初中语法祈使句专项讲解(共15页).doc

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上英语祈使句详解1. 祈使句的概念表示请求、命令、建议、祝愿、邀请或要求的句子叫祈使句。用于祈使句句首的动词总是用原形，不能用其他形式。如：Shut the door! 把门关上!Have a cup of coffee! 喝杯咖啡吧!Let them go by train. 叫他们坐火车去吧。祈使句的主语通常为第二人称(you)，但一般都被省略，只有在特殊的情况下才把主语(you)补充出来。如：You be quiet! 你安静! You go and tell him, Chris. 克立斯，你去告诉他。You wait here for a moment. 你在

2、这儿等一会儿。有时祈使句的主语也可以是everybody, somebody, anybody, nobody等不定代词。如：Stand up, everybody! 全体起立!Nobody move. 任何人都不许动。2. 祈使句表示强调为了加强祈使句的语气，我们通常是在祈使句的动词原形前加上助动词do，此时通常译为“一定”“务必”等。如：Do be careful. 务必要小心。Do let me go. 一定让我去。副词never和always有时可用于祈使句句首，表示强调。如：Never do that again. 再不要这样做了。Always look in the mirror

3、before starting to drive. 一定要先看看反光镜再开车。3. 祈使句的否定式构成祈使句否定式的方法很简单，那就是在动词原形前加dont不管祈使句所用的动词为什么性质动词，情况都是一样。如：Open the window. 把窗户打开。Dont open the window. 别把窗户打开。Come next Monday. 下周星期一来。对于以let us或lets开头的祈使句，其否定式通常是在不定式之前放一个not。如：Lets tell him the truth. 我们把实情告诉他吧。Lets not tell him the truth. 我们不要把实情告诉他。

4、但在日常口语中，我们也可以把dont放在lets之前。如：Lets dont tell him the truth. 我们不要把实情告诉他)4. 祈使句与连用please为了使祈使句的语气变得委婉，我们可以在祈使句的句首或句末加上please若加在句首，其后不用逗号；若加在句末，则通常会在please前加一个逗号。如：Step this way, please. 请这边走。Please type your letter. 请把你的信打出来。Open the window, please. 请把窗户打开。如果是否定祈使句，则通常将please加在dont之前。如：Please dont get

5、angry. 请不要生气。Please dont telephone before 8 a. m. 早8点以前请不要打电话。5. 祈使句的时间概念祈使句所表示的时间总是指将来，所以与它连用的句子原则上要用将来时态来与它呼应。如：Give me a hand, will you? 帮我一个忙，好吗?由于give me a hand表示隐含将来意义，所以句中的will you 不能改为do you。Try again and you will succeed. 你再试就会成功。由于句中的try again隐含将来意义，所以句中用了you will succeed，而不是you succeed。Do

6、nt do that again or youll be in trouble. 别再干那个了，否则你会有麻烦。句中的dont do that again指的是以后不要再干那事了，由于隐含有将来意义，所所以句中用了youll be in trouble，而没有用you are in trouble。6. 祈使句的省略一般说来，祈使句总是要以动词原形开头，但是，在某些特殊情况下，我们可以只用一个词或短语来表示祈使句的意义。如：Just a few please. 请给几个就行了。A little more slowly please. 再慢一点。A pound of butter. 给我一磅黄油

7、。Two teas and four coffees, please. 请来两杯茶和四杯咖啡。祈使句何时可以保留主语you 祈使句的主语通常为第二人称(you)，但一般都被省略的。但以下两种情况可以保留主语you：第1情况为了有所区分，祈使句可以保留主语 you。如：You go on; Ill wait. 你们先走，我等着。You wait here for a moment. 你在这儿等一会儿。You girls stand in the front row. 你们女孩子站在前排。You play Romeo and you play Juliet. 你演罗蜜欧，你演朱丽叶。You wai

8、t here, Jim, and Mary, you wait there. 你等在这儿，吉姆；玛丽，你等在那儿。第2种情况为了表示生气或有意表示无礼，祈使句可以保留主语 you。如：You be quiet! 你给我安静! You stop talking. 你给住嘴。You get out of here! 你给我滚出去。You do it right away. 你给我马上就去做。let us 与 letslet us 的 us 既可指说话者一方（此时表示请求或命令），也可以指说话者和听话者双方（此时表示建议或劝诱，此用法在语体上较正式）；而 lets 中的s(=us) 则只能指说话者和

9、听话者双方（表示建议或劝诱），不能指说话者一方（即不能用来表示命令或请求）。比较：让我们告诉你我们在博物馆里看到的情况。误：Lets tell you what we saw in the museum.正：Let us tell you what we saw in the museum.我们做朋友吧。正：Lets be friends.（较口语化）正：Let us be friends.（较正式）在反意问句中，表示请求或命令时，用 will you；表示建议或劝诱时，用 shall we。如：我们一起去游泳好吗?正：Lets go swimming together, shall we?（

10、较口语化）正：Let us go swimming together, shall we?（较正式）让我们跟你一起去好吗?正：Let us go with you, will you?误：Lets go with you, will you shall we?lets 的否定式可以是 lets not, dont lets。如：Lets not hurry. / Dont lets hurry. 我们不要太急。祈使句的动词可以是被动的吗有时可以，但比较少见。如：Dont be fooled by his appearance. 不要为他的外表所欺骗了。Dont be taken in by h

11、is promises. 别被他的诺言所欺骗。有时dont 后接的“be+过去分词”不是被动式，而是系表结构。如：Dont be discouraged. 不要气馁。祈使句备考注意1. 祈使句主要用于提出请求，发出邀请，给予指示、忠告或警告，也可发出命令等。2祈使句的特点是：一般不出现主语(you)，但有时为了指明向谁请求或命令，也可以说出主语；谓语动词一律用原形；否定式一律在动词前面加 dont。如：Come this way, madam. 这边走，夫人。Dont lose the key. 别把钥匙丢了。Someone fetch a pail of water. 谁去打一桶水来。3.

12、有关祈使句最可能涉及的考点是：带主语以及“祈使句+and / then / or+陈述句”这一句型(祈使句表示条件)。另外，祈使句与一起考查也是高考一大特点。如：Lets phone her now, shall we? 我们现在就给她打电话，好吗?You girls stand in the front row, will you? 你们女孩子站在前排，好吗？Work hard, and youll pass the exam. 努力点，你会通过考试的。请做以下试题：(1) Jim, you go there to help him, _?A. do youB. will youC. are

13、 youD. have you答案选B。句首的呼语 Jim 清楚地表明这一个祈使句，只是其前带了主语而已。(2) _ me back my money, or Ill ring the police.A. Giving B. GivenC. GiveD. To give答案选C。填空处为祈使句谓语，故用动词原形。当要对一群人讲话时，可与everybody, someone之类的词连用。如：Nobody move. 谁都别动。Nobody say a word! 都不许说话! Someone fetch a pail of water. 谁去打一桶水来。Somebody answer the p

14、hone please. 请来个人接电话。Someone go and see who it is. 谁去看看是什么人来了。 Dont anybody get out of here. 大家都别出去! Everyone keep quiet! 大家安静! Everybody sit down and lets have a drink. 大家坐下来喝一杯吧! Mary, come here everybody else stay where you are. 玛丽到这里来，其他人都留在原地。在表示否定的后面可用带any的复合词：Dont say a word anybody! 谁都不要说话!

15、Dont anybody say a word! 任何人都不许说话! let后接第一人称Lets have a look. 让我看一下。Lets take a taxi! 让我们坐出租车吧!Lets give you a hand. 让我帮助你。 Lets paint it ourselves. 我们自己来刷漆。Lets take a taxi, shall we? 我们坐出租车好吗?Let me have a try. 我来试一试。Let me show you how to do it. 我来告诉你怎样做。Let me pay for myself. 让我自己来付我的那份钱。let后接第二

16、人称(较少见)Let you and I try to make this all right. 让你和我试试把这个做好。let后接第三人称Let her do what she likes. 让她做她想做的事吧。Let XYZ be a triangle. 设XYZ为一个三角形。Let every man do his best. 让每个人人尽其才。Let him have his own way. 让他照自己的意思做吧!let后接there be句式“ no reprisals,” said the widow of the murdered man. 被害者的遗孀说：“千万不要搞复仇。”

17、 no doubt in your minds about our intentions. 对于我们的意图，你们心里不要有疑问。 ：表厌烦或不耐烦典型例句Do be quiet. 安静点儿吧!Stop probing! 不要盘根问底了!Speak quietly, cant you ? 说话沉稳些，行不行？Stop fiddling with that TV, will you? 别摆弄那台电视机了，行不行?祈使句用法详解：表警告或威胁典型例句Dont be rude. 不要无礼。Dont you speak to me like that! 你别这样跟我讲话!Never speak to m

18、e like that again. 决不要再那个样子跟我说话。Fail to pay and theyll cut off the electricity. 你如果不付款，他们就要断电。祈使句用法详解：表粗暴Shut up! 住口! Push off! 走开! Get out! 滚出去!Get out of here! 滚开!Go to hell! 见鬼去吧!You get out of here! 你给我滚出去。You take your hands off me! 把你的手给我拿开!祈使句用法详解：表祝愿Have fun! 愿你玩得快活!Have a good time! 祝你玩得开心!

19、Have a good day! 祝你度过美好的一天!Have a really good meal! 愿你享受一顿美餐!Have a lovely party! 愿你有一次愉快的聚会!Have a really restful holiday! 愿你度过一次十分悠闲的休假!Have a really interesting debate! 愿你们有一次十分有趣的辩论!祈使句用法详解：表邀请Have a cup of coffee! 喝杯咖啡吧!Mary, play on my side. 玛丽，你和我一伙玩吧。Come and have dinner with us soon. 一会儿来跟我

20、们一起吃饭吧。 祈使句用法详解：表禁止Keep off the grass! 请勿践踏草地!Do not touch these wires. 请勿接触电线!Do not feed the animals! 不许给动物扔食物! Do not feed the lions. 请勿向狮子投喂食物!祈使句用法详解：表指引Walk to the corner, turn right and cross the road. 走到那个拐角，然后向右拐穿过马路。Go straight on and youll see a church. 径直往前走，你会看到一座教堂。Take the 2nd turning

21、 on the left and then turn right. 在第二个拐角处向左，然后再向右拐。 祈使句用法详解：表告诫典型例句Beware of the dog! 当心狗！Beware of pickpockets. 小心扒手。Look out! Mind your head! 小心! 当心头!Take care not to catch cold. 小心别着凉。Look out! Theres a bus! 当心! 有公共汽车!Always keeps to your promise. 一定要遵守诺言。有不少否定的祈使句用于表示告诫：Dont panic! 别慌(from )! Do

22、nt lose the key. 别把钥匙丢了。Dont ever do that again. 别再这样做了。Dont tell anybody, will you? 不要告诉任何人，好吗?尤其要注意一些以 Never 开头的祈使句。如：Never say die. 不要气馁!Never speak to strangers! 不要跟陌生人说话!Never do that again. 再不要这样做了。Never ask her about her marriage. 决不要问她结婚的事。Never buy expensive clothes. 决不要买贵重的衣裳。Never touch a

23、n electric wire when it is broken. 绝不要动断了的电线。祈使句用法详解：表建议Get your hair cut! 你去理发吧!Get your eyes tested! 你去检查一下你的眼睛吧!Ask Jake, not his wife. 去问杰克，不要问他妻子。Come early, but not before six. 早点来，但别在6点以前。Go off for the weekend, why dont you? 去度周末，好吗?Have a bath and a rest and youll feel better. 洗个澡，休息一下，你就会觉

24、得好些。注：以lets开头的祈使句通常表示建议。如：Lets go to the cinema tonight. 今晚咱们去看电影。祈使句用法详解：表请求Give me a hand, will you? 帮我一个忙，好吗?Please help me for a few minutes. 请帮我几分钟。祈使句用法详解：表命令Hands off! 不要摸!Go there right away. 马上去那儿。Nobody move. 任何人都不许动。Stand over there. 站到那边去。没有动词的祈使句祈使句除用谓语动词表示外，还可用名词、形容词、副词等，如：Help! 救人哟!Fi

25、re! 失火了!Patience! 要有耐心!Careful! 小心!Quickly! 快!Hands up! 举起手来！Good heavens! 天哪!“be+过去分词”用于祈使句be可以和少数过去分词连用，用于祈使句当中。如：Be prepared! 准备好!Please be seated! (请)坐下!Be warned! 该小心了!试比较：Get washed! 去洗一洗!注：祈使句偶尔也用进行式，即 be 后接现在分词。如：Be listening to this station at the same time tomorrow night. 请于明晚同一时间听本台的广播。“b

26、e+形容词”用于祈使句只有表示一时的行为的形容词才可用于be / dont be之后，如careful / careless, patient / impatient, quiet, silly等(be / dont be通常不可与指状态的形容词连用，如hungry / thirsty, pretty)。如：Be quiet! 安静点！Dont be silly! 不要发傻！Do be patient. 一定要有耐心。Be careful about what you say. 说话要小心。Be more careful with your work. 你的工作要再细心一些。Be carefu

27、l not to break anything. 当心别打破什么了。Be sure you dont break any of them. 千万别把它们打破了。Be sure to write to ma as soon as you get there. 到了千万给我来信。Be sure and come as soon as possible. 一定要尽快来。Be sure to send out all the invitations today. 一定要在今天把请帖都发出去。注意有关的回答()：Be quiet! 别说话! 否定的回答：I wont! 我不嘛! Dont be so i

28、mpatient! 别这么着急! 否定的回答：Im not! 我不着急! “be+名词”用于祈使句许多“be (肯定式) +名词”结构是习惯用法Be a man! 要做个男子汉!Be an angel and fetch me my slippers please. 请行行好，把我的拖鞋拿来。Go on! Have another slice! Be a devil! 继续吃呀! 再来一片! 放开吃!否定式的“Dont be+名词”结构要常用得多，往往与(愚蠢的)行为有关。如：Dont be an ass / a clown / a fool / an idiot! 别当傻瓜 / 小丑 / 笨

29、蛋 / 白痴!请注意：“be+形容词+名词”结构：Be a good girl at sch001.Dont be a silly idiot! 在学校你要做个好姑娘。别当个傻瓜!be可以表示“成为”之义，尤其在广告中发。如：Be a better cook! Be the envy of your friends! 你可当个好厨师! 你可成为你的朋友们羡慕的对象!否定式dont be (=dont become) 常用于劝告。如：Dont be a racing driver! Its So dangerous. 别当赛车运动员!太危险了。be还可以意谓“装作”，特别是用在you后面。如：(

30、You) be the fairy godmother and Ill be Cinderella. 你装仙姑，我装灰姑娘。Be a monster, granddad! 爷爷，你装个妖怪!要注意类似下面这样的用法：Now be yourself again! 现在可再显出你的本色了！对特定的人使用的祈使句祈使句如Wait here! (在这儿等着!) 可以是对一个人说，也可以是对几个人说，其主语暗含you。但我们却可以用下列方式引起我们说话的对象的注意：You+祈使语气动词You wait here for a moment. 你在这儿等一会儿。语调和重音很重要。在上面这一句里，如果不重读y

31、ou, 那么句子的意思是this is where you wait (这就是你应等着的地方)；如果重读you, 那么句子的意思就是this is what I want you to do (这是我要你做的事)。此外，重读you时还可以表示愤怒、敌意或不客气。如：You mind your own business! 不关你什么事!(from )You try teaching 40 noisy children five days a week! 你来试试每周5天教40个吵闹的孩子!在否定句中Dont要重读 (不重读you)。如：Dont you speak to me like that

32、! 你别这样跟我讲话!“you+人名”或“人名+you”You wait here, Jim, and Mary, you wait there. 你等在这儿，吉姆；玛丽，你等在那儿。“祈使语气+人名”或“人名+祈使语气”：Drink up your milk, Sally! 把你的牛奶喝光，萨利!Sally, drink up your milk! 萨利，把你的牛奶喝光!祈使语气+反身代词Enjoy yourself. 你好好享受吧。Behave yourself. 你放规矩点。对一群人讲话时，祈使语气可与everybody, someone之类的词连用：Everyone keep quie

33、t! 大家安静!Keep still everybody! 每个人都保持不动!Nobody say a word! 都不许说话!Somebody answer the phone please. 请来个人接电话。在表示否定的命令语气后面可用带any的复合词Dont say a word anybody! 谁都不要说话!Dont anybody say a word! 任何人都不许说话!是考查祈使句还是非谓语动词请看下面这道题，是考查祈使句还是考查非谓语动词？_ the road round to the right and youll find his house. A. Follow B.

34、FollowingC. To followD. Followed【分析】正确答案选A。根据句中的连词and 可推知它是一个并列句。假若将此题改为下面这样，则答案为B：_ the road round to the right, youll find his house.A. Follow B. FollowingC. To followD. Followed但是，若改成下面一题这样，则答案为C(不定式短语表目的)：_ the road round to the right, the blind man asked a boy to guide him.A. FollowB. Following

35、C. To followD. Followed请做以下试题，答案均选A，都是因为句中的并列连词 and（填空句为祈使句）：(1) _ to the top of the hill, and you can see the whole of the town.A. Get B. To getC. GettingD. Having got(2) _ the milk and set a good example to the other children. A. Drink B. To drinkC. DrinkingD. Having drinking(3) _ me, and then try

36、 to copy what I do. A. WatchB. WatchingC. To watchD. Have watching(4) _ through this book and tell me what you think of it. A. Look B. LookingC. To lookD. Having looked(5) _ it with me and Ill see what I can do.A. LeaveB. LeavingC. If you leaveD. When left有时不用连词连接句子，而用破折号，情况也是一样(答案均选A)。如： (6) _ down

37、 the radio the babys asleep in the next room.A. Turn B. TurningC. to turn D. To have turned(7) _ some of this juice perhaps you will like it.A. TryB. TryingC. To tryD. To have tried以下各题也应选A，是因为句中的从属连词 when, before, until 等（填空句为祈使句）：(8) _ him enough time to get home before you telephone. A. GiveB. To

38、 giveC. GivingD. Given(9) _ left when you get to the end of the street. A. KeepB. KeepingC. To keepD. Kept(10) _ your hand over your mouth when you cough. A. Put B. PuttingC. To put D. To be putting(11)_ until the lights have turned to green. A. WaitB. To waitC. WaitingD. Having waited(12) _ the pie

39、ces of cloth with a loose stitch before finally sewing them together. A. Join B. To joinC. Joining D. Joined以下各题也应选A，因为填空句为祈使句(from )：(13) I dont want to listen a long story just _ me the result. A. tell B. tellingC. to tellD. to be telling(14) Why stand there watching _ and help us!A. come B. comin

40、gC. to comeD. to be coming(15) Dont waste your money on silly things _ it. A. save B. to saveC. saving D. having saved(16) First _ the rice by washing it, then _ it in boiling water. A. prepare, cookB. preparing, cookingC. preparing, cookD. prepare, cooking(17) To test eggs, _ them in a bowl of wate

41、r: if they float theyre bad, if they sink theyre good. A. put B. puttingC. to putD. to be putting但是请注意，类似下面这样的题目情形有所不同，所填部分为目的状语（用不定式，即答案选B）：(18) _ French well, she went to France to live with his cousins.A. StudyB. To studyC. Studying D. Having studied(19) _ late in the morning, Mr. Smith turned of

42、f the alarm.A. SleepB. To sleepC. Sleeping D. Having slept(20) _ the flies out, we had to shut all the doors and windows.A. KeepB. To keepC. KeepingD. Having kept(21) _ their service, the workers of the hotel are active in learning English.A. ImprovingB. To improveC. ImproveD. Having improved祈使句是表示请

43、求、命令、劝告、祝愿或建议的句子。祈使句的主语一般为第二人称，但往往省去不用。同学们在学习祈使句时应注意以下几点：一、祈使句谓语用何动词形式英语祈使句的谓语总是用动词原形。如：Be quiet! 别说话!Come earlier next time. 下次早点来。Have a good time. 愿你玩得痛快。Go and tell her. 去告诉她吧。注：有时为了加强语气，可在动词前加do。如：Do be careful. 务请小心。Do come on time. 务必请准时来。二、肯定祈使句如何变成否定祈使句的构成方法是在动词原形前加dont：Dont be late. 不要迟到。D

44、ont speak so loud. 别这么大声说话。Dont walk on the grass. 不要在草坪上走。Dont lose the key. 别把钥匙丢了。Dont come unless I telephone. 除非我打电话，否则你别来。三、与please连用以使语气委婉为使语气委婉，通常将祈使句与please连用。Please可用于(其后通常不用逗号)或句末(其前通常用逗号)。如：Please dont get angry. 请不要生气。Please drive more slowly. 请开得慢一点。Please cut me a piece of cake. 请给我切一

45、块蛋糕。Please try to be quiet. 请设法保持安静。Please repeat what youve just said. 请把你刚才说的话重复一遍。四、关于以let开头的祈使句Lets eat out tonight. 我们今晚出去吃饭吧。Let me have a try. 我来试一试。Let me show you how to do it. 我来告诉你怎样做。Let every man do his best. 让每个人人尽其才。 Let the meat cook slowly. 把肉用慢火炖。注意：1. 这类有两种形式。如：Lets not hurry. / D

46、ont lets hurry. 我们不要太急。2. let后用作宾语补足语的动词要用原形，不能用带to的不定式。五、祈使句的反意疑问句形式1. 在通常情况下，若陈述部分为祈使句，反意疑问句通常用will you, wont you, would you等。如：Turn on the TV, will you? 把电视打开，好吗?Tell me the truth, wont you? 告诉我实话，好吗? If you want help, let me know, would you? 如果你需要帮助，告诉我，好吗?注：若陈述部分为否定式，则反意疑问句部分只用will you。如：Dont forget to post the letter, will you? 请别忘了寄信。2. 若陈述部分为以