英语教案-句子成分(共27页).doc

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上教学重点句子成分分析教学难点句子成分分析教学过程教师活动10大词类： 实词：名词、形容词、代词、数词、动词、副词。虚词：介词、连词、感叹词、冠词。 1、 名词(n.)： 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.2、代词(pron.)： 主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it .3、形容词(adj.)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)： 表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, fi

2、rst, second, third, fourth.5、动词(v.)： 表示动作或状态。如：am, is, are, have, see .6、副词(adv.)： 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly.7、冠词(art.)：用在名词前，帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the.8、介词(prep.)： 表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind.9、连词(conj.)： 用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before .10、感

3、叹词(interj.)：表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello.【2010江苏镇江】四、 词汇运用（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）A）根据句意，用括号中所给单词的正确形式填空，每空一词。36. So far, I havent made a (decide) about where to go for the coming summer holidays.37. This year it has rained so (heavy) in South China that lots of problems are caused.38. When we walk

4、ed past the playground yesterday, we found him (lie) on the grass, enjoying the sunset.39. Jack is busy preparing for a party to celebrate his sisters (twelve) birthday. He wants to give her a big surprise.40. On April 14th, an earthquake hit Yushu and destroyed its (beautiful) completely.Its a grea

5、t pity.B) 根据句义，用括号内所给词的适当形式填空。91. The old should be spoken to _(polite).92. My family lives in the _(center) park of the city.93. He is too _(care) to pass the final exam.94. Poetry is a beautiful way to express _(think) and feelings.C) 用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空。96. Betty is often seen _ (help) the old man wi

6、th his housework.97. He prefers _ (take) part in the public activities rather than stay at home alone.98. They _ (agree) with each other, so they argued for a long time.99. Animals are our friends, so _ (protect) them is our duty.【2011山东泰安】（二）综合填空（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）根据短文内容，用方框中所给词语的适当形式填空，使文章通顺、完整。（每

7、词限用一次）first, use, be, another, buy, open, whenever, talk, but also, touch “Thank you” is widely (76) in a modern society. It is a very good manner. You should say “Thank you” (77) others help you or say something kind to you. For example: when someone (78) the door for you, when someone says you hav

8、e done your work well, when someone says you have (79) a nice shirt, or your city (80) very beautiful, you should say “Thank you”. “Thank you” is used not only between friends, (81) between parents and children, brothers and sisters, husbands and wives.“Excuse me” is (82) short polite usage. We use

9、it as the same as “Thank you”. When you hear someone say so behind you, youd got to know that somebody wants to walk past you without (83) you. It is not polite to interrupt (打断) others while they are (84). If you want to have a word with one of them, please say “Excuse me” (85), and then begin to t

10、alk. You should also do so when you want to cough or make any unpleasant noise before others. Lets say “Thank you” and “Excuse me” on the right occasion. 英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解及练习句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的，表达一个完整的意义。一个句子一般由两部分构成，即主语部分和谓语部分，这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括宾语，定语，状语，表语等。句子成分是句子中起一定功用的组成部分。句子成分：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、宾语

11、补足语和状语1、主语：(1) 句子的主语是表示句子所要说明的人或事物；“是什么”或“是谁”，这是一个句子的主要部分，一般由名词、代词、数词或相当于名词的词、短语、从句等（如动词不定式和动词不定式短语、动名词等）来充当，通常位于句首如：The school is far from here. 名词做主语She goes to school by bike. 代词做主语Eight is a lucky number. 数词做主语The blind need more help. 名词化的形容词做主语There is a pen on the desk. 名词做主语Watching TV too m

12、uch is bad for your eyes. 动名词做主语To be a doctor is my dream. 不定式短语做主语What people wear depends on their likes and dislikes. (2)动词不定式或动名词做主语时可用it代替,而不定式或动名词移至表语或宾语之后。如：It is good for you to read many books as you can. . (吃得太多对你的身体不利。)(3)口语中常见主语或“主-系”省略：(It is) nothing. (那)没有什么。)(It) doesnt matter. (那)没

13、有关系。)(I) thank you. (我)谢谢你。)(4)反意问句的附加问句,主语必须是代词：The man looks worried, doesnt he? (这个人看上去很着急不是吗？) Tigers are dangerous animals, arent they? (老虎是危险的动物不是吗？)(5)祈使句一般省略主语。加主语时往往用来指定某个人。Keep the keyboards clean, children. (孩子们请保持键盘的清洁。) (省略了主语)You go there and fetch me a glass of water. (你去给我弄一杯水来。)(6)主

14、语一般在句首,但在问句中会处于第二位和句尾；倒装句及there be句型主语在动词之后。如：Computers are made in this factory. (计算机生产于这家工厂。) Where are they? (他们在哪儿？) Does the boy like staying home? (这个男孩喜欢呆在家里吗？)(7)主语与谓语必须保持单、复数的一致, 而谓语与表语或宾语之间没有这一要求。Neither Jim nor Rose has passed the exam. (Jim和Rose都没有通过考试。) The Chinese people are a hardwork

15、ing and brave people. (中华民族是一个勤劳勇敢的民族。) 2、谓语：(1)由“不及物动词”、“及物动词+宾语”或“系动词+表语”等构成,说明主语所表示的人物“干什么”或“怎么样”。如：He traveled in space for the first time.(他首次在太空旅行。) Who teaches you English this year?(今年谁教你们的英语？) The pizza has gone bad. (那块烤馅饼已经变坏。) (2)谓语动词必须反映出人称、单复数、时态等信息,记住：谓语部分第一个动词往往是变形动词。 (3)谓语动词切忌用“行为动词

16、1 + 原形动词”、“be + 原形动词”。记住使用下列正确形式： 情态动词+原形动词。如：Youd better go over the lesson.（你最好复习这一课。）shall/ will/ would+原形动词。如：They should have been there once.（他们应该去过那儿。）be+现在分词或者过去分词。如：What are you doing this evening?（今晚你打算做什么？） Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.（自从20世纪70年代大批树木被砍伐。）have / has +过去分词。如：M

17、any trees have been cut down since 1970s.（意思同上）一般时问句和否定句中：do/does/did+原形动词。如：He does not enjoy himself very much.（他日子过的不好。） Did any of you see dinosaur eggs?（你们当中有谁见过恐龙蛋吗？）行为动词1+行为动词2 (不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词等形式)。如：He made up his mind to be a vet.（他拿定主意要做个兽医。）The kings of ancient Egypt had strong tombs bu

18、ilt for themselves.（古代的埃及国王让人给他们自己修建坚固的坟墓。） (4)不可用形容词、名词、代词、副词、介词短语等独立作谓语,必须在此之前加连系动词。(1) 谓语动词单复数形式：单数形式的动词有：is, was, has, does以及“动词+s”；复数形式的动词有：are,were,have以及动词原形。其他动词不分单、复数。谓语部分第一个动词的形式单数形式复数形式一般现在时be(是)动词；现在某些时态和语态的助动词beam (单一); are (单二); is (单三); are一般过去时be(是)动词；过去某些时态和语态的助动词bewas (单一); were (单

19、二); was;(单三)were一般现在时have(有)动词；现在完成时态的助动词havehave (单一); have (单二); has (单三);have一般现在时行为动词和助动词dodo (单一、单二); does (单三)do实意动词和连系动词的一般现在时动词（否定和疑问句除外）原形动词(单一、单二); 动词+s /es (单三)原形动词其他各时态语态的谓语动词单复数形式相同记住：主语、谓语单复数必须保持一致。 Air and water is necessary to us all.(空气和水对于我们大家是必不可少的。)(6)一般问句和反义疑问句的回答不使用行为动词,应该使用“是”

20、动词、情态动词、助动词(be,will,have,do以及变形)。如：The Olympic Games is held every other year, isnt it? -Yes, it is(奥运会每两年举办一次,是吗？-是的。)3、宾语：(1) 由名词、代词(人称代词要用宾格)、不定式、动名词、(宾语)从句充当,表示动作的承受者是“谁”或者是“何物”。如： The angel also came to Joseph and told him the same thing.(那个天使同样来到约瑟夫面前并且告诉他同样的事情。)(代词和名词充当两个宾语) He told me that t

21、he company could not afford to pay him so much money.(他告诉我说公司付不起他那么多的钱。)(不定式作宾语) They enjoy watching football games so much that they often forget their lessons.(他们如此喜爱看足球以至于常常忘记了他们的功课。)(动名词作宾语)I think to be a childrens doctor is very good.(我认为当个儿童医生是很好的。)(从句作宾语) (2) 只有及物动词或介词才有宾语,不及物动词没有宾语,如果涉及到事物,

22、则必须在不及物动词后面加合适的介词。Listen to the radio. (listen不是及物动词,故加to。) Can you hear anything exciting?(你能听到什么令人兴奋的消息吗？) (3) 宾语一般放在及物动词或介词的后面,但是在疑问句中,如果宾语是疑问词,则宾语要放在句首。介词的宾语如果是疑问词,则可以放在介词后或句首。如：What did he see? (他看见了什么？) What does he write a letter with? (他用什么写的信？) With what does he write a letter? (他用什么写的信？)(4

23、)“动词+副词+宾语”结构中,如果宾语是代词,则代词必须放在“动”“副”之间。如：Please put the shoes away. (请把鞋子收起来。) Please put away the shoes. (请把鞋子收起来。) Please put them away. (请把它们收起来。)(5) 动词后面跟双宾语时可以采用两种结构： 动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)。如：He often gives me some help. (他常常帮我。)动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语。注意,一般情况介词用to(take, bring, give, hand, lend ),但动词是do, p

24、ay, sing, make, buy,时,介词用for, borrow, hear介词与from如： Please make me a kite. (请给我做个风筝。)或Please make a kite for me.(6) 在“动词+宾语+宾补”结构中,如果宾语是不定式、动名词、宾语从句,则常用it做形式宾语,而将实际的宾语移到补语后面去。如：I found the job rather difficult. (我发觉这个工作相当难做。) I found it rather difficult to do the job.4、表语：(1) 说明主语的身份、性质、状况等含义的成分,通常由

25、形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、代词等充当如：He became a doctor after he left high school.(高中毕业他当上了医生。) The rubber wheels are over there.(橡胶轮子在那边。)He does not feel like eating anything today because he has caught a bad cold.(他今天不想吃任何东西因为他得了重感冒。) Who is it?(谁呀？)(2) 表语只能放在连系动词(如：be, look, taste, smell, sound , become, turn

26、,get, grow, feel, seem) 之后,对表语进行提问的句子除外。 (3) 代词做表语一般用主格,口语中常用宾。如：Its I. (Its me.)是我。(4) 只能作表语的形容词有：sorry, afraid, alone, asleep, awake, ill, well, sure, interested等等。He was terribly sorry for his carelessness.(他很为他的粗心而歉疚。) Please make no noise here; the baby is asleep.(请不要发出响动,婴儿正熟睡呢。) I am only int

27、erested in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all!(我只是对独坐孤舟无所事事感兴趣。) I am not alone in thinking so.(并非只有我才这样想的。)5、定语：句子的定语用来修饰名词或代词。形容词、代词、形容词性物主代词、数词、名词、不定式、现在分词、介词短语、从句等均可作定语。定语修饰名词或代词(即在汉语里的的)1. 形容词作定语(一般放在被修饰语之前,修饰不定代词时放在后面) They have a clever son. I have something important to tell you.2. 名

28、词作定语: Is it a color film?名词作定语一般用单数形式, 如:school bus,ticket office, paper flowers但也有例外,如: sports meeting, clothes shopman 和 woman修饰的名词如果是复数,它们总以复数的形式作定语,如: men drivers , women doctors3. 代词作定语: This song is better than that one.4. 数词作定语: There are only thirty students in our class.带有数字的复合形容词.当复合形容词用连字

29、号连接时,其中的名词要用单数形式.a two-day holiday a three-year-old boy5. 介词短语作定语(放在被修饰词之后):The students in our class like swimming.例如：I have a black cat.The man over there is my father.My cat is white and yours is black.注意：当形容词修饰不定代词something, anything, everything, nothing作定语时，要放在不定代词的后面。 6、状语：句子的状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词，表

30、示动作发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、原因、程度、方式等，通常由副词、介词、介词短语动词、动词不定式以及从句来充当。例如：Wang Fang was doing her homework carefully.He ran the fastest in the first group.1. 副词作状语: The old man is walking slowly. 表方式 The boy is very clever. 表程度2. 介词短语作状语: I have lived in Shanghai for five years. 表时间3. 不定式作状语 I come here to see yo

31、u. 表目的4. 现在分词作状语 The teacher came in, holding a book in his hand. 表方式5. 状语从句 Well go shopping if it doesnt rain tomorrow.注意： 多个状语相连时,一般先单词、后短语,先地点、后时间,先小概念、后大概念。如：He went ouf of the room at a quarter to 23:00 last night and then disappeared into the dark.(他昨夜22点3刻从房间里出来,然后消失在黑暗之中。) 状语的位置1. 在一般情况下,用于

32、句末。We like our school very much.2.为了强调状语,可以把它放在句首.I usually get up at six, but this morning I got up at eight.3. 表频度的副词通常用于句中, 如always, usually, often, hardly, never,用于行为动词前,be动词、助动词和情态动词后I usually get up early.He is often late.一些副词, 如already, once, just, soon, yet, still, nearly, almost, really, su

33、ddenly, certainly等用法相似两个或多个状语同时修饰时的顺序1. 地点状语在前, 时间状语在后.We will have a meeting in Room 202 tomorrow.2. 较小单位的状语在前,由小到大Mr. Li lives at 88 Chongwen Rd., Suzhou, Jiangsu.3. 一个句子有几个不同种类的副词作状语, 其顺序大都是: 程度副词,方式副词, 地点副词, 时间副词She sang very well at the meeting last night.时间和地点状语也可以位于句首, 表示强调或使上下文更为连贯Usually I

34、read the newspapers in the morning, but yesterday I read them in the evening. 7、宾语补足语： (1) 补充说明宾语的动作、状态的成分为宾语补足语,常由名词、形容词、动词非谓语形式(不定式、现在分词、过去分词等)、介词短语等充当。如：Call him Jim, please. (请叫他Jim。) I tried my best to make him happy. (我竭尽所能让他开心。) Ask her to come to dinner tomorrow. (请他明天来。) He let the smaller

35、animals bring food to him. (他让小动物们给他带食物来。)(2) 部分表示位置、方向的副词也可以作宾语补足语。如：Let him in, I tell you! (我跟你说,让他进来！)Please put it away. (请把它收起来。)句子成分和词性的关系句子成分句中的位置和词性的基本关系主语句首名词、代词谓语主语后动词宾语谓语后名词、代词表语系词后形容词定语词做定语放被修饰部分前面，短语、句子放被修饰部分后面形容词状语灵活（句首、句中、句尾）副词补语宾语后名词、形容词等英语词类与句子成分关系图： 句子成分 词类或短语主语*谓语宾语*表语*定语*状语*宾语 补

36、足语名词代词形容词数词动词时态语态形式动词不定式动名词动词现在分词动词过去分词副词介词短语 注释 1、“”表示某种词类可以充当某个成分, “”表示某种词类经常充当某个成分, “”表示某种词类最经常充当某个成分。 “”表示某种词类不能充当某个成分。 2、“ * ”表示该成分可以由从句充当,如主语从句、宾语从句、状语从句等。句子成分之间关系句子主干：主、谓、宾。 替补：定、状、补。表语在系动词后注意：1. 主谓在人称、数方面保持一致。2. 定语修饰主语、宾语、表语。3. 补语放在宾语后面，形式比较多。4. 状语位置灵活，（可在句中、句首、句尾）youcrossactchildlaugh4. The

37、 boy wants to be an _ just like Jackie Chan.5. Tony, believe _ and you are sure to succeed.6. We couldnt help _ after we watched Zhao Benshans funny performance.7. You are supposed to look around when you walk _ the street.8. Chocolate is usually the _ favorite food.请根据句意，选用方框中合适的词，并用其适当形式填空，使句子通顺，每

38、词限用一次。（2009年中考） choose excited close ninety sleep monkey him 1. The children clapped and screamed _ when they saw their favorite characters.2. Finally, we had no _ but to give up the plan before the enemies arrival.3. The talk was so boring that many of us felt _while listening to it. 4. After chatt

39、ing on the Internet for a year, Dora and I get much_ to each other than before.5. Hi, Amy! I have passed my driving test! Congratulations! I hope Tom can pass _, too. 6. I saw five little _ jumping in the hill when I visited the zoo last month. 7. People in the _ of the last century liked to wear th

40、is kind of hairstyle. 简单句的五大句型 英语句子看上去成千上万，但认真分析不外乎五个基本句式。这五个基本句式可以演变多种复杂的英语句子。换言之，绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基本句式生成的。这五个基本句式如下：简单句五种基本句型：只有一个主语 (或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)的句子叫简单句。1. S十V十P主系表结构2. S十V主谓 结构3. S十V十O主谓宾结构4. S十V十O1十O2 主谓双宾结构5. S十V十O十C 主谓宾补结构说明：S主语；V谓语；P表语；O宾语；O1间接宾语（指人）；O2直接宾语（指物）；C宾语补足语S十V十P主系表结构 这种句型称为主系表结

41、构，其实连系动词在形式上也是一种谓语动词，但实质上表语成了谓语，常见的系动词有：be(是), get(变得), become(成为), turn(变得), look(看起来), feel(感到), smell(闻起来), taste(尝起来), sound(听起来), seem(似乎) 等。如： He became a famous doctor. S V P他成为了一名著名的医生。 The apple pie tastes really delicious. S V P苹果派吃起来真是好吃。 S十V主谓 结构 这种句型简称为主谓结构，其谓语一般都是不及物动词， 如：The children

42、are playing happily. S V孩子们正在高兴地玩。 S十V十O主谓宾结构这种句型可称为主谓宾结构，它的谓语一般多是及物动词1)常用-ing形式, 而不用不定式作宾语的动词有：enjoy, finish, feel like, consider, practice, keep, suggest, mind等。例如：She enjoys reading novels and swimming.I finished reading the book last night.2)常用不定式，而不用-ing形式作宾语的动词有：wish, hope, agree, plan, decide

43、, refuse等。例如：Where do wish to sit?Tom agreed to lend some money.3)有些及物动词既可用不定式，由可用-ing形式作宾语，但意义不同。这类动词常见的有：remember, forget等。例如：Please remember to post the letter for me.请记住替我发了这封信。I remember posting the letter.我记得那封信寄过了。 Stop的用法同上面的词相仿，不过stop后面跟不定式不是作宾语，而是作状语。试比较下列句子：He stopped to smoke. 他停下来吸烟。He

44、stopped smoking. 他停止吸烟了。4)有些及物动词的宾语，既可用不定式，又可用-ing形式，意义基本相同。这类动词常见的有：like, love, hate, begin, start, continue等。例如：I like to swim in summer.I like swimming in summer. 如：The Greens enjoy living in China. S V O格林一家喜欢住在中国。 S十V十O1十O2 主谓双宾结构这种句型中的及物动词后跟双宾语，既指人的间接宾语和指物的直接宾语。也可以把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后，但要加介词for或to。1) 及物动词之后跟有双宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物。指人的为间接宾语，指物的为直接宾语。一般情况下，间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后。如果要把间