雅思7分写作(共74页).doc

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上雅思七分写作本文已经包括各种经验分享、复习计划；常用句式词组、作文写作分析、8篇常见topic范文；各种高分连接词组、大小两篇作文通杀；雅思写作的误区、所需词汇、？问题误区？1. 考官是怎么改卷子的？标准是怎样的？ 2. 雅思写作7分是什么样的概念？ 3. 雅思写作6分与7分或者6.5分与7分的距离有多远？ 4. 怎么制定雅思写作复习计划？ 5. 考试前需要写多少篇的大作文和小作文？ 6. 写作模版管用吗？ 7. 雅思写作需要背多少个词汇？ 8. 雅思写作需要什么样的句型？ 9. 雅思写作需要多复杂的从句和语法？ 10. 我们对雅思写作的误区 11. 鸭友们通常会犯哪

2、些语法错误能避免吗？什么样的语法错误是致命的？ 12. 雅思写作能速成吗？平时需要多看英文报纸吗？ 13. 小作文重要吗？容易写吗？应该怎么复习 14. 怎么安排大作文和小作文的写作顺序和时间 15. 要买参考书吗？什么样的参考书？ 一、 大作文：题型-结构-观点-句型-词汇雅思写作task2题型一般有三大类：1. report，2. argumentation 和 3. report + argumentation的结合体。 report：只有三个要素： 1. cause 2. influence 3. solution 也就是说，要么就是问你这个现象产生的原因，要么就是这个现象产生了什么样

3、的影响（积极或消极的），要么就是叫你提出解决方案。通常report类的文体，不会同时出现以上三个要素，只会有一到两个的配搭，即：causeinfluence，cause+solution，influence+solution，或只问influence (如下面我写的一篇7分文章，问effects on individuals and societies)。所以呢，在这种题型底下，它的结构就非常的单一：开头段+ 原因分析段（一般分析3个原因）+ 影响分析段（一个列举3个影响）+ 解决办法段（这些解决办法一定要对应于之前分析的原因或者影响）+ 结尾段。这个结构是应该视情况而定(as the cas

4、e may be) argumentation：一般有三种问法： 1. discuss both views and give your own opinion 2. to what extent do you agree or disagree 3. do you think the advantage outweigh the disadvantage 按照我自己的看法的话，其实argumentation就是两种，那就是1 和 2/3（因为2和3可以看成同一类）。这两种有区别吗？当然有了，因为discuss both views and give your own opinion，是要你先

5、分析双方有什么合理之处，然后再给你自己的个人观点。很明显这是需要均衡结构。意思是，假如你支持观点1用了三个论点，然后到你支持观点2的时候也得同样用三个论点（想不到的话，憋你也得憋出来！），最后在结尾清晰表达你自己的最后看法。对于这种题型，开头段也是表明观点，例如some people argue, while others claim that I personally believe that。所以呢，这个文体的结构应该是：开头段（回应题目+表达自己的观点）+ 支持观点1（n个论点）+ 支持观点2（n个论点）+ 结尾段（表明自己的观点）。请注意，这个题型是不能用一面倒的，是不能啊！ 至于ag

6、ree/disagree or advantage/disvantage 题型，根据考官的推介，最理想的结构是：开头段+让步段+ 支持段（论点1）+ 支持段（论点2）+ 结尾段（表明你自己的观点）。曾经一直忽视小作文，甚至认为雅思写作约等于是写一篇250字的大作文。轻视它的原因可以归结为，字数少(只要150字)，不需要个人观点(纯粹描述客观figures)，有固定的单词和句型，分数只占总分的1/3直到后来与考官见面的时候，我才意识到小作文的杀伤力。This is especially true when it comes to those who only got band 6.5 but i

7、ndeed demand band 7.0。 按照剑桥雅思的分类，小作文可为：柱状图(bar chart)，饼图(pie chart)，曲线图(line graph)，表格(table)，地图(map)和流程图(processing chart)。当然，这只是按照这些图表的属性和特征来归类。我的个人认为，应该把柱状图，饼图，曲线图和表格看作一个总体，然后区分出是纵向比较还是横向比较（下面会继续解释它们的区别和应对方案）；然后地图题是一类，流程图是另外一类。也就是说按照本人的经验，task1 小作文按照图表的本质应该分为：横向比较，纵向比较，地图题和流程图。首先我们要找出极值（最大值和最小值），

8、然后客观地、略有筛选地描述剩余数据（若数据太多，则有所侧重；若数据不多，则全部描述），接着就是高潮了-找出不同数据之间的共同特征和大小比较（比如说，谁和谁一样大/小，谁是谁的几分之几，谁是谁的多少倍）高潮过后，就需要有一个意犹未尽但有心无力的总结 纵向比较：顾名思义，就是由于时间的推移，不同物体和数据之间发生了量的变化，也就是说，这时候关于描述变化趋势和变化特征的词汇和句型就用得上了。此时此刻，我们要concentrate的是首先客观描述变化的大体趋势（是升高了还是降低了，是多了还是少了）然后描述变化的具体特征（是怎样增加的，是怎样减少的，幅度如何，速率如何）接着找出变化趋势相似的不同物体，然

9、后客观描述一下，以减少单词和词汇的重复使用，避免啰嗦同样，这里也需要一个纵横全局的归纳和总结程度副词 多于：More than, just over, over 少于：Less than, just under 几乎：Approximately, almost, nearly 完全：Exactly, precisely 表示列举data/information句型 1. Overall, A has the largest number of名词(NO1) and B the smallest (NO2). C and D both have NO3; E has NO4. Overall,

10、Sweden has the largest number of enrolled students (17) and Syria the smallest (5). France and Spain both have 12 students; Germany has 11. It is noticeable that France and Germany have similar profiles. 2. A has the most+名词+doing (NO1); B is next with NO2, while C has NO3. D and E have (相同) NO4 eac

11、h Sweden has the most students studying CAD (9); Spain is next with 7, while France has 6. Germany and Syria have 4 CAD students each. 3. According to the pie chart, A, which is %, is the mostamong the total, then next is B with %, followed by C, making up %; and finally come E, F and G at %, %, % r

12、espectively. According to the pie chart, chicken, which is 40%, is the most popular among the total meat sold, then next is pork with 20%, followed by beef, making up 18%; and finally come lamb, fish and other at 15%, 5% and 2% respectively. 纵向比较 1. Experience/witness/see/enjoy+修饰词(最高级)+增加/减少/震荡 Exp

13、erience/enjoy + a significant/the most dramatic + decrease/increase 增加: increase, growth, rise 减少: decrease, drop 快速: dramatic, drastic 缓慢: gradual, steady, slow 大幅: significant, substantial 小幅: moderate, slight 震荡: considerable/marked/sharp/minor fluctuation 2. The number of was No1 in Yr and rose/

14、reduced by % to No2 The number of miles that car traveled was 3199 in 1985 and rose by 50% to 4806 in the subsequent years. 增加/上升: increase, rise, grow 急促上升: jump, soar to,surge to 减少/下降: decrease, drop, decline 急促下降: plummet to, plunge to 3. 主语+上升/减少 to or 主语+上升/减少 by 4. The percentage/proportion/n

15、umber of is 修饰词 larger/ smaller than that of 修饰词 明显: substantially, obviously 轻微: slightly, moderately 5. 修饰词 increase/decrease occurred 大幅: considerable, significant, substantial 小幅: moderate, slight 6. 表示不变的状态：主语 remain constant/unchanged/stable/steady at 表示趋势的句型 1. there is a downward/ upward/ op

16、posite/ general/ dominant trend 下降的/上升的/相反的/总体的/主要的趋势 2. tend to be more/less preferred 倾向越来越受(不)受欢迎 As can be seen from the table, walk and certain short-distance transportation, such as cycled and local bus tend to be less preferred. 3. There is a considerable increase/decrease inThere is a consid

17、erable increase in total miles by all modes of transportation, compared with the data (4,740 miles) in 1985. 表示比较增长或减少趋势 also rose/increased/grew during this period, but less sharply decreased/declined/dropped The sales of games software also rose during this period, but less sharply. Sales increase

18、d from about 13 billion dollars in 2000 to just under 20 billion dollars three years later. 表示相同相似变化趋势的句式 A similar situation was seen in the where A similar situation was seen in the wholesale and retail trade sector, where the number of women rose from about 550 000 in 1975 to almost 800 000 two d

19、ecades later. There are some similarities between A and B Be similar to/ A has something in common with B 表示变化特征的词汇 ：表示超过的词语 Out number 比多，在数量上超过 In this profession, women outnumber men by two to one. = there are twice as many women as men 在这个行业，女性人数是男性的两倍 The number of men outnumbered women by four

20、 to one. 我们的人数以4比1超过他们 Exceed 超过 数量 The price will not exceed $100. Overtake (在数量或重要性方面)大于，超过 Nuclear energy may overtake oil as the main fuel. 表示连续的时间段 1. over a span of years = over the period fromto = in the years betweenand 2. during the same period 3. in the No. years spanning from 19xx through

21、 19xx = fromtowithin the 5 years period 4. from then on = from this time onwards = in the subsequent years. 横向比较 1. 程度副词 doubled/trebled三倍/quadruple四倍/halve减半2. while doubled/trebled/quadrupled/halved which were 数字(年份) and 数字(年份) respectively. The figure by long distance bus more than doubled during

22、 the same period (54 miles vs. 124 miles), while the miles by taxi trebled which were 13 miles and 42 miles respectively. 2. 表示A 占总体的多少或A为B倍或A为B的分之 3. 数字 (A+B), of which A were and B wereItaly received 20 million visitors, of which 1.2 million were from the UK and 1.8 million were from the USA. 4. h

23、ad a higher/lower total number of 名词than any of the other+名词 France had a higher total number of visitors than any of the other countries on the list. 表示比较的句型 1. likewise, 句子. 同样地 Likewise, the use of other, unspecified, forms of transport also increased. 2. By contrast/In comparison, 句子. 相反地， By co

24、ntrast, the long distance vehicle enjoyed a significant increase over the period, spanning from 1985 to 2000, although there exists some differences. In comparison, student expenditure in country C was considerably lower, at only US$1500 per year 3. compared with the data (数字) in 年份, 句子. 与相比较， Overa

25、ll, there is a considerable increase in total miles by all modes of transportation, compared with the data (4,740 miles) in 1985. 4. had half/twice/triple times as many 可数名词 as, but/yet the number ofand was the same. Australia had half as many visitors as Thailand (3 million vs 6 million), but the n

26、umber of visitors to those countries from the UK and the USA was the same, 0.3 million. 5. 句子, while 句子. 12 million Americans visited Canada while 5.5 million visited Mexico. 6. had a higher/lower total number ofthan any of the other+名词复数 France had a higher total number of visitors than any of the

27、other countries on the list. 表示%的词语 ：百分比：percentage, proportion, share 高：High, large highest, largest 低：low, smalllowest, smallest 表示占%的词组 正向：A constitute/occupy/account for/compose/comprise B A占B的% 负向：% of B be composed of A (总体)有%的(某一元素) % of 名词 be composed of (总体)有%的(某一元素) Around 15% of our diet

28、is composed of protein. 我们的饮食中大约有15%的蛋白质 composes (某一元素)构成总体的% Christians compose around 2.5% of the countrys population 基督教徒占这个国家人口的2.5% Comprise 构成 Older people comprise a large proportion of those living in poverty. Constitute 构成 Constitute around 60% of the total/a larger percentage (around 20%)

29、 of Constitute the majority of the labour force. 占劳动力的大多数 Occupy 占据 Dry lands occupy a third of the worlds surface. 陆地占了地球表面的三分之一 Account for (数量上，比例上)占 The Japanese market accounts for 35% of the companys revenue. 日本市场占公司收入的35%. 要区分数据是data 还是 percentage. 贫富悬殊扩大The widening disparity between the ric

30、h and the poor-影响influence 两极化 polarize community 激化社会矛盾intensify the social conflict 社会对立 social incompatibility 心理问题 induce psychological problem 仇富心理 result in hatred for the wealthy 自卑心理suffer from inferior mentality 行为过激 aggressive behaviour 游行protest 罢工strike 强烈抗议outcry 暴乱riot 反政府反社会 anti-gove

31、rnment/ anti-society 发泄不满 give vent to their anger and dissatisfaction 增加犯罪 drive up the crime rate 社会不公平 social inequality 更可能获得公共资源have more access to public resources 比其他人更容易获得社会特权acquire special privilege over the poor 进一步分化社会，加剧社会仇恨 Further polarize the society and fuel social hatred 产生恶性循环 the

32、reby creating a vicious circle地图题 ：地图是最近比较流行的题目，本人连续考的4次雅思写作里面，居然有两次都是地图题。 表示A位于 A is located/situated/lies A is just off the road to A就在通向某地的路边上 A is right at the center of A就在的正中央 表示A靠近或者紧挨着B:A is next to/near/close to 表示A在距离B某一面公里处 A is located/situated/lieskilometers/miles to the east/west/north

33、/south of B 表示A位于B内的某个部分 A is located/ situated/ lies in the eastern/western/northern/southern part of B 表示A在B的某个角上 A lies/is located/is situated on/at the east/west/north/south/corner of B 表示剩下的部分：The rest of the 表示道路通向/河流流向某处: The road runs fromto The river runs/ flows fromto 表示沿着河流/道路: Along with

34、 river/road Alongside the river/road 表示A在道路或者河流的某一侧 A is located/situated/lies on the north/south side of the river/ the road e.g.：situated on the south side of the River Thames, this hotel offers its guests an ideal location in central London 表示A与B仅一河之隔/仅一路之隔: A is right across from B 表示A在道路或河流的南北端

35、 A is located/situated/lies on the north/south end of the river/the road 表示A在B的对面: A is opposite B 表示A在B某一侧的边界上 A is located/situated/lies on the eastern/western/northern/southern border of B 表示A在B某侧的边缘上 A is located/situated/lies on the eastern/western/northern/southern edge of B 表示A朝北/朝南/面朝公园等 A f

36、aces north/south A faces towards the north/ the south A faces a park 表示斜向的方位: 东北 north-east 东南 south-east 西北 north-west 西南 south-west 表示建筑物的布局：Layout 指一个建筑物周边的环境：The surroundings of a building 表示A占据了某个空间：A occupies 表示A由几个不同的部分组成：A consists of/ is composed of/ is made up of B, C and D 表示A的长度是：The len

37、gth of A is=A isin length 表示A的宽度是：The width of A is=A isin width 表示A的面积是：A isin area The farm is 50 kilometers in area The building almost doubled in floor area. 表示大约：approximately, roughly, about, around 表示一块地：a patch of land/ a stretch of land 表示从A延伸到：A extended/ stretched fromto The park extended

38、 from Main Street to King George Street This period stretched from the mid-eighteenth century to the late nineteenth century 表示比较，与所不同的是 Unlike A, B Compared with A, B Awhile/ whereas B In comparison/ in contrast/ by contrast, B 表示可以使用：available 表示可以容纳：can accommodate 表示理论上讲：in theory, theoretically

39、, hypothetically 表示但事实上：but in reality/ however, realistically/ yet in practice/ but in fact/ as a matter of fact, though 表示在某处建造了A：A was built in=was constructed in=was established in 表示在某处又增建了A：A was added to=an addition was made to,which was A 表示改动原建筑或原场地：v. change/ modify/ remodel ；n. change/mod

40、ification/remodeling 表示A被改造成了B：A was turned into/ was transformed into/ was converted into B 表示A被搬走或拆掉：A was removed/ demolished/ taken down from 表示A被B取代了：A was replaced by B/ A made way for B 表示A的面积缩小：the size of A was reduced to only half of/ one third of the original size 表示A的面积扩大: A was expanded

41、 to twice its size=the size of A almost doubled 表示A向XX方向延伸：expand/extend；northward/；southward/；eastward/；westward表示A经历了：A experienced/ witnessed/saw 起初：at first=initially=in the beginning=originally 接着：then=next=after that=in the following stage=in the next/subsequent period=afterward 在这个阶段：at this

42、point=in this phase=in this stage 最终：finally=eventually=in the end雅思写作的7分标准： (a). task response: addresses all parts of the task presents a clear position throughout the reponse presents, extend and supports main ideas, but there may be a tendency to over-generalise and/or supporting ideas may lack

43、focus. 首尾都要回答问题，允许泛泛而谈。这就是说，我们没必要花太多的精力去考虑观点是否绝对严谨是否意义深刻，关键是要告诉考官你的思考逻辑。这就是剑桥雅思的魅力，它要考你的不是你的思维能力，而是你的语言表达能力。哪怕在ridiculous的观点，只要你能用最恰当的语言去表达 (b). coherence and cohesion logically organises information and ideas, there is clear progression throughout lises a range of cohesive devices appropriately alt

44、hough there may be some under-or over use presents a clear topic within each paragragh 分段分点，每点之前必须有连接词。然后那个考官最为推介的范式（以argumentation的题目为例：开头段+主体段（让步一段，支持（反对）两段）+结尾段。 (c). lexcial resource uses a sufficient range of vocabulary to allow some flexibility and precision uses less common lexical items with

45、 some awareness of style and collocation may produce occasional erros in word choice, spelling and/or word formation 足够就好，不需要多；一两个大词就够，不需要滥。默默地坚持着，比如说背诵一大堆同义词代换，一大堆除了莎士比亚见谓是less common lexical items，记单词最好的方法是，把单词放到句型或者例句上面来，然后句型或者例句一定要与雅思写作topic 相关。如果不相关，那个词就算记住了，也不会用。 (d). Grammatical range and acc

46、uracy uses a variety of complex structures produces frequent error-free sentences has good control of grammar and punctuation but may make a few mistake 句子结构多样性和允许语法错误的存在。对于句子结构多样性，说到语法错误，我可以说，我们中国学生最最最常犯的语法错误都是非常低级。雅思写作7分所需要的词汇 ：(a). 雅思写作必备连词-只要掌握了这些连词，就能符合到coherence and cohesion 7分以上的要求 以下为英语写作(雅思写作，学术论文等)必备的连词汇总。以下的内容参考了悉尼大学本科学生orientation handbook里面关于如何preparing for essays的总结，再加上本人的积累。有些连词与下面的句型汇总重合，请以句型汇总为重点。 为了更好地分享我的经验，我将以下的词语划分成三组 用下划线highlight的是适用那些总感觉雅思写作写不长、写不满250字、需要灌水的同学 用粗体highlight的是适用于