2013考研英语真题英语一阅读部分(共10页).doc

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesnt affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistants sweater descended over the years from fashi

2、on shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldnt be more out of date or at odds with the feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Clines three-year indictment of “fast fashion”.

3、In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. These labels encourage style-c

4、onscious consumers to see clothes as disposablemeant to last only a wash or two, although they dont advertise thatand to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed

5、 to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harm

6、ful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion worlds answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollans The Omnivores Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments

7、a yearabout 64 items per personand no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothesand beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, i

8、t took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example cant be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environmentincluding H&M, with its green Conscious Collection lineCline believes lasting change can only be effected by the cust

9、omer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they cant afford not to.21.Priestly criticizes her assistant for her _.A poor bargaining skillB insensitivity to fashion

10、C obsession with high fashionD lack of imagination22.According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to _.A combat unnecessary wasteB shut out the feverish fashion worldC resist the influence of advertisementsD shop for their garments more frequently23.The word “indictment” (Line 2，Para. 2) is

11、 closest in meaning to _.A accusationB enthusiasmC indifferenceD tolerance24.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?A Vanity has more often been found in idealists.B The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.C People are more interested in unaffordable garments.D Prici

12、ng is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25.What is the subject of the text?A Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.B Challenge to a high-fashion myth.C Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.D Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wa

13、stedthe trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioral” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated t

14、he value to advertisers of such fine-grained information：Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioral ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 Americas Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a “do not track”(DNT) option to internet br

15、owsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed. Microsofts Internet Explorer and Apples Safari both offer DNT; Googles Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and the Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on r

16、esponding to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft set off the row. It said that Internet Explorer 10，the version due to appear with Windows 8，would have DNT as a default.Advertisers are horrified. Human nature being what it is, most people stick with default settings. Few switch DNT on now, but if tra

17、cking is off it will stay off. Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences. People will not get fewer ads, he says. “Theyll get less meaningful, less targeted ads.”It

18、is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioral ads or whether they are sticking with Microsofts default, some may ignore a DNT sig

19、nal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising, it has chosen an indirect method

20、：There is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for Windows 8though the firm has compared some of its other products favorably with Googles on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsofts chief privacy officer, blogged：“We believe co

21、nsumers should have more control.” Could it really be that simple?26.It is suggested in Paragraph 1 that “behavioral” ads help advertisers to _.A ease competition among themselvesB lower their operational costsC avoid complaints from consumersD provide better online services27.“the industry” (Line 4

22、，Para. 3) refers to _.A online advertisersB e-commerce conductorsC digital information analystsD internet browser developers28.Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default _.A may cut the number of junk adsB fails to affect the ad industryC will not benefit consumersD goes against human nature29.

23、Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 6?A DNT may not serve its intended purpose.B Advertisers are willing to implement DNT.C DNT is losing its popularity among consumers.D Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioral ads.30.The authors attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his

24、blog is one of _.A indulgenceB understandingC appreciationD skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largelythough by no means uniformlyglowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity fo

25、r all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. Th

26、e fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of yearsso why shouldnt we? Take a broader look at our species place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years. Look up Homo sapiens in the “Re

27、d List” of threatened species of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN)，and you will read:“Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.”So what doe

28、s our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a mechanical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Perhaps willfully, it may be e

29、asier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of todays technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and its perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can env

30、isage. Thats one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future：we have now identified enough of the long-term patte

31、rns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy.

32、But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31.Our vision of the future used to be inspired by _.A our desire for lives of fulfillmentB our faith in science and technologyC our awareness of p

33、otential risksD our belief in equal opportunity32.The IUCNs “Red List” suggests that human being are _.A a sustained speciesB a threat to the environmentC the worlds dominant powerD a misplaced race33.Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?A Arc helps limit the scope of futurologica

34、l studies.B Technology offers solutions to social problem.C The interest in science fiction is on the rise.D Our immediate future is hard to conceive.34.To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to _.A explore our planets abundant resourcesB adopt an optimistic view of the worldC draw on our ex

35、perience from the pastD curb our ambition to reshape history35.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A Uncertainty about Our FutureB Evolution of the Human SpeciesC The Ever-bright Prospects of MankindD Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme

36、Court knocked out much of Arizonas immigration law Mondaya modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administrations effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the stat

37、es.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizonas controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalizati

38、on” and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Courts liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal

39、sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the Congress had deliberately “occupied the field”，and Arizona had thus intruded on the federals privileged powers.However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enf

40、orcement. Thats because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting JusticeSamuel Alito and Clarence Thomasagreed with this Constitutional log

41、ic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice

42、Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power”. The White House argued that Arizonas laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invali

43、date any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It neve

44、r did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didnt want to carry out Congresss immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36.Three provisions of Arizonas plan were overturned because they _.A deprived

45、the federal police of Constitutional powersB disturbed the power balance between different statesC overstepped the authority of federal immigration lawD contradicted both the federal and state policies37.On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph 4?A Federal officers du

46、ty to withhold immigrants information.B States independence from federal immigration law.C States legitimate role in immigration enforcement.D Congresss intervention in immigration enforcement.38.It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts _.A violated the ConstitutionB unde

47、rmined the states interestsC supported the federal statuteD stood in favor of the states39.The White House claims that its power of enforcement _.A outweighs that held by the statesB is dependent on the states supportC is established by federal statutesD rarely goes against state laws40.What can be learned from the last paragraph?A Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.B Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.C Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.D The Ad