初中英语-并列句(共15页).doc

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上并列句 (一)何谓并列结构 一个英语句子有时候具有两个或两个以上相互连接而又属于同一层次即具有相同句法功能的语言结构，这种结构称为并列结构。并列结构通常用并列连词来连接两个或两个以上平行的词、词组或分词： Are we to have the speech contest today or tomorrow?(并列连词or连接两个平行的单词) You can go to Beijing either by train or by plane. (并列连词eitheror连接两个平行的词组) Hurry up, or we shall be late for the l

2、ecture. (or连接两句分句) 并列成分有时候不用逗号而用连词加以连接；一般讲，逗号用来连接平行的单词居多： Fuel, rice, oil, saltthese are chief daily necessities of life. (柴米油盐这些是主要的生活日用品。) 在现代英语里，逗号常被用来连接两个短的独立分句，如He is absent, he is ill. 实际上，这两个简短的独立分句含有因果关系，这个逗号等于从属连词because，用逗号来取代使引文更为简炼。 (二)并列连词和连接性副词的区别 引导并列结构的并列连词有and, or, but, so, for, nor

3、等，并列连词包括关联连词bothand, eitheror，neithernor，not onlybut also, as well as, as much as等。并列连词也包括连接性副词，如however, hence, therefore, besides, moreover, yet, anyway, consequently, still, nevertheless, all the same等。但并列连词和连接性副词存在着如下的区别： 1. 位置上的区别 连接两个独立的分句时，并列连词的位置只能放在它所引导的分句句首，前面通常有逗号： Lopez left For Woodside

4、(美新译西州一城市)the day before yesterday, and he wont be back till the end of the month. I must work harder, for I still have a long way to go. Pay him back, or he will bring a suit against you. (快还他钱，不然他要向你起诉。)They all went, but I didnt(go). 连接性副词的位置较灵活，既可放在句首，也可位于句中或句末、但以置于句首居多： Father is ill; therefore

5、 ，he doesnt go to work today. 置于句首 Father is ill; he, therefore， doesnt go to work today. 置于句首 Father is ill; he doesnt go work today, therefore. 置于句末 2. 用法的区别 两个并列连词不可以连用： Oscar and I go to the club every Saturday evening, and but we play bridge there. (根据句意，应把but划掉。) 但并列连词却可以和连接性副词连用： He is not in

6、 favor of the plan, and yet he raised no objection. (三)一些常见并列连词的用法 1. and (1)表示动作或事物的先后 I heard a crash and went out to see what had happened. The pictures and the sound are relayed by the communication satellites. And they are received in all parts of the world. 注意，and也可置于独立分开的分句句首。 (2)表示意义上的增补 The

7、 relations between the two countries are improving: a trade agreement has been signed and a cultural exchange(has been)arranged. and连接的分句a cultural exchange(has been)arranged在意义上增补前面的分句a trade agreement has been signed。 (3)表示意义上的转折或让步 He tried hard, and(=and yet)he failed to get the job. 掌握and的这一用法，

8、便能正确理解下面一句在西方极为流行的谚语： You cant eat your cake and have it. 显然，这里的and=and yet, 表示意义上的转折，指你可不能又要把蛋糕吃下肚同时又要把它保持下来，即“不能两全其美”之意。 (4)表示对照 Jack is clever and(=but) Jane is dull. (5)表示对第一分句的评注 2006-10-28 10:30 回复 英语村 18位粉丝 2楼John failed to pass the entrance examination, and thats too bad. (6)and连接两个或两个以上相同的名

9、词可以表示数量众多的含意 In Holland, everywhere you go, you find water and water. and在口语体中还经常被用来连接两个比较级的形容词或副词，表示“越来越”这一逐步增强的含义： The wind blew harder and harder. and连接两个比较级副词，表示“风刮得越来越大”。 Its getting warmer and warmer. and连接两个比较级形容词，表示“天气越来越热”。 在讲话中and也常用来连接两个或两个以上相同的动词，表示动作的不断重复或持续进行： We talked and talked till

10、 it was midnight. 连续不断的动作有时也可由and连接两个或两个以上相同的名词或具有“继续”含义的相同小品词来表示： “Sail on and on and on, ”said Columbus to the sailors. That night, we talked for hours and hours till the day broke. for hours and hours意义上=for a very long time. We walked for miles and miles till it was dark, and then we went home.

11、for miles and miles相等于for a very long distance. (7)当and连接两个形容词，而前面的形容词是nice, good, fine或rare时，and加上它前面的形容词实质上变成副词，对后面的形容词表示修饰的从属关系： The room is nice and cozy. nice and cozy=very cozy Its good and cool outside. good and cool=quite cool The children are fine and joyful in the nursery. fine and joyful=

12、finely joyful, 即very joyful。 The girl is rare and beautiful. rare and beautiful=rarely beautiful, 即uncommonly beautiful(美得出奇)。 and的这种用法在口语中很普通。 (8)and连接祈使句和陈述句以表示条件，即祈使句+ and=if： Press the button and the machine runs by itself. 祈使句 陈述句 (=If you press the button, the machine will run by itself. ) Mak

13、e another effort and you will succeed. 祈使句 陈述句 (=If you make another effort, you will succeed. ) 注意两点： a. 在口语中，有时可省去and以逗号代之： Take the offer, you will never regret it. b. 祈使句中的动词有时也可省去： Another effort, and you will succeed. another前的动词make省略。One more word and Ill knock you flat(摆平你)。one前面的动词say也被省略。

14、 (9)and连接某些动词(包括某些词组)和另一动词以表示目的，结构为：动词(必须原形式)+ and+ 动词(也是原形式)。 一般有以下这些动词： go/come/run/mind/learn/send/try/stay/stop/write/remember/take care/be sure 在上列结构中and=不定式符号to, 故表示目的。如： Try and get(=Try to get)the work done today. The meeting is very important. You must mind and arrive(=mind to arrive)punctu

15、ally. Ill write and thank him(=write to thank him). You look ill. Youd better go and see(=go to see) a doctor. 在现代口语里，go(或come)and see中的and往往都被省略，如“Ill go ask her. ”和“Ill go see my brother. ” 2006-10-28 10:30 回复 英语村 18位粉丝 3楼(10)and的一些常见习惯用法 a. and that+ 副词 and that用来代表前面分句中的整个谓语以避免重复。这是一种强势句法。试比较下列三

16、组例句： Something must be done about it without delay. *Something must be done about it, and that without delay. and that代表must be done about it, 是强势式。 He speaks Spanish very well. *He speaks Spanish, and that very well. and that代表speaks Spanish, 是强势式 He will come soon *He will come, and that soon. and

17、 that代表will come, 是强势 b. and all用于俗语，作“等等”，“以及其他一切”解： To save the little boy from drowning, the man jumped into the river, clothes and all (衣服等一概未脱)。 The fire burnt the books, clothes, furniture and all. (那场火把书籍“衣服”家俱以及其他所有东西统统烧光了。) c. and all that用于口语，意思是“等等”；“诸如此类的东西”。(=and other things of that ki

18、nd) You can get paper, ink, chalk and all that in the little store at the street corner. (在街上拐角的那家小商店里可以买到纸张、墨水、粉笔之类的东西。) You have really been very kind to me, my hearty thanks and all that. (你对我确实是深情厚谊，我衷心地感谢你，不一一地讲了。) d. and so on; and so forth; and so on and so forth 以上三式意义相同，都作“等等”；“如此等等”解： The

19、marchers carried banners, balloons, models, charts, bouquets and so on. (游行的人们拿着旗帜、汽球、模型、图表、花束等等东西。) e. and the like作“之类”；“等等”解： In the Kindergarten, the children learn singing, dancing, drawing, and the like. f. and then some 这一句习惯用语在美国口语里常用；意思是“此外还有许多”；“还有好多好多”： My uncle gave me two pencils, a pen

20、cil sharpener, a rubber, and then some. (我的叔叔给了我两支铅笔，一只卷笔刀，一块橡皮，还有好多好多东西。) Im afraid the expensive new car would cost all your money and then some. (恐怕把你们所有的钱都花掉买这部昂贵的新汽车还不够哩。) g. and the rise 系美国口语常用语，作“还多些”；“不止于此”；“以上”解： There are eight hundred thousand volumes in our library and the rise. (我们图书馆有

21、八十万册以上的书。) h. and what not口语常用语，和and so on(或forth)同义，作“以及其他”；“等等”解： He sent me some books, magazines, newspapers, pictorials and what not. Children love to have toys, pictures and what not. i. enough and to spare作“很多”；“绰绰有余”解，可用作定语短语和名词短语： You two could have come with us; there was food enough and t

22、o spare for three more people. (你们两位本来可以和我们一起来，饭菜再有三个人也够吃。)用作定语 We have heard enough and to spare of his selfishness. (他的自私自利我们听得多了。)用作名词 2. bothand bothand是对and意义的强化，但在用法上和and有如下的区别： (1)and可以连接两个以上的并列成分，而bothand只能连接两个属同一层次，即语法结构相同的并列成分： Both Martha and her sister paid a visit to China not long ago.

23、 (连接两个并列的主语) I teach myself both physics and mathematics. (连接两个并列的宾语) Kenneth is both clever and diligent. (连接两个并列的用作表语的形容词) Judith is a versatile girl. She can both sing and dance. (连接两个并列的动词) 2006-10-28 10:30 回复 英语村 18位粉丝 4楼(2)and可连接分句，bothand则不能连接分句。 both Eric cleaned the windows and Ernest swept

24、 the floor. 在上句中，bothand各连接一个分句，故不能成立，应改为： Eric cleaned the windows and Ernest swept the floor. (and连接分句) 或：While Eric cleaned the windows, Ernest swept the floor. (and连接分句) 或：Eric(或Ernest)both cleaned the windows and swept the floor. (bothand各连接一个谓语) 或：both Eric and Ernest cleaned the windows and s

25、wept the floor. 在这最后一句中，bothand各连接一个主语，故在语法上能成立；但注意，句意是“Eric和Ernest俩人都揩了窗，又拖了地板”。 bothand的用法中还要注意两个问题： a. bothand可以和at onceand互换使用，意义上无区别： I am at once (=both)a teacher and a student. (我既当老师又当学生。) The writers satirical essays were at once(=both)incisive and forceful, exposing the evils of society li

26、ke a surgeons scalpel. (作者的讽刺文章既锋利又泼辣，好像外科医生的手术刀揭露了社会的弊病。) 注意，只有在at onceand这一词组中，at once才=both。 b. 在bothand这一结构中，不能用as well as来代替both, as well as不能成立。 3. nor; neither nor和neither都是表示“也不”这一否定意义的并列连词，它们用法相同a. nor/neither单独用来连接并列成分时，前面部分通常都用否定式，nor/neither后面部分则不能用否定式，因nor/neither已含有否定意义： Peter is a dec

27、ent fellow. He wont do it, nor/neither Considers it. 否定式 肯定式 Anthony is not clever, nor/neitherdiligent. 否定式 肯定式 b. nor/neither连接的后面并列成分是分句时，则其主谓须倒装： Peter is a decent fellow. He wont do it, nor/neither will he consider it. Anthony is not clever, nor /neither is he diligent. Martha cant speak Spanis

28、h, nor/neither can her sister. Yance does not drug (吸毒)，nor/neither does his brother. Cannis has never been abroad, nor/neither have I. 注意，由于neither和nor都带有副词性质，故它们前面可以加上and或but: You cannot lift it, and nor/and neither can I. I didnt clean the room, but nor/but neither did you. c. nor通常后面连接一个并列成分，但有时

29、也可连好几个并列成分： Futter does not ride, nor shoot, nor fish, nor swim. 2006-10-28 10:30 回复 英语村 18位粉丝 5楼4. neithernor neithernor一起用时，作为关联性的并列连词，连接语法功能相同的平行结构： Neither you nor he konws it. (连接用作主语的代词) The old man can neither read nor write. (连接动词) I drink neither coffee nor tea. (连接宾语) The story is neither

30、interesting nor instructive. (连接用作表语的形容词) Gas is a substance with neither a definite volume nor a definite shape. (连接介词宾语) I believe neither what you said before nor what you are saying now. (连接宾语从句) 注意： (1)Neither置于句首时，neithernor所连接的分句均须主谓倒装： I dont like that girl. Neither have I dated her for a da

31、nce(约她跳舞) nor will I do so. Neither does he play the cello nor does his brother. (2)Neithernor连接主语时，后面的动词在数上应与靠近的主语取得一致： Neither Ike nor I am going to attend the meeting. (动词与I靠近，故用am。) Neither Ike nor he is going to attend the meeting. (动词与he靠近，故用is。) (3)neithernor作“既不也不”解，故谓语动词必须用肯定式，不能用否定式： He is

32、 frightened by neither hardship nor danger. (谓语用肯定式，不能用否定式not frightened。) Neither you nor your brother can do it. (同上，谓语动词不能用cannot do it。) (4)neithernor也可连接两个以上的并列成分： Neither you, nor I, nor anyone else knows the answer 5. or (1)表示选择： Which do you prefer, this one or that one? You can go with us o

33、r stay at home. They parted for one reason or another. (2)表示同位关系或一种改换的说法： Seaweeds, or algae, do not have roots like higher land plants. (海菜即海澡同较高地势的植物一样，是无根的。) The workers are satisfied now, or at least they do not make any more complaints. (工人们现在感到满意了，或者至少说他们已不再抱怨。) (3)表示不确定或含混的说法： The accident ha

34、ppened two or three weeks ago. I put the novel in the bookcase or somewhere. 在表示“不确定”或“大约”这一概念时，or有两个常用短语： a. or so(左右；前后) Well stay here for a month or so. Ill be back in a week or so. There will be sixty or so people at the New Year get-together(新年联欢会). (注意，也可说sixty people or so。) (4)or something(

35、表示不能十分肯定)或是什么；或是做点什么) Dont idle away your time; do some reading or something. (别虚度光阴，还是读点书或是做点别的什么事儿。) Havent seen you for ages! Have you moved or something? (好久没见到你了，你是搬了地方还是什么的?) He is engaged in carpentry or something. (他是做木匠或别的什么的。) (5)表示否定的条件： Put on your overcoat, or(不然)you will catch cold. (=

36、if you do not put on your overcoat) I must work doubly hard(加倍努力)，or Ill fail in the entrance examination. (=if I do not work doubly hard) 这样用时，or后面可以加上else来强化其意义： Do what I tell you, or else youll be sorry. (or else=if you do not do what I tell you) (6)与not一起用时，表示全部否定： He is just like an illiterate

37、(文盲)。 He cannot read or write. (他不识字，也写不来。) I cant sing or dance. (我唱歌、跳舞都不会。) 注意，not和and一起用时，则表示部分否定，而不是表示全部否定。试比较： The story is not interesting or instructive. (部分否定，句意是“这篇故事既不吸引人又无教育意义。”) He story is not interesting and instructive. (全部否定，意思是“这篇故事内容很有趣，但无教育意义。”) He does not speak English clearly

38、or correctly. (全部否定，指英语讲得既不清楚又不正确。) He does not speak English clearly and correctly. (部分否定，意思是英语讲得口齿很清楚，但不正确。) 从上面例子中可以看出，notand一起用时，and的前面部分肯定，后面部分否定，试再看下面一例： He is not rich and kind. (前面部分肯定 后面部分否定) 这是书面语言，在日常用语中往往改用He is rich, but he is not kind这种形式来表达以避免在意义上引起误解。 6. eitheror是关联连接词，表示比or更强的选择概念。它

39、和neithernor一样，连接语法功能相同的平行结构，后面动词的数和最靠近的主语保持一致： Either you or he is wrong. (靠近的主语是he，故动词用is。) Either he or I am wrong. (靠近的主语是I, 动词用am。) You can Either do it yourself or ask someone else to do it. (连接两个并列谓语) There are only two possibilities: Either you succeed or you fail. (连接两个并列分句) (1)上面列举的前二句例句系极正

40、式的英语，颇不自然，在日常应用中往往避免这种结构而改为： Either you are wrong, or he is. Either he is wrong, or I am. (2)either后面有时可以接一个以上的or： He Either resigned, or opened up an office of his own, or went abroad. (3)either后面接or，不能接nor或and, 但noteither后面则要用nor，不能用or，因noteither=neither。 2006-10-28 10:32 回复 英语村 18位粉丝 6楼7. not onl

41、ybut also 应用这一关联连词时，要注意以下几点： (1)后面须接平行结构： Hangzhou is famous not only for its beautiful scenery but also for its longjing tea. (连接两个介词短语) He is not only an architect but also a painter. (连接两个表语) She speaks not only English but also French. (连接两个宾语) Father not only said it but also did it. (连接两个谓语动词)

42、 Not only they but also we are invited. (连接两个作主语的代词) Students should develop not only intellectually, but also morally and physically. (连接副词) (2)not onlybut also着重于but also后面的部分，故句中谓语动词的数应与but also后面的主语取得一致。试比较： Not only you but also he is invited. Not only he but also I am invited. (3)not onlybut a

43、lso在实际应用中出现以下几个变体： a. not onlybut(省略also)： He not only has read the novel but remembers what he has read. b. not onlyalso(省略but)： Man has in fact not only domesticated wild animals, also domesticated wild plants, especially those which bear edible fruit. (also前省掉了but) c. not only(在现代英语中，有时but also都省

44、略，代之以逗号“，”： She was not only compelled to stay at home, (but) she was(also)forbidden to see her friends. D. not onlybutas well(but also为butas well所代替： He is not only my teacher but my friend as well. e. not onlybutalso(not only不能分开，but also可以拆开)： She was not only compelled to stay home, but she was

45、also forbidden to see her friends. (注意，stay home是美国英语=英国英语stay at home。) f. not only置于句首时，主谓须倒装，但but also后面如连接从句的话，其主谓则不能倒装： not only was the girl complain to stay home, but she was not allowed to see all her friends. not only did he complain about the food, but he also refused to pay for it. 8. but

46、 并列连词but能表示： (1)意义的转折 He is poor but honest. (连接两个形容词) All men must die, but death can vary in its significance. (连接两个分句) He said that he was free today but that he would be busy tomorrow. (连接两个宾语从句。注意：but后面有从属连词that, but连接分句，that引导宾语从句。) 从上面的例子看，but连接的并列成分，其意义应该是相反的。如果句意顺势发展下去，不带有相反的含义，就不能用but，而应该用and: It is more than ten years since I left Ypsilanti, but I havent gone back there once in that time. (句意是“我离开Ypsilanti美密执安州一城市，Eastern Michigan University所在地以