(完整版)英语助动词和情态动词及练习.pdf

英语助动词和情态动词及练习一、 概述不同的时态（一般式、进形式、完成式、将来式），不同的语态（主动、被动），不同的语气（祈使、陈述、虚拟），不同的结构（肯定、否定、疑问），以及说话者本身的态度或命令、请求、愿望、可能等，所有这些都要借助于助动词和情态动词表达出来。助动词一般没有词意，不能单独作谓语动词，除非省略句中。他们只参加时态、语态、语气或否定、疑问结构。情态动词有词义，可以用来表示说话者的语气和态度。主要的助动词和情态动词如下表：助动词情态动词be(am, is, are, was, were, being, been) can, could, be able to have(has, had , having) may might shall, will(should, would) shall, should, （ought to）will, would do (does, did) dare, need, must 二、助动词助动词一般没有词意，不能单独作谓语动词。其作用在于帮助构成各种时态、语态、否定、疑问等。1、助动词 be（am, is, are, was, were, being, been）的用法（1） be 后跟现在分词构成进行时态。Who is playing the violin?谁在拉小提琴？She was reading a book then.那时她正在读书。（2）be 后跟过去分词构成被动语态。He was asked to do the work.有人要他干这件工作。You are invited to attend the meetintg.有人邀请你参加会议。（3）be 后跟不定式作谓语，有如下几种情况：表示计划、安排将要发生的事。Who are we to meet ?我们要见谁呀？Im to have supper with John this afternoon.今天下午我要与约翰一起吃晚饭。表示指示、命令，否定式表禁止。You are to see the headmaster today.今天你必须去见校长。You are not to enter the room without permission.未经允许你不能进入房间。表示义务、责任等，同should 。You are to be back before 5.你得在 5 点钟以前回来。What is to be done?该干什么。表示可能性，与情态动词may, can 同义。Such books are to be found in any library.这种书任何图书馆都有。Not a sound was to be heard.一点声响也没有。表示后来发生的事，可以用来表示命运或注定 They say good-bye, little knowing that they were never to meet again.他们告别了，没想到再也不能相见了。 He was to regret the decision.他有一天会后悔做出这一决定的。用于习语Where am I to go? 我该向何处去？What am I to do? 我该怎么办？2、助动词 have(has, had, having)的用法（1）助动词 have 可以构成完成时或完成进行时精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 16 页 - - - - - - - - - - He has been a doctor for 10 years.他当医生十年了。This is the place I have been longing to visit.这就是我一直渴望参观的地方。（2）和不定式构成谓语，表示客观上不得不做的事情。Weve missed the train. Well have to wait for another one.我们己经误了火车，我们只能等下一列。-Do we have to start work?我们得立刻工作吗？-No. We dont have to.不，不必了。3、do(does, did) 的用法（1）构成疑问句或否定句How did you know about it?你是怎样知道这件事的。He does not smoke. 他不抽烟。（2）加强语气。He did tell that.他的确告诉了此事。Do come and see us.一定来看我们。（3）代替前面刚出现的动词，避免重复。-You like popular music, dont you?你喜欢流行音乐，是吧？-Yes , I do .是的，我喜欢。He speaks French as fluently as she does.他讲法语和她讲的一样流利。（4）用于倒装句中。Never did he pay attention to my words.他从不注意我的话。Only then did I understand the importance of English.只是那时，我才了解到英语的重要性。（5）构成否定的祈使句。Dont be so careless.不要那么粗心。Do not hesitate to come for help.只管来求助。4、shall(should)和 will(would) 的用法（1）shall(should)用于第一人称的将来时中，单纯表示来I shall think it over.我要好好考虑一下。When shall I see you again?我何时再见到你？I rang up to tell her that I should leave for London. 我打电话告诉她我要去伦敦。（2）will用于第二、第三人称的将来时态中，在现代英语中可以用于所有人称He will be 30 next month. 他下月将是30 岁。You will have an English test tomorrow.明天你有英语小测验。He wanted to know when you would finish the writing.他想知道你何时完成写作。三、情态动词1、情态动词的特征情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度，认为“可能、应当、必要”等等，但本身意义不完全，不能单独作谓语，必须和其他动词一起构成谓语。除ought, used, have后跟不定式外，其他情态动词一律跟动词原形。情态动词主要有：can/could, may/might, must, ought to, used to, need, dare, shall/should, will/would, have to等。2、情态动词的变化形式（1）没有人称和数的变化。I can /we can/ you can he can/she can/they can/it can Johnny, you mustnt play with the knife, you may hurt yourself.约翰，你不能玩刀，那可能会伤着你。精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 16 页 - - - - - - - - - - A left luggage office is a place where bags can be left for a short time, especially at a railway station.行李寄存处特别是在火车站短时间存放包的地方。He ought to know her address.他该知道她的地址。（2）大部分情态动词有过去式：can-could may-might need-needed dare-dared shall-should will-would Is John coming by train?约翰坐火车来吗？ He should, but he may not . He likes driving his car.应该是，他有可能不乘坐火车。他喜欢开车。- Are you coming to Jeffs party?你来参加 Jeff的聚会吗？ - Im not sure. I might go to the concert instead. 我不敢肯定，我可能去参加音乐会。（3）少部分情态动词没过去式或者说过去式与原形相同，used to 只有过去式形式。must-must(had to) ought to -ought to I used to go there.我( 以前 ) 常到那里去。You must be tired after your long journey. 你走了这么远的路，一定很累。（4）大多数情态动词后面还可跟动词的进行时、完成时和被动式形式：can/may/must+ be doing/have done/be done should/would/might+be doing/have done/be done He must have earned a large sum of money.他一定是挣了一笔巨款。You mustn t always be talking so much.你不能总是说起来没完没了。3、否定式和疑问式情态动词的否定式和疑问式同助动词。否定式是在情态动词后加not ；疑问式是将情态动词提前到主语的前面。情态动词否定式简略式can may must could might need dare shall will should would ought used can not may not must not could not might not need not dare not shall not will not should not would not ought not used not cant maynt mustnt couldnt mightnt neednt darent shant wont shouldnt wouldnt oughtnt to usent to - Will you stay for lunch? 你留下来吃午饭好吗？-Sorry, I can t . My brother is coming to see me. 对不起，我不能（留下来吃午饭），我兄弟要来看我。May I ask you a question?我可以问你一个问题吗？I was really anxious about you. You shouldnt have left home without a word. 你真急死我了。你不该一句话也不说就离开家。注意： have to 的疑问和否定是借助于do 来构成。Do you have to go out today?今天你得出去吗？精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 16 页 - - - - - - - - - - He doesnt have to go. 他没必要去。四、情态动词的基本用法1、can 和 could （1）表能力意为“能够会” ，表示体力或脑力等方面的能力Some of us can use the computer now , but we couldnt ten years ago.现在我们一些人能用计算机了，但十年前我们不能。Can you ride a bike?你能骑自行车吗？What can I do for you?我能为你做点什么？I could run faster then. 我那时能跑得更快一些。当 can 和 could 表示能力时，有时可以用be able to替换， could 表过去， can 表现在，有时也可表将来，但不能与will, shall等助动词连用；be able to可以用于将来、完成等时态。She hasnt been able to come to school for three days.她已经三天没能来上学了。With his help, we shall be able to build the house.在他的帮助下，我们将能够建造房屋了。当我们要强调过去确实使用了某种能力时，要用was（were）able to ，而不用 could 。was able to 表示“设法干成某事” ，即 succeed in doing sth. 或 manage to do sth. 而 could 只表示“具备某种能力” 。He is such a good swimmer that he was able to save the two boys from drowning the other day.他是一位游泳健将，因此前些日子他救上了两名溺水男孩。The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone was able to get out. 虽然大火蔓延很快，使旅馆烧起来，但大家还是逃了出来。（2）表可能性I thought the story could not be true我认为这个故事不可能是真的。Anybody can make mistakes.人都会犯错误。（3）表许可（常用于口语中） 。Can/Could I go now?我可以走了吗？He said I could use the computer.他说我可以用计算机。Father said we could go to the concert.父亲说我们可以去参加音乐会。-Could I borrow your dictionary? 你把字典借给我可以吗？-Yes, of course you can. 当然可以。（4）表惊异怀疑、不相信等态度主要用于否定句、疑问句和感叹句中，表惊异怀疑、不相信等态度。Where can/could they be now?他们现在能在哪儿呢？What can he mean?他会是什么意思？如果跟完成时，则表示对过去发生的事的怀疑和不肯定。could 比 can 更加不肯定。Can he have left already?他会是走了吗？Could she have forgotten my address?她会把我的地址忘了？It couldnt have been Xiao Wang. He has gone to the factory.那不可能是小王，他去了工厂。-There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well. 车上本来已经有五人，但他们还是设法把我也带上. -It couldnt have been a comfortable journey.那次旅行不可能舒服。注意：当说话的人对一件事表示肯定的判断时用情态动词must，当说话的人对一件事持否定的态度，这种判断用情态动词cant 或 couldn t 。The man with glasses must be Toms father. They look alike. 戴眼镜的那个人肯定是汤姆的父亲。他们看起来很像。Jack cant be in the classroom. I saw him on the playground just a moment ago. 杰克不可能在教室里。我刚才看见他在操场上。“ could+ 完成时”，有时表示“过去本能够完成的事而没完成”。You could have done the work better.你本来能做得更好些。 （事实并非如此）精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 16 页 - - - - - - - - - - You could have caught the early train.你本来能赶上早班火车。 （事实上没有）-I stayed at a hotel while in New York. 我在纽约住在一家旅馆。-Oh, did you? You could have stayed with Barbara. 是吗？你本可与巴巴拉住在一起的。（5）表比较委婉客气地提出请求。这时 could 和 can 没有时间上的差别，只不过用 could 比用 can 显得更加委婉客气。Can you change a pound note for me , please?请你兑换一英镑零票给我好吗？Could you tell me the right time please?请你把准确的时间告诉我好吗？2、may和 might （1）表示许可或征询对方许可。You may go now. 现在你可走了。May I watch TV after supper?晚饭后我可以看电视吗？He said that I might use the telephone.他说我可以用电话。注意：征询许可时，might 比 may更恭敬有礼。 may的否定形式为may not ，但表示“不可以” 、 “阻止”等意思时常用must not(musnt)代替 may not 。Might I have a word with you , please?我可以和你谈一谈吗？- May I take the book out of the reading-room? 我可以将这本书带出阅览室吗？-Yes , you may./No, you musnt./No, you may not ./No, youd better not. 是的，可以 / 不，不行。（2）表可能性，有“或许、可能”之意might 与 may可以换用，但might 表示较多的怀疑、更加不肯定、语气更委婉。He may/might be English.他可能是英国人。They may/might have a lot of work to do.他们可能有许多工作要做。Peter may come with us tonight, but he isnt very sure yet. 皮特今晚可能和我一起来，但他还没定。注意 ：may表可能一般不用于疑问句，在疑问句中通常用can/might,或者以 be likely to结构出现。Can it be true?这可能是真的吗？What can she be thinking of?她可能在想些什么？Might I make a suggestion?我可以提个建议吗？Is he likely to win the match?他有可能赢这场比赛吗？（3）may/might+ 完成时 ，表示对过去事情的推测，might 比 may更含蓄，委婉，或更加不肯定。Sorry,I m late. I might have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again. 对不起，我可能是把闹钟关掉了又睡着了。She may/might have gone to the library.她可能到图书馆去了。She may/might have missed the plane.她也许没赶上飞机。（4）might+ 完成时 表示过去本可以干的事而没干。You might have told me earlier!你本来可早点告诉我。 （而没告诉，表责备）You might have been more careful.你本来可以多加小心。 （而没有）巧记表“推测”的情态动词用法肯(can) 不肯？妹 (may) 不问，妈妈 (must) 肯定不否问。（5）用于表目的或让步状语从句中。She was studying English so that she might read English books.她正在学习英语，以便能阅读英文书籍。He died in order that others might live. 他为了别人而牺牲了。（6）表祝愿（不能用might ） 。May all our dreams come true.愿我们梦想成真。精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 16 页 - - - - - - - - - - May that day come soon.愿这一天早日到来。3、must 和 have to （1）must 表示“必须”， “应该”。否定式 must not(mustnt)表示“不应该” ， “不许可”， “不准” ,“禁止”等。在回答带有must 的问句时，否定式常用need not(neednt)或 dont have to 表示“不必”，而不用must not (mustnt)。The work must be finished as soon as possible.这件工作必须尽快完成。You mustnt speak like that.你不能那样说话。Must I be home before eight oclock? 8点之前我必须回家吗？Yes, you must./No, you neednt./No, you dont have to. 是的，必须回家。/ 不，不必了。（2）must 表推测，一般只用于肯定句中，译成汉语“一定”， “必定”。There must be some mistakes.肯定有一些错误。You must be very tired.你一定很累了。如果表示对过去事情的推测，就用must+ 完成时 。You must have left your umbrella in the theatre.你一定把雨伞丢在剧院里了。His car is still here. He must have gon e by bus.他的车还在这里，他一定乘公共汽车走了。当 must 表推测之意时，其否定形式常用can not 而不用 must not 。He cant have been to your home. He doesnt know your address.他不可能到过你家，因为他不知道你的住址。What can he be doing at this time of night?夜晚都到这个时候了，他究竟在干什么呢? （3）must 表必然性You must catch cold if you dont put on more clothes.如果你不多穿些衣服，必然感冒。 All men must die.人固有一死。 Truth must be out.真相总会大白。（4）have to表示“必须”， “不得不”，在这个意义上与must 很接近，但must 表示的是说话人的主观看法，而 have to 表示的却是客观需要。I have to go now. 我得走了。（客观需要）I must go now. 我必须走。（主观看法）You have to work hard to make a living.为了谋生你就得努力工作。（客观需要）You must do what I tell you.你必须按照我告诉你的去做。（主观要求）（5）have to 有更多的时态形式：现在时，过去时，将来时等，而must 只有现在时形式。We had to be there at 8.我们得 8 点到那里。I shall have to go to school tomorrow.明天我得去上学了。（6）have to 不能代替表推测的must，但在虚拟条件句中用had had to+动词原形表示与过去相反的情况。You must be joking.你一定是在开玩笑。 （不能用 have to ）If I had had to do the work, I should have done it in a different way.如果我不得不做这项工作，我会以不同的方式去做。（不能用 must）If I had had to run the factory, I would have had it run by able men.如果我得管理那家工厂的话，我就会让能人来管。 （不能用 must）4、ought to （1）ought 没有人称或时态的变化，后跟带to 的不定式。常译作“应该” ， “应当”等，和should 同义，只是口气稍重一些。其否定式为ought not to (oughtnt to )，疑问式为 Ought I /you to? You ought to start at once你应该立刻出发。Such things ought not to be done.这种事不应该干。精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 16 页 - - - - - - - - - - - Ought he to go? 他应该走了？-Yes, he ought to. 是的，应该走了。（2）表可能性Mary ought to be home by now.玛丽这会儿该是到家了。There is a fine sunset. It ought to be a fine day tomorrow.今天有晚霞，明天应该是个好天。It ought to be a fine day tomorrow morning.明天旱晨大概是个好天气。（3）表示没有履行过去的义务时，用“ought to +完成时。You ought to have told me about this earlier.(But you didnt)你本来应该早一点把此事告诉我。（但没有）I ought to have written that letter yesterday.(But I didnt)我本应该昨天写那封信。 （但我没写）It ought to have been done long ago.这事早该做完的。5、used to used to只有一种存在形式, 一般过去式。具体用法如下：（1）在肯定句中，表示现在己经不再发生，不复存在的过去的行为或存在的状态。He used to smoke 20 cigarettes a day.他过去每天抽20 支烟。There used to be a building there.那里曾经有座大楼。（2）used to 通常只能跟不定式，但偶尔也能跟进行时，意思一样。He used to be always making jokes.他过去总爱开玩笑。（3）在疑问句、否定句或强调句中，可以有两种形式：Used you to go to work by bike? Did you use to go to work by bike?你过去常骑车上班吗？He usednt to smoke as much as he does now. He didnt use to smoke as much as he does now. 他过去不像现在抽这么多烟。I certainly used to play football, but it was a long time ago. I certainly did use to play football, but it was a long time ago.我过去的确常踢足球，但那是很久以前的事了。（4）在反意疑问句或简略回答中，也有两种形式：John used to be very fat, didnt he/usednt he?约翰曾经很胖，是吗。Used you to live in Shanghai?你过去曾住在上海？Yes, I did/ I used to. 是的。（5）used to 与 would 的区别：情态动词 used to 和 would 都可以表示过去的习惯性动作，但有下列不同点：used to 表示确定的过去时间，不需与确定的过去时间连用，而 would 一般与时间状语连用。used to 含有与现在相比较的意思，而would 没有。He used to get up early.他过去常常早起。( 现在不早起了 ) The old man would go to the park every day to have morning exercises.那位老人以前每天都去公园晨练。（没有与现在相比较的意思）used to 指过去反复发生或持续发生的动作，而would 仅指过去反复发生的动作，不指持续发生的动作；另外， used to 既表动作还表状态，而would 只表动作不表状态，因此下列句中的used to 不能用 would代替。People used to think that the earth was flat.人们过去认为地球是平的。She used to be very nervous in the exam.她以前考试常常很紧张。used to 表客观事实， would 则表示一种意愿。When he lived by the sea, he used to suffer diseases.他住在海边时，经常有病。（used to 不能精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 16 页 - - - - - - - - - - 换成 would）There used to be a small village here.这里曾经有一个小村庄。6、dare dare 作情态动词表示“敢” ，主要用于否定句、疑问句和感叹句，无词形变化，单数第三人称不加-s。（1）通常用于否定句和疑问句，其用法同其他情态动词。She darent even look out.她甚至不敢向外看。Dare you go to school by yourself?你敢独自一人去上学吗？How dare you say I am unfair?你怎么敢说我不公平! I dare not sleep in that room again.我再也不敢睡在那房间了。（2）dare 在下列情况下，也用于肯定句中。句子含有否定意义或疑问意义时。I hardly dare think of it.我简直不敢想这事。He asked me whether I dare swim across the river.他问我是否敢游过河。I wonder how he dared say that to the teacher.我不知道他怎么敢那样和老师说话。在简略答语中。You darent climb that tree, dare you ?你不敢爬那棵树，对吗？Yes , I dare.不，我敢。状语从句中。I wont allow you to swim across the river, even if you dare do it.即使你敢，我也不愿你游过河去。（3）dare 既表现在和将来，也表过去。Alice was afraid and dare not go. 艾丽丝害怕，不敢去。注意：从上下文看不出具体时间时，通常不用情态动词dare ，而用实义动词的过去时。She dared to go.她敢去。She didnt dare(to)go.她不敢去。7、need （1）表示必要 ;必须 ，通常用于否定句和疑问句Need he work so hard? 他需要这么用功吗？You neednt worry about it. 你不必为此担忧。I hardly need say how much we missed you. 不必说我们多么的想念你。（2）在肯定句中，它被must 或 have to 取代。Need I come? 我需要来吗？Yes, you must/have to.需要。You neednt see him, but I must /have to.你不必去看他，但我必须去。（3）“need+一般式”，通常表现在和未来，有时也可指过去。She need not come. 她不必来。（现在或将来）We were told that we neednt do that.我们被告知不必做那事。 （过去）Need she go yesterday?她需要昨天走吗？（过去）如果从上下文看不出具体时间时，通常不用情态动词need 表过去，而用实义动词need 的过去时或 had to表示。She didnt need to come. She didnt have to come She had not to come. 她不必来。（4） “need+完成时”表示过去不必做而实际做了的事。You neednt have hurried.你本不必这么匆忙。精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 16 页 - - - - - - - - - - Peter neednt have done it yesterday.彼得昨天本不必做这件事。8、shall （1）用在疑问句中，用来征求对方意见或请求指示或向对方提出建议，用于第一、三人称。Shall I tell John about it? 咱们把这件事告诉John 好吗？No, you neednt. Ive told him already. 你不必了。我已经把这件事告诉他了。Where shall I wait for you?我在哪里等你。Shall we start the meeting now?我们现在开会好吗？Shall those books be sent over to you at once?那些书立即给你送过来吗？（2）用于第二、三人称，可表示说话者的一种决定、允许或威胁。If you work hard, you shall have a holiday on Sunday.如果你努力工作，星期天就可以休假。（允许）She shall do it, whether she wants or not.不管她愿意不愿意，她必须做这件事。（决定）He shall suffer for this.He shall pay you what he owes you.他必将自食其果，他欠的债一定得还。（威胁）9、should （1）表“劝告、建议”时，可译成“应该”，这时可用ought to替换。You should keep your promise.你应该遵守诺言。Young people should learn how to use computers. 年轻人应该学如何应用计算机。（2）表示委婉陈述自己的意见。I should think you are right.我想你是对的。I should advise you not to go now.我劝你现在别走。（3）表示惊