江苏省泰州市姜堰2018年中考英语考前必背知识点学案(共11页).docx
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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上江苏省泰州市姜堰四中2018年中考英语考前必背知识点1、区别可数/不可数名词可数名词的单数形式前可加 “a或an”;有复数形式,前面可加基数词(one, two.)。不可数名词前面不能用a/an及基数词,没有复数形式。只有复数形式的名词 trousers, clothes, glasses, shorts, jeans, people(人们)由man 和woman在前面构成的合成词变复数时,每个名词都要变复数a man doctor two men doctors, a woman teacher-several women teachers常见不可数名词:water
2、 水, information 信息, news 新闻, mutton羊肉, beef牛肉, salad沙拉, work 工作, housework 家务, homework 家庭作业, juice 果汁, ice cream冰淇淋, tea茶, rice米饭, bread面包, milk 牛奶, money 钱, meat 肉, space 空间, advice 建议, traffic 交通, energy 能量,fun 有趣 乐趣,health 健康,sand 沙子,metal 金属, weather天气, furniture 家具, population人口,coke 可乐,honey
3、蜂蜜, chocolate 巧克力,salt 盐, peace 和平,trouble 麻烦,gold 黄金,culture 文化,rubbish 垃圾smoke 烟雾,freedom 自由,importance 重要性,practice 练习,wine 酒,society 社会,porridge 粥,silence 沉默,heat热,medicine 药, stone 石头, development 发展,illness疾病兼类词 (前为不可数后为可数)paper 纸 / 报纸、试卷, experience经验 / 经历, room空间 / 房间;pleasure快乐 / 快乐的事,chick
4、en鸡肉 / 鸡(动物), fish鱼肉 / 鱼glass玻璃 / 玻璃杯(glasses眼镜),change 零钱 / 变化, life 生活 / 生命、一生 time时间/ 次数 、的一段时光(a good/ great/hard.time),exercise 锻炼 / 练习(math exercises)、操(morning/eye exercises)有些抽象名词表示 “一份一顿一阵一场等”时,可转化为可数名词.如: three coffees (三份咖啡) a good supper a heavy rainsnow a strong wind hair 毛发、头发(总称时为不可数/
5、 指一根或多根头发、毛发为可数) food食物 (表示特定类别时为可数helpful foods)fruit水果 (表示个别水果或种类为可数 peel a fruit)death(表抽象意义的“死”为不可数名词,表示具体的死亡人数等,则为可数名词)2、冠词与以下各词不能连用:this, that, these, those; my, your. Merrys, my friends; some, any, no, every, each, either, neither, enough等 3、复合不定代词用法( something, somebody, someone, anything, a
6、nybody, anyone, nothing, nobody, no one, everything, everybody, everyone )(1) 含-one和-body等指人的复合代词可有-s属格形式。如:Everybodys business is nobodys business.大家的事情没人管。Is this anybodys seat? 这儿有人坐吗?(2) 含-one和-body等指人的复合代词后跟else时,-s属格应加在else之后。 Can you remember someone elses name? 你还记得其他人的姓名吗?(3) 复合不定代词通常被看成是单数
7、第三人称。作主语时,其后的谓语动词用单数形式。Is everyone here today? (4)复合不定代词的定语必须后置,即放在复合不定代词的后面。如:Can you tell something interesting? 你能讲些有趣的事情吗?(5)(此用法同some, any ) something,someone,somebody通常用于肯定句中,而anything,anyone,anybody一般用于否定句,疑问句或条件状语从句中。在表示请求、邀请、提建议等带有委婉语气的疑问句,和希望得到对方肯定答复的疑问句,以及表示反问的问句中,也用something,someone,some
8、body等复合不定代词。如:Would you like something to eat?要些吃的东西吗?当anything表示“任何事(物),无论何事(物)”,anyone,anybody表示“无论谁,任何人”等意义时,它们也可以用于肯定句中。如:Anybody knows the answer. 任何人都知道答案。(6)“not every-”表示的是部分否定,意为“并非都,不都”。例如:Not everything will go well. 并非一切都会那么顺利。“not any-”和no-均表示全否定。例如:He listened, but heard nothing.他听了听,但
9、什么也没听到。= He listened, but didnt hear anything.(7)someone,anyone,everyone, no one都只能指人,且不和介词of连用;some one,any one,every one, none则既可指人又可指物,可与介词of连用。例如:Anyone should be polite to every one of them.-Which toy would you like? -Any one is OK.4、“几点过几分 ”,30分钟”用介词past。 7:15 fifteen (a quarter)past seven 7:3
10、0 half past seven。 “差几分几点”用介词“to”。7:40 twenty to eight;7:45 fifteen(a quarter) to eight。 5、分数修饰名词作主语的时候,谓语动词的单复数要看那个名词,如果是不可数名词,则谓语动词用单数,如1/3的水:One-third of the water in this river is polluted. 这条河里面的水,三分之一都被污染了。 如果后面是复数名词或者复数名词,则用复数:One-third of the students are girls. 这些学生中三分之一是女生。 6、基数词单数名词(形容词)构
11、成合成形容词。a five-year-old boy, an 800-metre-long bridge, ten-minute walk7、名词作定语的基本原则名词作定语原则上用单数,不用复数。如:a fruit shop, tomato noodles有些只有复数形式的名词,则用复数作定语: clothes shop 服装店个别有单复数区别的词也习惯上用复数作定语sports shoes8、英语中的表达跟汉语不同,表示因果关系、转折关系的because和so,although (though)和but 不能连用9、形容词、副词用法大多数以a开头的形容词只能作表语,这类形容词没有级的变化,也
12、不可用程度副词修饰。 well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake (错)He is an ill man. (对)The man is ill.(错)She is an afraid girl.(对)The girl is afraid.副词very 可以修饰形容词、副词,但不能修饰动词。(错)I very like English. (对)I like English very much.副词enough要放在形容词、副词的后面,enough放在名词前后都可。 I dont know him well enough.
13、 There is enough food for everyone to eat.可修饰比较级的词a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等10、情态动词用法 情态动词一般疑问句的回答(1) May I.?-Yes, you may/can. 或者 Sure, go ahead. -No, you cant/mustnt. 或者No, please dont.(2) -Could I.? -Yes , you can/go ahead.-No, y
14、ou cant /please dont. / Youd better not (3) -Must I.? -Yes, you must. -No, you neednt/dont have to. (4) -Need I.?-Yes, you must. /Yes, please (do) -No, you neednt/ dont have to.(5) Could / Would you please.? -Yes, of course. /Yes, with pleasure. / Yes, no problem / Yes, Im glad to. / Certainly. / Su
15、re./ Ok-No, I cant./ Sorry, but.(6) -Would you mind.?“不介意”或“同意”时,常用否定形式。如: No, of course not. / No, certainly not. / No, not at all. / No, go ahead. No, please. / No, I dont mind. / No, do it please. / Not in the least. 等。 “介意”或“不同意”时,则常用较委婉的方式加以拒绝。如: Im sorry but I do. / Sorry, youd better not. / I
16、m afraid you cant. / Im sorry, but its not allowed . (7) Would you like to.?Yes, please. / Yes, Id like/ love to.No. thanks.11、系动词用法表示人体感官sound,taste,look,feel,smell等,后面接形容词;表示变化系动词become,get,go,turn,后面接形容词、名词;表示主语继续或保持含义系动词continue,keep, stay等,后面接表示状态的形容词;表示判断的系动词seem和appear,后面接形容词、to be+名词或形容词、tha
17、t-clause、不定式等。12、及物动词和不及物动词的区别后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词,叫做及物动词(transitive verb)。有的动词必须接一个宾语,有的必须接两个宾语。如:Hes reading a magazine.本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词,叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb)。如: It happened in June 1932. 如果想接宾语,动词后面必须加上介词:错: He is looking me. 对: He is looking at me.注意:不及物动词没有被动语态。13、动词+副词 构成的短语 (代词作宾语只可以放在词组的
18、中间)give away, take away, put away, turn off, break off, put off, take off, make up, use up, look up, end up, give up, open up, pick up, cut up, call up, wake up, fix up, cheer up, put on, turn on, take out, keep out, clean up, give out, hand out, let down, turn down, keep down, pull down,14、各种时态连用时间
19、状语及其构成:一般现在时 (1)be在一般现在时中根据主语用am / is / are的形式,注意不可与行为动词连用。(2)含行为动词的句子单三主语+动词的单数第三人称+其他 单三主语+doesnt+动词原形+其他 Does+单三+其他非单三主语+动词原形+其他 非单三主语+dont+动词原形+其他 Do+非单三主语+动词原形+其他 连用时间状语sometimes, usually, never, always, often; every day / week / month / year / . ; on Sunday (s) / Monday (s) /. ; at seven forty
20、; in the morning / afternoon / evening; now; today等等。一般过去式(1)be动词在一般过去时中根据主语用was/ were,注意不可与行为动词连用。(2)含行为动词的句子主语+动词过去式+其他 Did+主语+动词原形+其他 主语+didnt+动词原形+其他连用时间状语yesterday, the day before yesterday, in 1989, at the age of 5, one day, long ago, once upon a time, yesterday morning (afternoon, evening ),
21、just now (刚才), before (以前) , then (at that time )(当时) , last +时间 (如 last week, month, year, Monday, January, spring, , etc. ), that +时间 (如 that day, afternoon, summer, , etc. ), 时间段 + ago (如 a few minutes ago, two weeks ago , years ago, etc.)现在进行时主语+am / is/ are +动词ing形式+其他now, at the moment; 另外,以Lo
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