管理信息系统外文翻译(共8页).doc
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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上英文文献翻译专业班级:信息xx班学生姓名:xxx学 号:xxxxxx二 年 月 日科技文章摘译Definition of a Management Information SystemThere is no consensus of the definition of the term management information system. Some writers prefer alternative terminology such as information processing system, information and decision syst
2、em, organizational information system, or simply information system to refer to the computer-based information processing system which supports the operations, management, and decision-making functions of an organization. This text uses “MIS” because it is descriptive and generally understood; it al
3、so frequently uses “information system” instead of “MIS” to refer to an organizational information system.A definition of a management information system, as the term is generally understood, is an integrated, user-machine system for providing information to support operations, management, and decis
4、ion-making functions in an organization. The system utilizes computer hardware and software; manual procedures; models for analysis planning, control and decision making; and a database. The fact that it is an integrated system does not mean that it is a single, monolithic structure; rather, it mean
5、s that the parts fit into an overall design. The elements of the definition are highlighted below.1 Computer-based user-machine systemConceptually, management information can exist without computer, but it is the power of the computer which makes MIS feasible. The question is not whether computers s
6、hould be used in management information system, but the extent to which information use should be computerized. The concept of a user-machine system implies that some tasks are best performed by humans, while others are best done by machine. The user of an MIS is any person responsible for entering
7、input data, instructing the system, or utilizing the information output of the system. For many problems, the user and the computer form a combined system with results obtained through a set of interactions between the computer and the user.User-machine interaction is facilitated by operation in whi
8、ch the users input-output device (usually a visual display terminal) is connected to the computer. The computer can be a personal computer serving only one user or a large computer that serves a number of users through terminals connected by communication lines. The user input-output device permits
9、direct input of data and immediate output of results. For instance, a person using the computer interactively in financial planning poses “what if” questions by entering input at the terminal keyboard; the results are displayed on the screen in a few second.The computer-based user-machine characteri
10、stics of an MIS affect the knowledge requirements of both system developer and system user. “computer-based” means that the designer of a management information system must have knowledge of computers and of their use in processing. The “user-machine” concept means the system designer should also un
11、derstand the capabilities of humans as system components (as information processors) and the behavior of humans as users of information.Information system applications should not require users to be computer experts. However, users need to be able to specify their information requirements; some unde
12、rstanding of computers, the nature of information, and its use in various management function aids users in this task.2 Integrated systemManagement information system typically provides the basis for integration of organizational information processing. Individual applications within information sys
13、tems are developed for and by diverse sets of users. If there are no integrating processes and mechanisms, the individual applications may be inconsistent and incompatible. Data item may be specified differently and may not be compatible across applications that use the same data. There may be redun
14、dant development of separate applications when actually a single application could serve more than one need. A user wanting to perform analysis using data from two different applications may find the task very difficult and sometimes impossible.The first step in integration of information system app
15、lications is an overall information system plan. Even though application systems are implemented one at a time, their design can be guided by the overall plan, which determines how they fit in with other functions. In essence, the information system is designed as a planed federation of small system
16、s.Information system integration is also achieved through standards, guidelines, and procedures set by the MIS function. The enforcement of such standards and procedures permit diverse applications to share data, meet audit and control requirements, and be shares by multiple users. For instance, an
17、application may be developed to run on a particular small computer. Standards for integration may dictate that the equipment selected be compatible with the centralized database. The trend in information system design is toward separate application processing form the data used to support it. The se
18、parate database is the mechanism by which data items are integrated across many applications and made consistently available to a variety of users. The need for a database in MIS is discussed below.3 Need for a databaseThe term “information” and “data” are frequently used interchangeably; however, i
19、nformation is generally defined as data that is meaningful or useful to the recipient. Data items are therefore the raw material for producing information.The underlying concept of a database is that data needs to be managed in order to be available for processing and have appropriate quality. This
20、data management includes both software and organization. The software to create and manage a database is a database management system.When all access to any use of database is controlled through a database management system, all applications utilizing a particular data item access the same data item
21、 which is stored in only one place. A single updating of the data item updates it for all uses. Integration through a database management system requires a central authority for the database. The data can be stored in one central computer or dispersed among several computers; the overriding requirem
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