种综合方法和实践的运用，尤其重视高层管理承诺、连续改进、以客户为中心、长远战略、员工参与和团队合作、员工授权、 流程管理、竞争标杆管理等等方面。Thisdevelopmentcanbeattributedtothefactthattheentireindustrialworldwaspredomin

37、antlymanufacturingorientedandundergoingarevolutionwithaprimefocusonassemblylines,massproductionmanufacturing,supplierpartnerships,just-in-time(JIT)productionandcellularmanufacturing,etc.Becauseofthesefactors,mostofthetechniquesandstrategiesofadministrativetheory,andnaturallyqualitymanagement,werequa

38、ntitativeinnatureandtargetedtoaddresstheproblemsoftheproductionline.这个现象归因于以下事实：整个工业世界是以制造业为导向的，并且工业界正在历经一场变革，人们更加关注装配线，大批量生产制造，供应商关系，准时生产和单元制造等方面。因为这些因素，管理理论（包括质量管理）的大部份的技术和策略都是定量的，并且针对性地解决生产线上的问题。Butwiththeblossomingoftheservicesectorinalmosteveryeconomy,qualityimperativesarenolongerthesoleconcern

39、andprovinceofmanufacturing.Oflate,serviceprovidersarefacingthesamegroundrealitiesthatconfrontedtheirmanufacturingcounterpartsinthepast.但是随着服务业在经济各个领域的繁荣，质量命令不再是制造业唯一的关心和主题了。最近，服务业正面临着他们的制造业同行所面临的基本事实.1. Top management commitment and visionary leadership高层管理人员的承诺和愿景式领导 Top management commitment is a

40、prerequisite for effective and successful TQS implementation. Although different researchers proclaim various theories on the organizational requirements for effective implementation of TQS, all would agree that the impetus for any quality improvement effort should come from the top. Visionary leade

41、rship is the art of leading and espousing a mental, strategic and spiritual change in the organization by the formulation of a long-range vision for the development of the organization, propagating the vision throughout the organization, devising and developing a plan of action and finally stimulati

42、ng the entire organization towards the accomplishment of the vision.高层管理人员的承诺是TQS成功和有效执行的先决条件。虽然不同的研究者宣称多种不同的有利于TQS有效执行的理论，但推动质量改进的努力都应该从最高层做起。愿景领导是一种领导的艺术，在组织中通过企业发展长期愿景的构想推行精神和战略上的转变，在组织中传播这种愿景，设计和制定行为计划最终刺激整个组织朝着愿景实现前进。2. human resource management人力资源管理This refers to the number of organizational

43、behavior issues（ranging from selection and recruitment ,training and education ,employee empowerment to employee involvement ） that form the cornerstone upon which the corporate strategy is built. The moot point here is that only if the employers treat their employees as precious would the employees

44、, in turn, treat their customers as valuable. There fore, it is indispensable for service organizations to look upon HRM as a source of competitive advantage这关系到构成企业战略基石的组织行为问题 (从选人、招聘、培训、教育、授权到员工参与)。 在这里争论的焦点是只有当雇主珍视自己的雇员，反过来，雇员才会珍视顾客。因此, 服务机构把人力资源管理作为竞争优势的一个不可缺少的来源。4. information and analysis syst

45、em信息和分析系统Services, unlike manufactured goods, cannot be inventoried and used in times of emergency or demand. Therefore, during rush or peak periods, unless organizations keep themselves prepared for any such eventualities, they may not be able to provide quality service to customers. This can only

46、be achieved by equipping the employees with information regarding the process and the customers. Prompt , sufficient and pertinent data that are critical to the implementation and practice of TQM constitute information and analysis . In a TQS ambience people need work out current problems, eschew ne

47、w ones and implement change. Measures for proactive prevention rather than reactive correction are employed to monitor quality in order to sustain a true customer focus.服务,不像制成品,不能储存，不能在紧急时刻或需要时使用。因此，在急需时或高峰期，除非组织保持对任何这种可能性做好准备，他们未必能够为客户提供优质的服务。要实现这一点，只有向员工提供与过程和顾客相关的信息。立即的、充足和相关的执行和实践TQM的资料构成信息和分析系

48、统的关键。在TQS氛围中人们需要不同等级、功能、工作区域的交流来解决组织当前存在的问题，避开新问题，实施新的变化。积极预防，而不是被动的改正措施来监测质量，以维持真正以客户为中心。6、 Continuous improvement持续改进The quest for quality improvement is not a specific destination but a continuous journey that throws up more and more opportunities for improvement. Improvement should be viewed as an ongoing process in the sense once targets are met, new ones must be set, aiming for even hig