大学英语四级阅读基础(共14页).doc

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上阅读基础班概念分为三个板块：阅读总论、真题讲解、练习第一讲 阅读总论1.阅读按目的不同主要分为两类：娱乐和考试。2.基本理念：不能逐字（word by word）、加快速度（最好每分钟120单词左右）3.英语最重要的三件事：背单词、做阅读、练听力4.阅读的主要方法:首先考虑这样的问题，一般来说我们看书看什么地方？(看核心、最精彩的地方) 。什么地方最重要？5 阅读步骤：Steps:1)From left to right 2)Not only one word 不能逐字3)Fast speed 加速，自己规定时间强迫加速4)Catch the main idea 抓住

2、大意5)Think it over 反复思考6)Try to remember something 记忆7)Chew it over and over again 把记忆内容不断咀嚼其他TIPS：Anything else:What: magazine 英语学习、新东方英语 novel反对读文学作品，读难度较低、有益培养阅读兴趣的小说读物newspaper 21世纪英语报、不推荐China Daily难度稍大web When: casual 随心所欲Where: home office school PC Try to read a lot of materials as many as yo

3、u can. 不要中英文对照 Rome was not built in a day. 第二讲 长难句分析一、长难句产生的主要的原因：在词法上：主要英语和中文在词法和句法上存在很大差异。英语在词法上有很多词尾的屈折变化，在句法上常用长句；中文在词法上无词尾的屈折变化，在句法上常用短句。 在句法上：在英语中大都喜欢是使用三种成分：从（从句）、插（插入语）、代（代词）。从句的使用：这是英语产生长难句的根本原因之一。特别要注意定语从句和状语从句的使用。插入语的使用：在中高级的英语中，尤其是口语中存在有大量插入语，正由于如此，所以在听力中产生了找不到主谓宾的现象。而且会造成大量的语序不清和语言上的障碍

4、。代词的使用：代词在英语中灵活运用是让大多数英语学习者头疼的一件事情，特别是it和that使用。下面来简单讲一下的it和that基本用法： it的用法：1.it一般指物不指人。e.g.: It is a car, isnt it? 那是一辆车，是吗？ 但是it可以指婴儿（低等生命）或不明确是谁。e.g.: My sister has a baby. It is very lovely. 我姐姐有个孩子。他很可爱。 Who is speaking? Its Bruce. 是谁？布鲁斯。（用于打电话时） Who is it? 是谁？（用于敲门时）2.it起指示作用（用于回答特殊疑问句）。e.g.:

5、 Whats that? Its a pig. 那是什么？是一头猪。 Who is it? Its Mr. Green. 是谁？格林先生。3.it用于前后指代。e.g.: I lost a book. Where is it? 我丢了一本书。 它在哪儿？（前指） It is a pity that they cant come here. 很遗憾他们不能到这儿来。（后指） If you kill it - the wolf, the people wont be hurt by it. 如果你杀了它那只狼，人们就不会受伤了。（后指）4.it指时间、距离、天气或自然现象。 e.g.: It is

6、 six oclock. 现在六点。 It is about four kilometers long. 大概有四公里长。 It was cloudy yesterday. 昨天多云。5.it用于强调结构中，作形式主语。 e.g.: He carried the box to go upstairs. 他把箱子搬上了楼。 It was he who carried the box to go upstairs. 是他把箱子搬上了楼。 It was the box that he carried to go upstairs. 他把箱子搬上了楼。 It was to go upstairs wh

7、ich he carried the box. 他把箱子搬上了楼。 强调句型结构为：It + be + 强调部分 + 人(who)/ 物(that)+ 其他成分。6.作形式主语或形式宾语。 e.g.: It is necessary to know this point. 知道这一点很有必要。注意：it在这里作形式主语代替不定式to know this point。 e.g.: I found that it was necessary to know this point. 我发现知道这一点很必要。注意：it在这里作形式宾语代替不定式to know this point。试比较：I foun

8、d that it necessary to know this point. 我发现知道这一点很必要。注意：在本句中，it作形式宾语代替不定式to know this point，而后的necessary则作宾语补足语，而不是由it引导的宾语从句。that的用法：1.用于表示远处的单数物体。e.g.: That is a pig. 那是一头猪。（指远处的一个单数名词。）2.用于各种从句中：（注意各种从句中什么地方可以省略。）e.g.: That he did so much made everyone puzzled. 他做得这么多使每个人感到惊讶。（主句从句中不可省略。） I suppos

9、e (that) her bag has been stolen. 我想她的包已经被偷了。 （宾句从句中可省略。） The difficulty is that we couldnt speak French. 困难的是我们不懂法语。 （表句从句不可省略。） The fact that he has broken the window was proved. 他打破玻璃的事实已经证实了。 （同位语从句不可省略。） The mobile phone (that) you bought is of no use. 你买的手机没用。 (定语从句)总结：在所有的从句中，that基本上不能够省略，除了宾

10、语从句和定语从句中作宾语时。That除了表示“那个”以外，其余都是起连接作用。所以that 在定语从句中用于指人也可指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。that一定用于“不（不定代词作先行词时）止（“只是”only修饰先行词时）最（形容词最高级修饰先行词时）两（先行词同时出现人和物）序（序数词修饰先行词时）”五种情况。3.that 在强调句型中的使用。（见it用法的最后一部分，注意只有当强调部分是物时，才可以用that。实际上，强调结构也就是一种特殊的定语从句。）二、长难句的分类很显然长难句分为长句和难句两种。长句：His state of weakness was such that

11、he was unable to digest any food, he consumed by fever, and he would have died but for the attention of his friends who rescued him from the excesses into which he had been throwing himself. his state of weakness是主语，was是系动词such是表语，后面是表语从句。难句：It is said that that that that that man used is wrong.那个男人

12、使用的那个that 是错误的。第一个that是主语从句的引导词，第二个that 是第三个that的限定词，第三个that是单词that，第四个that是定语从句的引导词，第五个that是后面的man的限定词。实际上，在英语中往往长句不是很难，主要是难句很难分析，字数少而成分复杂，请大家注意。其实在中级口译中，长难句的考点并不是很多，每年会出现一到两句。解决长难句的主要方法根据上面分析的内容和特点，我们解决的方法是我送给大家的第一首小诗（浅析长难句）：寻觅句主干，前瞻与后看，不管从插代，拆分即可翻。说明：在遇到长难句时首先找到句子的主干，主要包括主谓宾，然后看看前后有从句插入语和代词，一般来说，

13、不要管他们，最后主语主语翻译，谓语谓语翻译，宾语宾语翻译即可解决难题。关键还是语法的问题，希望大家能阅读我的语法讲义。第三讲研究文章一、文章的主要类型（体裁） 在大学英语四级考试中，文章主要可以分为记叙文、说明文、议论文和图表文章（functional reading）。二、解决各种文章的主要方法 记叙文：记叙文的出现主要是以细节问题为主，抓住时间、地点、人物、事情的主要经过。说明文：主要有三大类：按时间、地点、具体、事物。时间说明文：弄清时间顺序，特别是对数字的敏感。地点说明文：弄清各个地点的不同特征。具体事物的说明文：抓住事物的特征和细节。议论文：抓住论点和论据之间的关系，及个分论点之间的

14、关系。一般不会考到个论据之间的关系。注意议论文的结构：topic-support 的一般结构。 三、解决各种文章应该注意的问题（以小诗形式请大家记住）：记叙不多细节存，说明要能拿高分，图表注意数字在，找准点据解议论。第四讲 研究题型一、研究题型的主要目的：1 帮助大家更好的了解所出现的题目的类型。2 更好更全面的看待解题的方法。3 掌握一种趋势。二、主要题型的出现：主要把题型分为五大类（按照数学的方式）1 点：解词释义 (mean与前后相关联，句与句之间的关系)2 线：推理判断(inferassumesuggest)细节查找 (detail) 3 面：主旨大意 (topic ideaconcl

15、ude proper titlemain idea)4 体：True or False5常识：Common sense三、解决各类题型的主要的方法： 点：主要是解释或是猜想其生词的意思，要是认识没有问题，不认识的主要方法是：前后观察要仔细，遇到生词跳过去。 线：找出细节而且要准确，这就要求大家改变阅读习惯（实际上不科学），看文章时要求从中间看，而不是从左向右。方法是：横看不行竖着看，眼球两边要转转。 面：把握主旨大意，不要全部看完文章，时间有限。把握开篇和结尾，每段只看一句话，注意转折与关联，防止题旨在中间。体：这是考生在任何考试最不愿意看到的题形，根据出现的特点可以分为三类：一段中的对错，整

16、篇文章的对错，长难句的对错（就是把长难句拆长很多小句来判断对错）。那么解决的主要方法是：一般可以从有数字的答案入手，也就是说的特别注意数字的重要性。一段对错可以找，全文对错不要了。Notice: 做题时应该提笔画出关键词，对照题型沉思思，这些口诀是笔者在多年的教学中积累，希望能引起大家的重视。第五讲 研究答案在本讲当中主要涉及到答案在考试过程当中的出现频率和可能会在下次考试中出现的可能性。这种方法确实是比较的唯心，希望大家能够正确对待。一、研究的方面： 1 答案出现在考题中出现的频率 2 长短答案到底在有四级考试中何种规律3 哪些答案是更加容易迷惑考生或更倾向于不正确（干扰项研究） 4 到底什

17、么答案更加倾向于正确答案 二、正态分布法 如何使用？ A,B,C,D均匀分布，但是正态分布法不适用于推测，适用于检查。四个选项在答案中的数量一定是较均匀的，不会出现没有任何一个选项的情况。 三、长短答案的研究 长答案究竟正确与否？ 可以从短答案入手研究四个选项，其信息点比较少，较容易判断正误，但不意味着短答案就一定是正确答案，之后再从长答案入手。 长短答案之间没有必然联系，也无绝对的正确错误。四、干扰项的研究 干扰项的类型主要分为三类：数字干扰、近义词或反义词干扰、词语反复的干扰项。 处理方法： 数字干扰：首先要在答案中去找有数字的选项，因为数字是最明显的最容易找到的东西。凡是答案不是一模一样

18、的就肯定是错的。 近反义词干扰：特别对于长难句的分析，很有可能会出现正义反说和反义正说的情况，请大家引起重视。近义词范例：材料中是It is not important.答案就应该是It is unimportant，但是选项中就变成了It may be unimportant 词语反复干扰：用相关词代替原文中的词语，造成最大程度上的“象”，这是最可怕的。五、哪类答案更倾向于正确 根据以上的分析，似乎没有什么绝对的答案，但是实际上是有规律可寻找的，主要请大家注意我提到的以下几个命题： 1 非完全正确、肯定、错误的答案是正确答案。 2 一般非最长短答案为正确答案。 3 总结性的，完全包含上下所有

19、答案的答案是错误的答案。 4 答案中和原文中几乎一致的答案是错答案。 答案分析： C D出现频率高， 长短似乎不可靠。 看似相同却不同， 洞穿干扰考得好。大学英语四级基础阅读例题分析抓住做题的方法，并在实战中加以运用。大部分题目，尤其是推理判断题和细节题，先看题干画出关键词，再到文章中去分析文章。Passage OneMost people would agree that, although our age exceeds all previous ages in knowledge, there has been no corresponding increase in wisdom. B

20、ut Agreement ceases as soon as we attempt to define wisdom and consider means of promoting it. There are several factors that contribute to wisdom. Of these I should put first a sense of proportion: the capacity to take account of all the important factors in a problem and to attach to each its due

21、weight. This has become more difficult than it used to be owing to the extent and complexity of the special knowledge required of various kinds of technicians. Suppose, for example, that you are engaged in research in scientific medicine. The work is difficult and is likely to absorb the whole of yo

22、ur mind. You have no time to consider the effect which your discoveries or inventions may have outside the field of medicine. You succeed (let us say) as modern medicine has succeeded, in enormously lowering the infant death-rate, not only in Europe and America, but also in Asia and Africa. This has

23、 the entirely unintended result of making the food supply inadequate and lowing the standard of life in the parts of the world that have the greatest populations. To take an even more dramatic example, which is in everybodys mind at the present time; you study the makeup of the atom from a disintere

24、sted (无利害关系的) desire for knowledge, and by chance place in the hands of a powerful mad man the means of destroying the human race. Therefore, with every increase of knowledge and skill, wisdom becomes more necessary, for every such increase augments (增强)our capacity for realizing our purposes, and t

25、herefore augments our capacity for evil, if our purpose are unwise.题目：1 Disagreement arises when people try to decide_A) how much more wisdom we have now than before B) what wisdom is and how to develop it C) if there is a great increase of wisdom in our age D) whether wisdom can be developed or not

26、 关键词是disagreement 和arise2 According to the author, “wisdom” is the ability to _A) carefully consider the bad effects of any kind of research work B) give each important problem some careful consideration C) acquire a great deal of complex and special knowledge D) give suitable consideration to all t

27、he possible elements in a problem 关键词是wisdom, ability 3 Lowering the infant death-rate may _A) proved to be helpful everywhere in the worldB) give rise to an increase in population in Europe C) cause food shortages in Asia and Africa D) raise the living standard of the people in Africa 关键词是lowering,

28、 infant death-rate此题是一道细节题，因为infant death-rate是一个具体事件4 the author uses the examples in the passage to illustrate his point that_A) its extremely difficult to consider all the important elements in problem B) success in medical research has its negative effects C) scientists may unknowingly cause des

29、truction to the human race D) its unwise to be totally absorbed in research in scientific medicine 关键词是illustrate证明，point即是文章当中的topic sentence5 what is the main idea of the passage?A) It is unwise to place the results of scientific research in the hands of a powerful mad manB) The more knowledge one

30、 has, the wiser one becomesC) Any increase of knowledge could lead to disastrous results without the guidance of wisdomD) Wisdom increases in proportion to ones age前三题均为细节题，后两题是主旨大意题。现在采用定位法返回去看文章，凭借关键词去阅读文章。大意：很多人都认为，尽管我们的时代在知识方面已经超过了以往的时代。但是在智慧方面，还没有相关（corresponding）的增长。但当我们尝试对“智慧” 进行定义和考虑提高智慧的方法时

31、，这种共识就停止消失了。（说明大家对智慧的定义和如何提高智慧上存在着分歧）。当我们说到“智慧”的时候，应该考虑到这样几个因素（factors），我首先考虑的是这些因素进行归类：有考虑到问题中主要矛盾的能力以及分别考虑到每个因素的分量的能力。因为被技术人员所需要的特殊知识的范围和复杂性，这一点比以前难了很多。 假设你从事于（be engaged in）医药科学方面的研究, 工作十分困难并很有可能（be likely to do）耗费了你的全部精力。你没有时间去考虑你在医学方面的发明创造在此领域外会有什么效果。你的成功正如现代医学的成功一样，很大程度上降低了欧洲、亚洲和非洲的婴儿死亡率。但这完全无

32、意地导致了食物供给不足和世界人口大国生活水平的降低。 举一个更加戏剧性更存在于人们脑海中的例子，你从无利害关系且渴望知识的目的出发去研究原子的构成，但一个偶然的机会被一个有权利而疯狂的人所获得，他就能运用知识来毁灭人类。所以，随着知识和技能的增加，我们意识到自己目的的能力也越来越强，智慧也变得更加必要。如果我们的目的不明智，那就增强了我们走向邪恶的能力。分析：1 Disagreement arises when people try to decide_A) how much more wisdom we have now than before B) what wisdom is and h

33、ow to develop it C) if there is a great increase of wisdom in our age D) whether wisdom can be developed or not 原文在第一段的最后一句，正确答案应该是B。2 According to the author, “wisdom” is the ability to _A) carefully consider the bad effects of any kind of research work B) give each important problem some careful c

34、onsideration C) acquire a great deal of complex and special knowledge D) give suitable consideration to all the possible elements in a problem 原文在第二段的第二句。3 Lowering the infant death-rate may _A) proved to be helpful everywhere in the worldB) give rise to an increase in population in Europe C) cause

35、food shortages in Asia and Africa D) raise the living standard of the people in Africa 原文在第三段的最后一句，正确答案是C。4 the author uses the examples in the passage to illustrate his point that_A) its extremely difficult to consider all the important elements in problem B) success in medical research has its neg

36、ative effects C) scientists may unknowingly cause destruction to the human race D) its unwise to be totally absorbed in research in scientific medicine 文章中有两个例子，用来说明要全面地考虑问题的方方面面是十分困难的。推理判断题尽量不要选择现象，如B、C、D。5 what is the main idea of the passage?A) It is unwise to place the results of scientific rese

37、arch in the hands of a powerful mad manB) The more knowledge one has, the wiser one becomesC) Any increase of knowledge could lead to disastrous results without the guidance of wisdomD) Wisdom increases in proportion to ones age主旨大意题，论点就在材料的开头。选项A是论据，选项B、D材料中没有涉及，所以应选C。TIPS:previous on固定搭配； 注意区别prev

38、ious 和precious；previous是形容词，before是介词。Corresponding 通信；相关的；联系的。四级核心词汇：promote和demote表示因素的核心词汇：factor和element，前者较抽象，后者较具体。Capacity意为容量、定员、来源于capable能力，固定搭配为be capable of doing something, Used to do 过去常常做某事 used to be和过去一样 be used to do 被用来做某事 used to doing something习惯于做某事表示“可能”的单词里只有likely 后面能跟do, 并且

39、可能性最高。Discovery发现（本身存在于世界），invention发明（之前没有）。Succeed后面接in，succeed in doing something，在表示“足够”的单词中，只有adequate是刚刚好的，其余的如plentiful和abandoned都有过多的意味。大学英语四级基础阅读例题分析第二篇Passage TwoFor any given task in Britain there are more men than are needed. Strong unions keep them there in Fleet Street, home of some Lo

40、ndons biggest dailies, it is understood that when two unions quarrel over three jobs, the argument is settled by giving each union two. That means 33 per cent overmanning, 33 per cent less productivity than could be obtained. A reporter who has visited plants throughout Europe has an impression that

41、 the pace of work is much slower here. Nobody tries too hard. Tea breaks do matter and are frequent. It is hard to measure intensity of work, but Britons give a distinct impression of going at their tasks in a more leisurely way. But is all this so terrible? It certainly does not improve the gross n

42、ational product or output per worker. Those observant visitors, however, have noticed something else about Britain. It is a pleasant place. Street crowds in Stockholm. Paris and New York move quickly and silently heads down, all in a hurry. London crowds tend to walk at an easy pace ( except in the

43、profitable, efficient City, the financial district). Every stranger is struck by the patient and orderly way in which Britons queue for a bus: if the saleswoman is slow and out of stock she will likely say, oh dear, what a pity; the rubbish collectors stop to chat (聊天) and call the housewives Luv. C

44、rime rises here as in every city but there still remains a gentle tone and temper that is unmatched in Berlin, Milan or Detroit. In short, what is wrong with Britain may also be what is right. Having reached a tolerable standard, Britons appear to be choosing leisure over goods.题目：1. What happens wh

45、en disputes over job opportunities arise among British unions?(A)Thirty three per cent of the workers will be out of work.(B)More people will be employed than necessary.(C)More jobs will be created by the government.(D)The unions will try to increase productivity.可以看出本文主要讲英国的工作问题核心词汇为dispute，固定用法后跟o

46、ver或者 on注意arise这个高频词汇的运用，尤其注意与rise的区别2.What does the reporter who has visited plants throughout Europe think about Britain? _(A)Tea breaks do not affect the intensity of work in Britain.(B)Britons do their work in an unhurried sort of way.(C)The pace of work in Continental Europe is much slower than in Britain.(D)Britons give the impression of working intensively.Plants在这里指工厂，尤指手工行业的，如印刷等3.The br