2020高考英语专题二-介词和动词短语课件.pptx

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1、专题二介词和动词短语高考英语（浙江专用）高考英语（浙江专用）考点一考点一 介词介词一、方位介词一、方位介词1.图解方位介词考点考点清单清单The flag is beyond themountain.It is beyond myreach/not within my reach.The little mouse is under the table,so it is not easy to find it.那只小老鼠在桌子底下,因此不容易找到它。The Great Wall winds its way from west to east,across deserts,over moun-ta

2、ins,through valleys,till at last it reaches the sea.长城从西向东穿过沙漠,跨过高山,穿过深谷,蜿蜒而行,直到最后到达大海。题组训练题组训练用介词完成句子用介词完成句子The sunlight came inthrough (穿过)the windows in the roof and lit up the whole room.Who is the boy beside (在旁边)you?among用于三者或三者以上的“在中”Ill have to search among the papers to find it.我必须查找这些文件以找到

3、它。China is among the oldest countries in the world.中国是世界上最古老的国家之一。between一般用于两者之间I sat between two girls.我坐在两个女孩的中间。2.among,between注意注意 在下列情况中,between 可用于三者或三者以上:(1)当两个以上的人或物用 and 连接时。between A,B and C 在 A、B和C之间(2)三者或三者以上的人或物两两之间关系。Dont eat between meals.正餐之间不要吃零食。(3)表示“通过共同努力,一起”时。Between them they

4、 landed the fish.他们协力把鱼拖上了岸。(4)在 divide,share 等表示“分享”之类的动词之后,若接一个表示三者或三者以上的复数名词时,用 among 和 between均可。He divided his money among/between his five sons.他把钱分给了他的5个儿子。题组训练题组训练用介词用介词between,among填空填空Some students often listen to musicbetween classes to refresh them-selves.Four Chinese models were among t

5、he 14 people awarded prizes on Friday at the World Supermodel Competition.3.in,on二者均可表示“在上”,描述两个物体的接触情况。on侧重于表面接触,而in侧重于接触的深度。英语中的某些习惯表达常用in或on。若打击某人的脸、眼、嘴、胸、腹等部位时,用in,而打击头、额头、鼻、耳、颈、肩、腿等部位时,用on。表示树本身生长出来的枝、叶、花、果等,用on the tree,但表示树本身以外的人或动物“在树上”,用in the tree,意指被枝叶遮掩其中。We found a square hole in the wa

6、ll.我们发现墙上有个方洞。The teacher patted the boy on the head and comforted him.老师轻轻拍着那个男孩儿的头安慰他。There are lots of apples on the tree.树上有很多苹果。题组训练题组训练用介词用介词in,on填空填空There is a map of the worldon the wall.Birds are singingin the tree.4.across,throughacross强调从物体的表面穿过,意为“from one side to the other side of(sth.)

7、”through表示从物体的内部通过【比较】 此外,across与静态动词连用时表示“在(街、河等)对面”或“在(身体某部位)上”。The school is across the river.学校在河的对岸。He has a giant scar across his chest.他胸前有块巨大的伤疤。题组训练题组训练用介词用介词across,through填空填空My house is justacross the street.Water will be pumpedthrough a pipe.He walkedacrossthe fields.()He walkedthroughth

8、e forest.()他从田野上走过。 在田野上他从森林中穿过。 在森林中He ranacrossthe bridge.()He ranthroughthe town.()他跑过桥去。 从桥上他跑着穿过这座小镇。 贯穿5.over,above;under,below(1)over和above都有“在之上”的意思,但over往往表示“在的正上方”,其反义词为under,而above往往表示“在的斜上方”,其反义词为below。over还可表示“(部分或全部覆盖)在上面”。You cant wear a blue jacket over that shirt.Itll look terrible.

9、你不能把一件蓝夹克穿在那件衬衫外面。那将会很难看。(2)over和above都可以表示“(在数量上)多于”的意思,但above一般用于表示与“最低限度”或“标准”有关的事物,而over则表示“多于”,相当于more than,其反义词是under(=less than)。1,000 meters above sea level 海拔1,000米two degrees above zero 零上2度Hes over fifty.他已年过半百。Its under a mile from here to the post office.此处距邮局不足一英里。(3)above表示“(级别、地位、重要性

10、等)高于”,over则强调“能控制、有权威”等。He always puts his students above everything.他总是把自己的学生置于一切事情之上。He has little control over his emotions.他几乎不能控制自己的感情。题组训练题组训练用介词用介词over,above完成句子完成句子Shes been here forover two hours.她在这里已超过两个小时了。She put a carpet over the sleeping child.她把一张毯子盖在了睡着的孩子身上。He isabove average intel

11、ligence.他的智力在一般水平以上。6.in,on,to,offin表示在某范围之内Ningbo is in the east of Zhejiang Province.宁波在浙江省的东部。on强调“毗邻”“接壤”Mongolia is/lies on the north of China.(接壤)蒙古在/位于中国的北边。to强调在某范围之外,不接壤Japan lies to the east of China.日本位于中国的东边。off强调两地之间有一小段距离The house is off the main road.那座房子在主路的旁边。题组训练题组训练用介词用介词in,to,off

12、,on填空填空Xinjiang is to the northwest of Zhejiang while Anhui is on the west of Zhejiang.Beijing liesin the north of China.The Well Hotel stands in a quiet placeoff the main road at the far end of the lake.二、时间介词二、时间介词1.at,in,on(1)at的用法1)表示时间的一点,时刻等,如:at 12:00,at noon,at night,at midnight,at dawn/dayb

13、reak,at sunrise/sunset,at dusk。2)表示较短暂的一段时间,可指某个节日或被认为是一年中标志大事的日子,如:at Christmas。(2)in的用法表示在某段较长的时间内(如:世纪、朝代、年代、月份及泛指上午、下午或傍晚等),如:in the 1980s/1980s,in the Qing Dynasty,in October,in the morning/afternoon/evening。(3)on的用法1)用于表示具体的日子或一个特定的时间(如:某日、某节日、星期几等),如:on October the first,on a rainy day,on Nat

14、ional Day等。2)用于表示特定的上午、下午或晚上,如:on Christmas Eve,on the morn-ing of January the third,on the afternoon of his arrival等。3)准时,按时:on time。题组训练题组训练翻译下列词组翻译下列词组在星期天上午on Sunday morning(s) 在上午9点at 9 oclock in the morning 在儿童节on Childrens Day 在19世纪20年代in the 1820s/1820s 2.in,afterin表示时间时,in表示“在之内”。有时in可以表示“在

15、之后”,但必须具备两个条件:所在句子的谓语动词必须表将来;后面必须是一段时间after意为“在之后”。通常“after+时间段”用于一般过去时,“after+时间点”与一般将来时连用My father will be back in three days.我父亲将在3天以后回来。My father will be back after three oclock.我父亲将在3点后回来。题组训练题组训练用用in,after填空填空It will be finishedin an hour.He left home after Christmas and returned after a few d

16、ays.The boy won the gameafter a year.3.for,from,sincefor后接时间段,表示行为或状态持续了多久;from后接时间点,表示行为或状态的起始点,而不涉及其持续时间的长短;since后接时间点,不仅表示行为或状态的起始点,而且还强调该行为或状态从起始点一直持续到说话的时刻,因而常与延续性动词的完成时连用。 Mr.Brown enjoyed the country life and lived there for almost fifteen years after his retirement.布朗先生喜欢乡村生活,退休后他在那里生活了差不多15

17、年。My younger sister began to learn dance from the age of five.我的妹妹从5岁开始学习舞蹈。Tom has been doing his homework since seven oclock.汤姆从7点开始就一直做他的家庭作业。题组训练题组训练用用for,from,since填空填空The conference will be held from Monday to Friday.We have lived in the districtsince we came here in 2005.The meeting lastedfor

18、 three hours yesterday.4.during,through,over(1)during的用法during指某个动作或状态在某个时间段里或整个过程中断断续续地发生过多次,或在整个时间段里的某一点发生过,起止时间比较明显。 He often falls asleep during the class.他常常在课堂上睡着。 He swims every day during the summer.夏季他每天都游泳。(2)through的用法through意为:在期间;从开头到结尾(所指时间包括在内,此时与throughout相同)。 Tom bore up well under

19、the strain of supporting his family through his fa-thers illness. 在汤姆的父亲生病期间,他坚强地顶住了养家的压力。(3)over的用法over意为:while doing/having/eating etc.(sth.)在(做)期间。We had a pleasant chat over a cup of tea.我们一边喝茶一边愉快地聊天。此外,over还有“throughout(a period)贯穿(一时间段)”的意思,与during同义。He will stay in Wales over/during Christma

20、s and New Year.他将在威尔士度过圣诞和新年。题组训练题组训练用用during,over填空填空Lets discuss itover lunch.They only met twiceduring the whole time they were neighbours.5.before,by,till,until(1)before的用法before:早于;在之前。 The new road will be completed before the end of the year. 这条新道路将在年底以前建成。(2)by的用法1)表示“不迟于,在(某时)前”。All of you

21、are to arrive at school by seven oclock.你们所有人要在7点钟前到校。2)表示“在期间,在时间内”。 He worked by night and slept by day.他晚上工作,白天睡觉。(3)until和till的用法1)until是比较正式的用法。在肯定句中和延续性动词连用,表示动作一直持续到until后面的时间为止;在否定句中和非延续性动词连用,表示该动作直到until后面的时间才开始。up until表示“直到”。I shall wait until ten oclock.我将等到10点钟。I didnt go to sleep until

22、 midnight.直到半夜我才睡觉。2)till的意义与until的相同。 He works from morning till night,day after day. 他日复一日从早工作到晚。题组训练题组训练用用before,by,until填空填空Well have finished the workby ten oclock tomorrow.I usually take a bathbefore breakfast.He didnt go to beduntil his father came back.by(1)表示交通方式但不涉及交通工具的名词前用by,名词前不带冠词。如:by

23、 sea,by water,by land,by air等(2)涉及交通工具的名词前用by,但名词需用单数,其前面不加冠词和任何修饰语。如:by bike,by taxi,by plane,by ship/boat,by train,by spaceship等in/on当旅行方式涉及特指的交通工具时,用on或in。此时,名词前应有冠词、形容词性物主代词、指示代词等修饰语。如:travel to New York in his car,go to school on my bike等三、表工具、手段、方式的介词三、表工具、手段、方式的介词1.by, in/on注意注意 步行、骑马、骑骆驼均用on

24、。如:on foot,on horseback/on a horse,on a camel等题组训练题组训练同义句转换同义句转换He went to Beijing by car.He went to Beijingin his/a car .I prefer to travel by ship.I prefer to travelby water/sea .2.with,in(1)with用于有形的工具或身体某些器官之前,其后的名词多被冠词或形容词性物主代词等修饰。They are digging with a pick/spade.他们正在用一把镐/铲挖。We see with our e

25、yes,hear with our ears,and walk with our legs.我们用眼睛看,用耳朵听,用腿走路。(2)inPlease answer me in English.请用英语回答我。Please write in capital letters.请用大写字母写。The artist wrote in ink/pencil(=with a pen/a pencil).那个艺术家用钢笔/铅笔写字。(3)注意以下固定短语:on/over the telephone/radio通过电话/广播原料、语言、钢笔、铅笔等大、小写字母用这/那种方式题组训练题组训练用用by,over,

26、in,on填空填空This form is to be filled inin ink.This toy is not machine-made.It is madeby hand.In the morning I usually listen to the newsover/on the radio.四、表原因的介词四、表原因的介词1.with多用于表示情绪的形容词或表示身体动作或状态的动词之后,表示某种心理或状态的原因。2.for多与表示感情的抽象名词或动名词及reason,famous等词连用。3.from常接抽象名词,表示自然或间接原因。inthis/ that waybythis/

27、that meanswiththis/ that method4.of用于某些形容词后,后接与感情相关的人或事。5.over表示因为某事。Her face went red with anger.她气得脸都红了。The West Lake is famous for its scenery.西湖以它的景色而闻名。She felt sick from tiredness.她因疲劳而感到不舒服。Mr. Smith is proud of his honesty.史密斯先生因他的诚实而骄傲。She was excited over the outing.她因为去野营的事而非常兴奋。五、表示支持、反对

28、的介词五、表示支持、反对的介词Are you for or against the new road scheme?你对修建新道路的计划是赞成还是反对?She was forced to marry against her will.她被迫违心地嫁了人。Thats against the law.那是违法的。The skiers red clothes stood out clearly against the snow.滑雪者的红衣服在雪的衬托下显得分外醒目。against表示反对,此外,还有“靠着”“违背”“在映衬下”“与比赛”之意for支持,赞成An agreement seems to

29、 be impossible because the majority of the com-mittee members areagainst it.Tired,Jim was fast asleep with his backagainst a big tree.六、其他常考介词六、其他常考介词1.besides,except,other than的区别(1)用于否定句时,besides与except可相互替换。No other students passed the difficult maths exam except/besides Lin Tao and Wu Dong.除林涛、吴

30、东外没有别的学生通过这次难的数学考试。题组训练题组训练介词填空介词填空(2)用于肯定句时的区别1)except意为:not including除外(不包括)。We all passed the exam except Tom.除汤姆没及格外,我们都及格了。(汤姆没及格)注意注意当except用于句首时,后面往往要加上for。Except for this,everything is in good order.=Everything is in good order except this.除此之外,一切正常。2)besides意为:in addition to 除外(还有)。We have

31、lots of things in common besides music.除了音乐,我们还有很多共同点。注意注意besides在句中的位置较灵活,可放在句首,亦可放在句中;而ex-cept 多放在句中。此外,except前几乎总有all,any,every,no等。He answered all the questions except the last one.除最后一个问题没有回答外,其余所有问题他都回答了。I have a few friends besides you.除了你之外,我还有几个朋友。(3)except和other than都可接名词、代词、动名词,可以互换;但exce

32、pt后接介词短语、when从句等时,other than不可替换except。The window is never opened except in summer.除夏季外,这扇窗户从不打开。(介词短语)He has always been busy except when it is Sunday.除星期日外,他总是很忙。(when从句)(4)前面讲了besides作介词时的用法。另外,besides还可用作副词,意为“in addition;also;moreover;furthermore(而且,还有)”。I dont want to go;besides,I am too tired

33、.我不想去。再说,我太累了。This is my best suit;besides,I have two others.这是我最好的一套衣服,我另外还有两套。题组训练题组训练用用except,besides填空填空I know nothing about the young ladyexcept her name.I dont mind picking up your things from the store.Besides ,the walk does me good.2.形容词后的for与to英语中经常遇见一些形容词与介词for或to搭配。这种搭配非常灵活,现将几种常见的搭配情况简述如

34、下:(1)当形容词被副词too或enough修饰时,其后只能用for。 The shirt is too large for me.这件衬衫对我来说太大了。(2)当侧重于与别人比较,有“对而言”之意时,常用for。Chinese is very difficult for me.I cant learn it.中文对我来说太难了,我学不会。(3)当表示主观看法或感觉,有“在看来”之意时,常用to。Chinese is very difficult to me,but Ill try my best to learn it.在我看来中文很难,但是我会尽全力学习它的。These math prob

35、lems are too difficultfor me.The house is big enoughfor us two.3.with的用法with在英语中用法繁多,在中学英语中也不例外,因此成为高考热点并不稀奇。其主要用法如下:(1)表示“和在一起,和,同,跟”的意思。Mr.and Mrs.Smith were there,with their three young children.史密斯夫妇带着他们三个年幼的孩子在那儿。Would you like to go to the theatre with us?你愿意和我们一起去看戏吗?题组训练题组训练介词填空介词填空You canno

36、t see Mr.Johnson at the moment,as he is with the manager.你此刻见不到约翰逊先生,因为他和经理在一起。(2)表示两种事物之间的相应关系或齐头并进的意思。With time passing by,they have grown into big boys and big girls.随着时间的流逝,他们都长成大小伙子和大姑娘了。Temperatures vary with the time of the year.温度随着时节变化。(3)表示“带有”的意思,表伴随。 The waiter arrived with a cup of coff

37、ee.服务员端着一杯咖啡来了。(4)指原因或理由。It is very stuffy in the room,with all the windows closed.由于所有窗户都关着,屋子里非常闷。She was shivering with cold.她冷得直发抖。The small child trembled with fear.那个小孩吓得打哆嗦。题组训练题组训练介词填空介词填空With production up by 60% the company has had another excellent year.表示“不迟于(某时间)”的意思We have to reach hom

38、e by ten oclock.我们10点钟之前得到家。表示“在期间(一段指明的时间)”的意思They decided to travel by night.他们决定在夜里行进。表示触及或抓住人体或物体的某一部分He seized me by the arm.他抓住了我的胳膊。表示“由于”的意思He succeeded by hard work.他由于努力工作而成功了。表示“以的幅度,差”的意思This one is shorter than the other by three inches.这一个比另一个短三英寸。表示买卖东西所按以计算的数或量,或付酬所按以计算的时间Milk is sol

39、d by the pint,butter by the pound,and eggs by the dozen.牛奶论品脱卖,黄油论磅卖,鸡蛋论打卖。表示“按照”或“根据”的意思By my watch,the time is half past eleven.按我的表,现在是十一点半。4.by的用法题组训练题组训练翻译下列句子翻译下列句子Can you finish the work by five oclock?你能在5点钟以前完成这项工作吗? The bullet missed him by two inches.那颗子弹差两英寸就打中他了。 We sell ice creams by t

40、he thousand in summer.我们在夏天出售的冰激凌数以千计。 5.beyond的用法(1)表示“(时间)过了,比晚,迟于”。 They arrived beyond nine oclock.他们过了9点才到。 He delayed the matter beyond the fixed time.他把那件事拖过了规定的时间。(2)表示“(位置)在的那边,在以外”。The small village is 20 miles beyond the town.那个小村庄在离城镇20英里以外的地方。The village is beyond the mountain.村庄在山的那边。T

41、hese students came from beyond the seas.这些学生来自海外。(3)表示“(范围)超过,为所不及”。This book is beyond me.我看不懂这本书。He is living beyond his income.他的生活入不敷出。Good health is beyond price.健康的身体是无价之宝。Sorry,Madam.Youd better come tomorrow because itsbeyond the visiting hours.6.about,on,of题组训练题组训练介词填空介词填空about指泛泛地或非正式地谈论某事

42、,其谈论的内容也较为普通on指比较有系统地或理论性较强地论述某事,其论述的内容较正式或较严肃ofof和about语义差不多,但是在与tell,read,know,think等动词连用时,of侧重于粗略涉及,而about涉及的情况则详细得多He wrote on mathematics.他撰写数学著作。He wrote about the school.他编写有关这所学校的情况。It is a book on birds.那是一本论及鸟类的书。(可能是一本学术著作)It is a book about birds.那是一本关于鸟的书。(可能是一本供小孩看的关于鸟类的故事书)I know of h

43、im.我对他有所了解。(只是大致了解)七、常考介词短语七、常考介词短语1.介词与名词的常用搭配(1)at+n.表示状态at a loss不知所措at breakfast早餐时at peace处于和平中at rest静止,不动at sea在海上at war在战争中at work在工作(2)at+n.表示时间at Christmas在圣诞节at dusk在黄昏at dawn在黎明at daybreak在拂晓at midnight在午夜at night在夜里at noon在正午at present目前at sunrise日出时(3)以at开头组成的短语at the beginning of在的开始a

44、t the cost of以的代价at the end of在的尽头at the foot of在脚下at the mercy of在支配下;任由摆布at the price of以的价格at the risk of冒的危险at the sight of一看到就(4)on+n.表示状态on a trip/journey/tour在旅行on display陈列on duty/guard在值班/警戒中on exhibition在展出on fire着火on holiday/vacation在度假on line在工作(或运行)on sale出售,打折on show在展出on the decrease在

45、减少on the go在忙碌中on the increase在增加on the march在行进中on the way在途中on trial在受审(5)以on开头的介词短语on account of因为on behalf of代表on condition that在的条件下,如果on no account/condition/occasion决不on the basis of以为基础on the occasion of在时(6)by+n.表示方式by air/plane乘飞机by force用暴力by hand用手工by the day按天算by telegraph以电报形式by weight

46、/volume/size/number按重量/体积/大小/数量(7)in+n.表示方式in cash用现金付款in detail详细地in English用英语in ink用墨水(8)in+n.表示状态in anger生气地in battle在战斗中in bed在床上in comfort舒适地in danger处于危险中in debt负债in delight高兴地in despair绝望地in difficulty处于困难中in doubt不确定,拿不准in fear在恐惧中in high spirits情绪高昂地in need在困境中in order就绪in peace平静地,平安地in p

47、ractice在实践中in print已出版in prison在狱中in public公开地in rags穿着破烂in ruins破败不堪in secret秘密地in silence默不作声in space在太空中in surprise惊奇地in trouble在困难中in use在使用中in view看得见in wonder惊奇地(9)以in开头构成的介词短语in the face of面对in addition to除以外(还)in case of万一;如果;假如in celebration of为庆祝in charge of掌管in consequence of由于in contrast

48、 to与相比in control of管理;控制;操纵in exchange for作为交换in favor of支持,赞成in fear of害怕in front of在前面(外部)in honour of为向表示敬意in memory of为了纪念in need of需要in no case决不in no time立刻in no way决不in place of代替in possession of拥有,占有in praise of表扬in preparation for为做准备in respect of关于in response to作为回应in return作为回报in spite of

49、尽管in support of为支持in the charge of在的管理下in the direction of在方向in the front of在前面(内部)in the habit of有习惯in the hope of抱着的希望in the middle of在中间(10)of+n.表示特征(等于相应的形容词)of benefit有益处的of help有帮助的of importance重要的of interest有趣的of significance有意义的of use有用的of value有价值的(11)out of+n.表示状态out of balance失去平衡out of b

50、reath上气不接下气out of business停业,歇业out of control不受控制out of danger脱离危险out of date过期out of debt不欠债out of fashion不流行out of luck不走运out of mind发狂out of office在野out of order出故障out of patience不耐烦out of season过季out of shape走样,不成形out of sight看不到out of the question不可能out of question毫无疑问out of trouble摆脱困难out of w