2010年成考专升本英语语法(共18页).doc

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上2010年成人高考专升本英语英文时态知识点动词主要时态一般现在时1、 表示现在经常或反复发生的动作或存在的状态，常和often , always, usually ,sometimes,everyday 等时间状语连用;2、 表示主语的特征、性格、能力等;3、 表示客观事实或普遍真理;4、 表示安排或计划好的将来要发生的动作;The plane takes off at 10 am 。5、 在时间或条件状语中，表示将来的动作;When you see her just tell her that I am all right .6、 在某些文学作品的情节描写中，代替过

2、去时，表示或用于引述书刊材料;The author says that the soldiers fight for freedom not for money。一般过去时考易 网提 供用于表示过去某时发生的动作或状态，常和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday,last week,three years ago , in 1987, at the time , in July 。一般将来时主要用于表示将来发生的动作或情况在时间或条件状语中，一般不用将来时，而是用现在时代替将来时。Ill let you know the result when I finish everything。1

3、、 shall, will + 动词原型构成一般将来时;2、 am (is , are) going to + 动词原型，表示近期打算去做的事情或可能要发生的事情;3、 am (is , are) about to + 动词原型，表示即将发生的动作;4、 am (is , an) to + 动词原型，表示必须或计划要进行的动作 You are to be here by 4 pm for collecting the shipment you ordered 。过去将来时用于表示过去某一时间内，将要发生的动作或存在的状态was (were) going to +动词原型was (were) a

4、bout to +动词原型was (were) to + 动词原型 表示过去某时间内计划、打算或一定要进行的动作现在进行时go, come , stay , leave, start 的现在进行时形式可以表示将来即将发生的动作He is coming to see you tomorrow 。hate, like, love, believe, think, look, mind, have, seem, sound, smell, taste 通常不使用进行时态过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某段时间内正在进行的动作 He was making a long distance phone cal

5、l to his friend in Australia from 10 to 11 last night 。go, come , stay , leave, start 的过去进行时形式可以表示过去将要发生的动作将来进行时将来进行时用于在将来的某一段时间正在发生的动作，或按计划在未来将要进行的动作This time next week she will be working in the company .现在完成时表示从过去，但持续到现在的动作，或表示过去发生的动作，但对现在仍留有某种后果和造成影响。 He has paid his income tax。过去完成时用来表示过去某个时间或某

6、个动作之前已经完成的动作，或者表示过去某个时间开始一直延续到过去另一个时间的动作。He said that the group had written him a letter and asked him to go there for an intervier 。将来完成时用来表示在将来某时间以前已经完成的动作I am sure he will have left Tokyo by this time tomorrow 。现在完成进行时表示从过去某一个时间开始一直延续要现在的动作， 这个动作可能刚刚结束，或者可能要继续进行下去。 She has been working in Guangzh

7、ou since 1985 。过去完成进行时表示过去某个时间以前已经开始而又延续到过去这个时间的动作。 可能刚刚停止，也可能还在继续。 He told me that he had been a teacher of physics for more than twenty years 。在表示时间或条件关系的主从复合句中，遵照“主将从现”原则，主句用将来时态，从句用现在时态。一般现在时1、 表示现在经常或反复发生的动作或存在的状态，常和often , always, usually ,sometimes,everyday 等时间状语连用;2、 表示主语的特征、性格、能力等;3、 表示客观事实

8、或普遍真理;4、 表示安排或计划好的将来要发生的动作;The plane takes off at 10 am 。5、 在时间或条件状语中，表示将来的动作;When you see her just tell her that I am all right .6、 在某些文学作品的情节描写中，代替过去时，表示或用于引述书刊材料;The author says that the soldiers fight for freedom not for money。一般过去时用于表示过去某时发生的动作或状态，常和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday,last week,three years

9、ago , in 1987, at the time , in July 。一般将来时主要用于表示将来发生的动作或情况在时间或条件状语中，一般不用将来时，而是用现在时代替将来时。Ill let you know the result when I finish everything。1、 shall, will + 动词原型构成一般将来时;2、 am (is , are) going to + 动词原型，表示近期打算去做的事情或可能要发生的事情;3、 am (is , are) about to + 动词原型，表示即将发生的动作;4、 am (is , an) to + 动词原型，表示必须或计

10、划要进行的动作 You are to be here by 4 pm for collecting the shipment you ordered 。过去将来时用于表示过去某一时间内，将要发生的动作或存在的状态was (were) going to +动词原型was (were) about to +动词原型was (were) to + 动词原型 表示过去某时间内计划、打算或一定要进行的动作现在进行时go, come , stay , leave, start 的现在进行时形式可以表示将来即将发生的动作He is coming to see you tomorrow 。hate, like

11、, love, believe, think, look, mind, have, seem, sound, smell, taste 通常不使用进行时态过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某段时间内正在进行的动作 He was making a long distance phone call to his friend in Australia from 10 to 11 last night 。go, come , stay , leave, start 的过去进行时形式可以表示过去将要发生的动作将来进行时将来进行时用于在将来的某一段时间正在发生的动作，或按计划在未来将要进行的动作This ti

12、me next week she will be working in the company .现在完成时表示从过去，但持续到现在的动作，或表示过去发生的动作，但对现在仍留有某种后果和造成影响。 He has paid his income tax。过去完成时用来表示过去某个时间或某个动作之前已经完成的动作，或者表示过去某个时间开始一直延续到过去另一个时间的动作。He said that the group had written him a letter and asked him to go there for an intervier 。将来完成时用来表示在将来某时间以前已经完成的动作

13、I am sure he will have left Tokyo by this time tomorrow 。现在完成进行时表示从过去某一个时间开始一直延续要现在的动作， 这个动作可能刚刚结束，或者可能要继续进行下去。 She has been working in Guangzhou since 1985 。过去完成进行时表示过去某个时间以前已经开始而又延续到过去这个时间的动作。 可能刚刚停止，也可能还在继续。 He told me that he had been a teacher of physics for more than twenty years 。在表示时间或条件关系的主

14、从复合句中，遵照“主将从现”原则，主句用将来时态，从句用现在时态。被动语态助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词含有情态动词：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分辞短语动词 ：example takes good care taken good care虚拟语气用来表示非真实的假设，表示命令、建议或说话人的主观愿望条件从句 主句违背现在事实 过去式 should / would / could / might + 动词原形If the manager were here , he might make a decision immediately违背过去事实 had + 过去分词 should

15、/ would / could / might + have + 过去分词I could have done it better if I had been more careful违背将来事实 should + 动词原形 should / would / could / might + 动词原形were + 动词不定式( were to + 动词原形)If it should rain tomorrow , what could we do ?在下列结构的主语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气It is necessary / imperative / important / essential /

16、 advisable thatIt is proposed / desired / requested / suggested / recommended / demanded / decided / arranged that混合虚拟句 条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作，在时间上不一致，动词形式需要调整If you had taken the medicine yesterday , you would be well now。Suggest , order , ask , demand , command , request , require etc.这些动词的宾语从句用虚拟句， 在这

17、些动词后面的宾语从句中，助动词一律是should 。It is ( It was ) important ，其后的主语从句用虚拟语气，助动词用should 。It is important that we ( should ) learn computer .Wish + ( that ) 从句，通常表示不可能实现的愿望。 表示现在的动作或状态是，从句中的动词用过去时;表示过去的动作或状态时，从句中的动词用had + 过去分词。但是，从句中动词用would (might ) + 动词原形时，表示现在或将来有可能实现的愿望I wish I knew a little contract law .

18、 但愿我知道一点合同法(我不知道)I wish you would come tomorrow . 我希望你明天能来 (有可能来)As if / as thought 引导的状语从句(或表语从句)中，常用虚拟语气。如果从句表示的意思与现在事实相反，谓语动词则应使用过去式;如果从句表示的意思与过去事实相反，谓语动词则使用 had + 过去分词的形式 。基本句型主语 + 谓语动词 The two-man spaceship took off this morning 。主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语 The drilling machine is making a hole 。主语 + 连系动词 +

19、 表语 The answer is off the point 。主语 + 谓语动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语The new approach has saved us a great deal of time主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语 We like our guests to feel at home 。常用连词等立连词：and , so , not only but also , neither now , or , otherwise , either or , but , yet , still , however , while ,whereas, for常用关

20、联词主从连词 that , whether , if连接代词 who , whom , whose , what , where , which连接副词 when , where , why , how倒装句Never , Scarcely , hardly , rarely , little , nowhere , no sooner than , not only , in no case , in no way , on no accoune , at no time , under no circumstances (这些词或词组放在句首作壮语时)There be 句型和大多数的疑问句

21、都是倒装句Here , there , then , thus 等副词放在句首时，谓语动词为come , be , exist , follow 等不及物动词时，句子一般都为全部倒装 Here is a book for you . Here comes the bus .句首为 so , nor , neither 等副词时、表明前句说明的情况也适用于本句时 ，句子为倒装Richard can speak Japanese . So can his sister考易网校在虚拟语气中，非真实条件从句中的连词省略时，句子为倒装。这时，倒装到主语前的助动次 had ,should 和动词were

22、。 Had I left a little earlier , I would have missed the trainso / nor / neither + 系动词/ 助动词 / 情态动词 + 主语表示前句中谓语所说明的情况也同样适用于后句中的主语，用到装。He doesnt like music . Nor / Neither do I .在Hardly when 和 No sooner than 以及 Not until 的句型中，由于否定词或否定词组放在句首，主句部分中的主、谓要到装助动词 + 主语 + 动词原形No sooner had he got well than he l

23、eft the hospital .直接引语和间接引语John said , “ I m going to London with my father .”John said that he was going to London with his father .一般疑问句变成以if (whether ) 引导的宾语从句He said , “Have you all understood this passage ?”He asked the class if they had all understood that passage 。祈使句变为动词不定式， 作ask , tell 等动词的

24、宾语补足语。表示命令时常用 tell , order 等;表示请求时常用ask , beg 等动词，原句中的dont 应变为 not 。The manager said to the clerk , “Be polite to all the clients .”The manager told the clerk to be polite to all the clients .如主句谓语动词为各种现在时或一般将来时，间接引语中的动词仍保持直接引语的原来时态He says , “ I am very busy reading the book .”He says that he is ver

25、y busy reading the book .如主句谓语动词为过去时，间接引语中的动词应发生如下变化：一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时一般将来时过去将来时现在完成时过去完成时一般过去时过去完成时 过去完成时不变直接引语转换成间接引语时，代词一般相应变化如下：this - that last week the week beforetherse those three days ago three days beforenow then tomorrow the next daytoday that day next week the (next ) following weekth

26、is week that week here - thereyesterday the day before come go介词at 表示确切的时间点或较短暂的一段时间 at two oclockin 表示一天中的各部分时间或较长的时间 in the morning , in spring , in 1967on表示具体的某一天或某一天的上午或下午 on Sunday , on Monday afternoondurning 表示一段时间 ，强调时间的延续 durning the Summer vacationat one time 过去有段时间、从前at the same time 同时on

27、 time 按时below 表示低于 ， 温度低于多少度above 表示高于 ， 温度高于多少度几个形容词修饰一个名词的时候，排列顺序如下：好坏、美丑等 + 大小、新旧、颜色 + 质地、属性 + 名词和前缀a- 组成的形容词只能做表语而不能做定语， afraid , alive , alike ,alone , ashamed , asleep , awake etc.非谓语动词forget to do something 忘了而没有做某事forget doing something 忘了已做过某事remember to do something 记住了要去做某事remember doing

28、something 记得已经做过的事情stop to do something 停下正做的事情去做别的事情stop doing something 停下手中正在做的事go on to do something 接下来做另一件事情go on doing something 继续做一直在做的事情动词need , want , require 和形容词 worth 后，可接动名词的主动形式来表示被动的意义现在分词的被动式与及物动词的过去分词都表示被动：前者表示被修饰的名词正在承受的行为 The problem being discussed is important后者表示承受过了的行为 The p

29、roblem discussed yesterday was important .情态动词must + have + 过去分词，表示对过去的某事做出肯定性的判断;must + 动词原形 ，表示对现在的某事作出肯定性的判断。Need not + have +过去分词 表示过去做了本没有必要做的事情主谓一致 (语法一致、意义一致、就近)谓语动词用单数：不定式、动名词或名词性结构从句作主语时;事件、国名、机构名称、作品名称作主语时;one , every , everyone , everybody , each , one of , many a , either , neither , no

30、one , nobody , anybody ,some body 做主语或修饰主语时;表示时间、距离、金钱、体积、数字等词语作主语表示总量时;a person of , a series of , a kind of 等表示一个、一种、一系列等词组用来修饰主语时;集体名次作主语表示一个整体概念时。谓语动词用复数both , few , many , several 等词语作主语或修饰主语时;(some 不一定)形容词前加定冠词用于泛指一类时;cattle , people , police , clothes 等名词作主语时;由and 连接两个主语时;a number of 修饰主语时。定语

31、从句I. 定义：定语是修饰名词或代词的成分,定语可由单词、短语来充当。当用一个句子来充当名词或代词的修饰语时，这种起定语作用的句子就被称为定语从句。They have a clever son.Do you know the man over there?I know the man who wrote the book.II. 要点：1. 定语从句的前面都有先行词(被修饰语)This is the boy whom we are looking for2. 定语从句应紧跟在先行词之后3. 先行词与定语从句之间要有关系词(有时可省略)4. 关系词在定语从句中充当某一成分The girl who

32、 is standing under the tree is my sister.The man whom you want to see has come.III. 关系词基本用法主格宾格所有格人whowhomwhose物whichwhichof which但that 一般可用来代替who, whom, which,作宾格时可省略Do you remember the teacher that/who taught us English?A bookstore is a store that/which sells books.The man (that/whom/who) you know

33、 is a famous professor.A) that 不能用来替代who, whom, which的两种情况1)“介词+whom/which”的结构中，不能用thatShe is a good student from whom we should learn.2) 在非限制性定语从句中，逗号后面不能用thatShe sang a new song, which we like very much.注意：非限制性定语从句的关系代词不能省略 考易网/提供B) 用that不用which的一些特殊情况1) 先行词为all, much, little, something, anything,

34、 everything, nothing等Is there anything (that) I can do for you?2) 先行词前有形容词最高级修饰This is the most exciting report that I have ever read.3) 先行词前有first, last, next, only, very, all, any等词修饰The first step (that) we are to take is very difficult.4) 先行词同时含有“人”和“非人”时，用that 不用which，也不用who/whomHe talked about

35、 the people and the books that interested him.C) 关系副词when, where, why用关系副词when时，它的先行词是表示时间的名词，用where时先行词是表示地点的名词，而用why时它的先行词只可能是reason，使用时应注意以下几点：1) 关系代词的选择主要是看先行词在从句中所作的成分This is the city where I was born.This is the city (which/that) he has visitedI dont know the reason why she is late.That is the

36、 reason (which/that) everybody knowsDo you still remember the day when he arrived?Do you still remember the day (that/which) we spent together?2) 关系副词when,where, why可由“介词+which”的结构来替代Is this the reason for which they came?He left the day on which I came.注意：how 不能用来引导定语从句This is the way how he did it

37、.D) As 作关系代词的用法与the same, such连用This is the same book as I read last week.Such books as I have read are classical works.定语从句练习：1. The book _ is yellow was given to me by Mr. Li.A) its cover C) whose coverB) its cover D) the cover of that2. Who was the grey-haired old woman _ at yesterdays meeting?A)

38、 we saw her C) we sawB) we saw whom D) she was seen3. He makes good use of the time _ he can spare.A) when C) thatB) in that D) in which4. I dont know the room _A) where our headmaster lives inB) our headmaster lives inC) in that our headmaster livesD) in which does our headmaster live5. This is the

39、 least interesting book _A) which I have ever read C) what I have ever readB) I have ever read D) which I have ever read6. You must do everything _ I have told you to.A) which B) that C) when D) how7. Has all _ can be done _?A) what/done C) that/been doneB) that/be done D) what/ already done8. Oct.

40、1, 1949 is the day _ even a small child can well remember.A) when B) that C) what D) why9. That was the room _ they pretended to be working hard.A) which B) in that C) in which D) that10. This is the reason _ I love to read the story.A) Why B) because C) when D) since11. She had three sons, all _ be

41、came doctors.A) of which B) which C) of whom D) who12. Have you bought the same dictionary _ I referred to yesterday?A) that B) which C) what D) as13. The doctor _ stepped in.A) Della was waiting for himB) whom Della was waitingC) Della was waiting forD) who Della was waiting14. I want to buy such a

42、 dictionary _ you bought last week.A) that B) what C) like D) as15. This is the TV station _ we visited last year.A) Where B) that C) to which D) in which16. Do you still remember the days _ we spent together in Australia?A) when B) during which C) which D) on which17. Have you ever asked him the re

43、ason _ may explain his absence?A) why B) when C) that D) what18. Mary is good at English and mathematics, _ we all know very well in our school.A) that B) what C) / D) as19. Lets go and visit Mr. Brown, _ you know visited us last year.A) that B) who C) whom D) whose20. She is pleased with _ you have given her and _ you ha