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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上Literature terms1Epic : a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.（史诗） 2Romance:

2、It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero.（传奇文学） 3Heroic Couplet: the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. (英雄双韵体)4Iambic Pentameter: is the most common English meter, in which each foot contains an unaccented syllable and a

3、n accented syllable. (五音步抑扬格)meter 格律 foot音步5ballad: is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.（歌谣）6Sonnet: It is a lyric poem of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme.（十四行诗） 7Blank verse: is a type of poetry,

4、distinguished by having a regular meter, but no rhyme.（无韵诗）8Soliloquy: an utterance or discourse by a person who is talking to himself/ herself or is disregardful of or oblivious to any hearers present (often used as a device in a drama to disclose a characters innermost thoughts); 2. the act of tal

5、king while or as if alone(独白)9Classicism: Aesthetic attitudes and principles manifested in the art, architecture, and literature of ancient Greece and Rome and characterized by emphasis on form, simplicity, proportion, and restraint. Classicism was popular in Europe in the 18th century.（古典主义）10Neo-c

6、lassicism: neo-classicism imitated the characteristics of Roman writers, including Horace, Virgil, Cicero, etc., in the days of Augustus. They tried to make English literature conform to rules and principles established by the great Roman and Greek classical writers. In writing plays, they used rhym

7、e and couplet instead of blank verse, observed the trinity - the unity of time, place and action.（新古典主义）11An epistolary novel is a novel written as a series of documents. The usual form is letters, although diary entries, newspaper clippings and other documents are sometimes used.（书信体小说）12Sentimenta

8、lism is one of the important trends in English literature of the middle and later decades of the 18th century. It justly criticized the cruelty of the capitalist relations and the gross social injustices brought about by the bourgeoisrevolutions. It embraces a pessimistic outlook and blames reason a

9、nd the Industrial Revolution, marked by a sincere sympathy for the poverty-stricken ,expropriated peasants.(感伤主义)Romanticism: Romanticism is a literary trend. It prevails in England during the period 1798-1832. romanticists expressed the ideology and sentiment of those classes and social strata who

10、were discontent with and opposed to the development of capitalism. They split into two groups because of the different attitudes toward the capitalist society.（浪漫主义）Ode is a lyric poem of some length that honors an individual, a thing, a trait dealing with a lofty theme in a dignified manner. The fo

11、rm dates back to classical times and is originally intended to be sung at festivals or in plays. Brief Outline of British Literature：works1. Early and Medieval English Literature1) The Anglo-Saxon Period (449-1066) National epic: The Song of Beowulf 2) The Anglo-Norman Period (1066-1350) Arthurian R

12、omance: Sir Gawain and Green Knight 3) Geoffrey Chaucer1340-1400：Messenger of Humanism The first important realistic writer “Father” of English poetry The Canterbury Tales the wife of Bath（巴斯夫人）, the Knight（骑士）, the Pardoner（卖赎罪卷者）, the Nuns Priest（尼姑的教士）, the Prologue（序诗）.The Romaunt of the Rose 玫瑰

13、传奇The Book of the Duchess 悼公爵夫人 Troilus and Criseyde 特罗伊洛斯和克瑞西德Thomas MaloryMorte dArthur (Death of Arthur)亚瑟之死William LanglandPiers the Plowman Boccaccio薄伽丘：Decameron十日谈 Ovid奥维德: 爱的艺术变形记2. The English Renaissance (16 century) Thomas More Utopia Christopher Marlowe克里斯托弗马洛First person used blank vers

14、e Death of Arthur 亚瑟之死Tamburlaine the Great 帖木儿大帝The Jew of Malta 马尔他岛的犹太人 The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus浮士德博士的悲剧 Hero and Leander海洛和利安得The Passionate Shepherd to His Love牧羊人的恋歌William Shakespeareone of the founders of realism in world literature as well as in English literatureVenus and Ado

15、nis维纳斯与安东尼斯The Rape of Lucrece鲁克里斯受辱记Four tragedies： Hamlet哈姆雷特Othello 奥塞罗King Lear 李尔王 Macbeth麦克白Four comedies：A Midsummer Nights Dream 仲夏夜之梦The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人As You Like It皆大欢喜Twelfth Night 第十二夜Ben Jonson本琼森first poet- laureate after Shakespeare the most eminent writer for the Elizabethan

16、 stagethe greatest dramatist after Shakespearethe founder of the so-called “Comedy of Humors”, Every Man in His Humor人人高兴Every Man Out of His Humor人人扫兴Volpone the Fox狐狸The Alchemist 炼金术士 Sir Thomas Wyatt托马斯怀亚特Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey 亨利霍华德萨里伯爵Sir Philip Sidney 西德尼Astrophel and Stella爱星者和星星Arcadi

17、a阿卡狄亚The Defence of Poetry诗辩Edmund Spenser埃德蒙斯宾塞the Poets poet , a model of poetical artgreatest non-dramatic poet of his timefirst master of English verseThe Shepherds Calendar 牧人月历Amoretti 爱情小诗The Fairy Queen仙后Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯 培根The father of experimental philosophyThe most important prose write

18、r of the Elizabethan Age the first English essayistthe founder of English materialist philosophy.The Advancement of Learning学术的进展The Novum Organum (The New Instrument) 新工具The New Atlantis新大西岛The Essays 散文集(Of Studies)3. The Period of The English Bourgeois Revolution (17 century) John Milton约翰弥尔顿the

19、smartest man in Europe a master of the blank verseParadise Lost失乐园 Paradise Regained复乐园 Samson Agonistes力士参孙Lycidas 利西达斯Comus科玛斯a masque假面剧John Bunyan约翰班扬Pilgrims Progress 天路历程 Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinner功德无量The Life and Death of Mr. Badman恶人先生的生平和死亡贝德曼先生的一生The Holy War神圣战争John Donne约翰邓恩F

20、ounder of Metaphysical poetry选学派诗人Songs and Sonnets歌与短歌Holy sonnet圣十四行诗Divine poem神圣诗歌Elegies and Satire挽歌与讽刺诗Meditations冥想/ 沉思4. The Age of Enlightenment (18 century) Alexander Pope亚历山大蒲柏Essay on Criticism论批评The Rape of the Lock夺发记Joseph Addison约瑟夫艾狄生andRichard Steel理查德斯蒂尔The Tatler and The Spectat

21、orDaniel Defoe丹尼尔笛福18世纪启蒙时期小说的奠基人Robinson CrusoeCaptain Singleton辛格顿船长Colonel Jacque杰克上校Moll Flanders茉尔弗兰德丝A Journal of the Plague Year瘟疫记事Jonathan Swift乔纳森斯威夫特One of the greatest masters of English prosea master satirist Gullivers TravelsA Tale of a Tub 一个木桶的故事The Battle of Books书的战争The Drapiers Le

22、tters一个麻布商的书信A Modest Proposal一个小小的建议 Samuel Richardson 塞谬尔理查逊Pamela 帕美勒 Clarissa: Or the History of a Young Lady克拉丽莎The History of Sir Charles Grandison 查尔斯葛兰底森爵士传Henry Fielding亨利菲尔丁最早的现实主义小说理论家现实主义小说奠基人Tom Jones汤姆琼斯Don Quixote in England唐吉诃德在英国Pasqin 巴斯昆 The Historical Register for the Year 1736 一

23、七三六年历史记事The Tragedy of Tragedies or The Life and Death of Tom Thumb the Great悲剧的悲剧：或伟人汤姆传Joseph Andrews约瑟夫安德鲁斯的经历Jonathan Wild the Great大伟人乔纳森魏尔德Amelia阿米丽亚Samuel Johnson塞缪尔约翰逊As Lexicographer or The Dictionary of the English Language英语词典 Oliver Goldsmith戈德史密斯Ano velist and poet belongs to the school

24、 of Sentimentalism She Stoops to Conquer屈伸求爱 The Vicar of Wakefield 威克菲尔德牧师传The Traveler and The Deserted Village The Citizen of the World世界公民 Richard Brinsley Sheridan 谢里丹 The School for Scandal 造谣学校Comedy of Manners风尚喜剧 Thomas Gray 格雷- sentimentalismOn the Death of a Favorite Cat 爱猫之死Elegy Written

25、 in a Country Churchyard 墓园挽歌 The Progress of Poetry 诗的发展The Correspondence of Thomas Gray格雷书信集 William Blake威廉 布莱克Tiger 老虎Songs of Innocence天真之歌Songs of Experience经验之歌The Marriage of Heaven and Hell天堂与地狱的婚姻Robert Burns-罗伯特 彭斯- pre-romanticismthe most famous poets of the peasants in the worldA red r

26、ed rose 我的爱人像朵红红的玫瑰 5. Romanticism in England (19 century) Poetry William Wordsworth华兹华斯The prelude序曲Lyrical Ballads 抒情歌谣集I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud我好似一朵流云独自漫步To the 咏水仙S. T. Coleridge柯林律治The Rime of the Ancient Mariner古舟子咏古水手谣Kubla khan 忽必烈汗 George Gordon Byron乔治 戈登 拜伦One of the most excellent re

27、presentatives of English Romanticismone of the most influential poets of the timeHours of Idleness 闲暇时刻Child Harolds Pilgrimage 恰尔德哈罗德游记.Don Juan唐璜She Walks in Beauty Percy Bysshe Shelley雪莱Prometheus Unbound 解放了的普罗米修斯Queen Mab 仙后麦布Address to the Irish People告爱尔兰人书The Revolt of Islam 伊斯兰的反叛 The Masqu

28、e of Anarchy暴政的行列The Cenci钦契一家A Defence of Poetry 诗辩The Necessity of Atheism无神论的必要性Ode to the West Wind10. To a Skylark致云雀John Keats济慈Lamia莱米亚Endymion恩底弥翁On First Looking into Chapmans Homer初读查普曼译荷马史诗Isaabella 伊莎贝拉The Eve of St. Agnes圣爱格尼斯节前夕Hyperion赫坡里昂On a Grecian Urn 希腊古瓮颂To Autumn秋颂On Melancholy

29、忧郁颂To a Nightingale 夜莺颂Prose fiction Walter Scott司各特the first novelist to recreate the pastWaverleyOld MoralityRob RoyThe Heart of MidlothianIvanhoe艾凡赫Rob Roy Novel Jane Austen 简奥斯丁Northanger Abbey诺桑觉寺 Sense and Sensibility理智与情感 Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见Mansfield Park曼斯菲尔德花园 Emma爱玛Persuasion 劝告 Roman

30、tic essay Charles Lamb查尔斯兰姆Tales from Shakespeare莎士比亚戏剧故事集Album VersesEssays of Elia伊利亚随笔 William Hazlitt威廉赫列特Thomas De Quincey托马斯德昆西6. The Victorian Age - Critical Realism in England (19 century) Novel Charles Dickens查尔斯狄更斯Oliver Twist雾都孤儿The Old Curiocity Shop老古玩店The Pickwick Papers匹克威克外传 fill in

31、the BlanksBeowulf is a folk legend brought to England by the Anglo-Saxons from their primitive Northern Europe.Beowulf was passed down from mouth to mouth.Beowulf was written down in the 10th century.Humanism refers to the literary culture in the Renaissance. Humanism became the central theme of Eng

32、lish Renaissance. Thomas More and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanistsHumanism is the idea that man has a potential for culture which distinguishes him from lower orders of beings, and which he should strive constantly to fulfill. The Renaissance is actually a mo

33、vement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture, the new discoveries in geography and astrology, the religious reformation and the economic expansion.Early Plays in Middle Ages include The Miracle Play奇迹剧 The Morality Play道德剧The Interlud

34、幕间休息剧 The Classical Drama古典剧The immediate predecessors of Shakespeare were a group of men from the two universities of Oxford and Cambridge, who were generally known as the University WitsThe key-note of Hamlets character is melancholy，and there can be no Hamlet without melancholyHamlet is a hero of

35、 the RenaissanceHamlets learning , wisdom, noble nature, limitation and tragedy are all representative of the humanists at the turn of the 17th and the 16th centuries.Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms: the song, the sonnet, the couplet, and the dramatic blank verse;He was a great master o

36、f English language;He was the summit of the English Renaissance and one of the great writers all over the world. Adam and Eve embody Miltons belief in the powers of man, craving (longing) for knowledge.Satan is a rebel against tyranny and Satan and his followers resemble a republican ParliamentEngli

37、sh enlighteners believed in the power of reason. That is why the 18th century has often been called “the age of reason” or “the kingdom of reason”.Most of the enlighteners believed that social problems could be solved by human intelligence.this period was characterized by the so-called neo-classicis

38、m of which the leading figure was Alexander Pope. The representative of Periodical Literature in Early 18th Century England: Addison and SteeleThe best part of Robinson Crusoe is the realistic account of the successful struggle of Robinson alone against the pitiless forces of nature on the island.A

39、social fable consists of four books. The hero of the novel is Lemuel Gulliver, a doctor. telling about his fantastic visits to some unbelievable places, in which the inhabitants are , the giants , , and The features of the Romantic writings a dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society.Romantic writi

40、ngs are filled with strong-willed heroes or even titanic images, formidable events and tragic situations, powerful conflicting passions and exotic picturesThe romanticists paid great attention to the spiritual and emotional life of manPersonified nature plays an important role in the pages of Romant

41、ic writingsThe publication of the “Lyrical Ballads” marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th century contains four six-lined stanzas of iambic tetrameter.The poem is about The beauty of natureQuestion1What is Literature？Literature refers to the practice and profession of

42、 writing. It comes from human interest in telling a story, in arranging words in artistic forms, in describing in words some aspects of human experiences. 2What is Renaissance? 1. Definition The Renaissance (14th mid-17th century), which means rebirth and revival. The renaissance, therefore, in esse

43、nce, is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars tried to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Ca

44、tholic Church(罗马天主教堂). It is characterized with the growth of a more scientific outlook, major development in art and literature, new invention and overseas discoveries and a general assertion of human value and emancipation(解放) of the human intellect and power.3Summarize the periods of Shakespeares

45、 literary career and achievements？Shakespeares Literary Careern Four successive periods with increasing maturityu 1588-1593, the Period of Experiment and Preparationl Richard III, a melodramatic chronicle-history play, largely imitative of Marlowe and yet showing striking powerl At the end of this p

46、eriod Shakespeare issued two rather long narrative poems on classical subjects, Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucreceu 1594-1601, the second period Shakespeares work, filled with chronicle-history plays and comediesl Richard II, Henry IV, Henry V, etc.l Midsummer Nights Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado about Nothing, As You Like Itl Romeo and Julietu 1601-1609, the third period of Shakesp