合同中缔约过失责任的产生和发展-外文翻译(共7页).doc

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上The Emergence and Development of Contracting Fault LiabilityAbstract: The Contracting Fault Liability as a civil compensation liability occurs when one party violates the precontractual obligations subject to bona fide principle and then the other party is to be entitled to the compensa

2、tion for the damages to the reliance on its interest suffered thereby. The system of the contracting fault liability was put forward by a German jurist and was famed an important find of jurisprudence. Reviewing the history of liability for negligence in contracting, we can finds that case and theor

3、y play a very important role in its development.Introduction: In traditional contract law, contract rights and obligations between the parties is only kept in the establishment and performance of contracts completed period. If the contractual relationship did not exist or not set up, it implies no r

4、esponsibility. That is,” no contracts, no responsibility. So in the contract, if one sides contract is not set up, which implies the fact that there have to protect the interested parties who loss something. With this situation, the fault liability was come out. This article focuses on it.The Emerge

5、nce and development of contracting fault liability:It is generally agreed that the concept of fault liability have already came out in Rome law. There is a famous saying: contract is no longer the subject of the payment is void. At this point, if the buyer is in good faith and without negligence, in

6、 order to protect the security of transactions, in exceptional circumstances the buyer the right to appeal based on buyers to good faith litigation, the request to the seller for compensation for losses suffered due to an invalid contract. However, before the formation of the ancient Roman law, ther

7、e is no contractual obligation and Culpa complete system. The complete theoretical and institutional systematization of things was established in the modern times. It is proposed by the German jurist Garling. In the year of 1861, Jelling published in Volume IV of Contracting on the fault- Contract n

8、ull and void and damages before the establishment of the harmed in his “Garling doctrine Annual Report”. In the article, he pointed out that Germany took too much emphasis on the will of the general common law and the subjective will of the importance of party desired, but not enough to meet the bus

9、iness needs. For example, offer or commitment is failed to convey, the person or the subject will affect the effectiveness of the contract, if the contract due to the fault of one of the parties and not established, the party at fault should the other party because of reliance on the establishment o

10、f contract losses liability? Garling replied: the people who engaged in contracts were concluded, from a contractual obligation to trade outside the scope of the negative into a positive obligation on the lease area, which thus assume the primary obligation lies in contracting to be fulfilling the n

11、ecessary attention. Protected by law, not just an existing contractual relationship, the contractual relationship is taking place should be included; otherwise the lease deal will be out, and out of protection. The parties created a contractual obligation, if such an effect because of legal obstacle

12、s to be excluded when the obligation will be to produce damages. There will be a so-called contract is invalid persons, refers only to fulfill effect does not occur, non - that he did not have any effect. In a brief, the parties make the contracts meaningless because of their own reasons do not cont

13、ract who believed its contractual right for the effective establishment of the relative should pay for the damage. 1 This is the Garling s Contracting negligence theory, it is known as the Law on the findings. Since the Jelling theory put forward the theory of contracting negligence, it is seriously

14、 concerned by the world. And then it carried out more extensive and in-depth and systematic research and it also increasingly by some countries, legislation or judicial practice to accept them. In the “German Civil Code times, the scholars begin to discuss it on the question of fault on the parties.

15、 Most of the drafters believes that contracting negligence theory of liability is not easy to accept and prescribed by a general principle, only in exceptional circumstances should be recognized. So, in 1900 the German Civil Code, the drafters of the treaty on the fault is not fully accepted the the

16、ory, only in the wrong to withdraw (122), the right agent (179), from the outset the objective can not (307), etc. is limited adopted within the framework of this view, but the contracting negligence theory in the German judicial practice and doctrine have been developed rapidly and gradually formed

17、 a fine, large, complex and wide scope of application, the establishment of a generalized principle.In Japan, the jurisprudence has also acknowledged the responsibility of contracting negligence theory. In Japans Case to find the bases of the fault liability from the trust and the city real credit p

18、rinciple, so the scope of this responsibility extended to the following areas: (1) Unable to perform the contract from the beginning so that the contract does not hold or invalid; (2) The contract shall only remain in the preparation stage of negotiation; (3) Contract effective establishment of the

19、situation. Contracting fault liability is an effective establishment of the situation of enough to matter if the targets were flawed and contractor who breach of contract.In Greece and Italy, contracting fault liability was concerned as a general principle. According to Greek Civil Code Article 197,

20、 it stipulates that: When consultations on the occasion of the conclusion of contracts, the parties should have obligation to follow the trading practices and good faith. The Italian Civil Code section 1337 provides a pre-negotiations and contractual responsibility, both in the process of negotiatio

21、n and conclusion of contracts, the parties should be based on the principles of good faith.In France, contracting fault liability has not been incorporated into the Civil Code. When a similar situation occurs, it will be handled in accordance with the tort law. But in recent years, the judicial prac

22、tice shows that the contract law principles of contract is invalid or does not hold the party at fault when the responsibility to prosecute cases occur from time to time, such as the preparation protocol protection. In the English and American laws, there is no contracting fault liability concept in

23、 history. But after Mansfield incorporated duty of good faith into their laws with widespread support since 1933, the common law admits contracting fault liability. In 1933, Fuller, scholar in the US, comes out with amends when damages trust in the contract laws published in the “Yale Law Review”. T

24、he paper was discussed in detail with the expected benefits, trust interests and the performance benefits. The United States Uniform Commercial Code, also confirmed the duty of good faith that is loyal to the fact. In there laws, the trust interests of the parties to the contract is a result of the

25、trust each others promise to pay the price or charges. Can not go back on the promise is their laws to protect the interests of a principle of trust. Their laws requires the court in establishing trust in the interests of the compensation promised to people without regard to how the subjective meani

26、ng. Only consider the defendant as a promise, whether we can make a reasonable person to become trusted.CONCLUSION:We may draw a conclusion that contracting fault liability has become a integrated system according to the regulations made in many countries for it based on Garlings original theory. Co

27、mpared with the original theory of Garling , there are a few developments. The first is the expansion of the scope. Contracting fault liability can not only be used for the beginning of contracting but also be applicable to the contract are recognized as invalid and be revoked when in breach of its

28、offer to a valid offer and should bear responsibility for the case of contracting. Second, Garlings theory thinks the responsibility for contracting negligence claims based on contractual obligations and fails to point out the strict differences between contractual liability and contracting liabilit

29、y. But the modern jurisprudence generally consider contracting responsibility is an independent responsibility and has strict differences with contractual and tortious responsibility. Third, most countries have accepted the responsibility of contracting fault liability theory, which the law or case

30、law has clearly defined and reflected.Fourth, contracting fault liabilitys fault not only includes “not pay attention fault”, but also contains “on purpose”. 合同中缔约过失责任的产生和发展【摘要】缔约过失责任是在订立合同过程中缔约一方当事人因违反依诚实信用原则所应承担的先合同义务而造成另一方当事人信赖利益损失时所应承担的民事赔偿责任。缔约过失责任制度是由德国法学家耶林提出并被誉为法学上的重要发现,对各国的立法和判例法都产生了深远的影响。回

31、顾缔约过失责任理论发展的历史、判例、学说在缔约过失责任理论的发展中扮演了极为重要的角色。介绍在传统的合同法中，合同当事人之间权利义务关系仅仅存于合同的成立和履行完毕这一段时间。如果合同关系尚不存在或未成立，就无所谓责任可言。即有契约才有责任，无契约便无责任，因此，在合同因当事人一方缔约时的过失不成立或无效时，如何保护损失的另一方当事人的利益，就成为违约责任不能不解决的问题，缔约过失责任就是为了解决这一问题而产生的。本文正是对缔约过失责任的产生与发展进行的阐述。缔约过失责任的的产生与发展通说认为，在罗马法上，缔约过失责任的观念已经出现。罗马法上有一名言：契约已不能之给付为标的者无效。此时若买受人

32、为善意且无过失，为保护交易安全，在特殊情况下买受人的基于买主诉权，以诚意诉讼，向卖主请求赔偿因契约无效所受的损失。但是总体来讲古罗马法并没有形成前契约义务和缔约过失责任的完整的制度。缔约过失责任完整的理论和制度上系统化是近代以来的事情，它由德国法学家耶林提出。耶林1861年在其主编的耶林学说年报第四卷上发表了缔约上过失-契约无效与未成立时之损害赔偿一文。他在该文中指出，德国普遍通法过分注重意志说，强调当事人主观意志的合意，因此不足以适应商业活动的需要。例如，要约或承诺的传达失实，相对人或标的物的错误都会影响契约的效力，倘若契约因当事人一方的过失而不成立时，有过失的一方是否应就他方因信赖契约的成

33、立而遭受的损失负赔偿责任？耶林的回答是：从事契约缔结的人，是从契约交易外的消极义务范畴，进入契约上的积极义务范畴，其因此而承担的首要义务，系于缔约时须善尽必要的注意。法律所保护的，并非仅是一个业已存在的契约关系，正在发生的契约关系亦应包括在内，否则，契约交易将暴露于外，不受保护，缔约一方当事人不免成为他方疏忽或不注意的牺牲品。契约的缔约产生了一种履行义务，若此种效力因法律上的障碍而被排除时，则会产生一种损害赔偿义务。因此，所谓契约无效者，仅指不发生履行效力，非谓不发生任何效力。简言之，当事人因自己过失致使契约不成立者，对信其契约为有效成立的相对人，应赔偿基于此项信赖而产生的损害。1这就是耶林关

34、于缔约过失责任的理论，它被称为法学上的发现。自耶林提出缔约过失理论的学说后，得到了世界各国民法理论界的关注，随后便进行了较广泛、深入而系统的研究，而且也逐渐被一些国家的立法或审判实践予以采纳。在德国民法典制定之际，学者们就对缔约过失问题展开了讨论。多数起草者认为，缔约过失责任理论不易全盘接受而作为一般原则加以规定，只能在特殊情况下予以承认。所以1900年的德国民法典的起草者并未完全接受缔约上过失的理论，仅在错误的撤销(122条)、无权代理(179条)、自始客观不能(307条)等有限范围内采纳了这一观点，但是缔约过失理论在德国司法实务和学说上得到了迅速发展，并逐渐形成了精细、庞大、复杂、适用范围

35、广泛的制度，建立了一般化的原则。在日本民法中，判例上也承认了缔约过失责任理论。日本判例学说从接触磋商的当事人之间的信赖和城实信用原则出发，寻找缔约过失责任的根据，于是把这种责任的适用范围扩大到了如下领域：(1)自始不能履行合同使合同不成立或无效；(2)合同只停留在准备磋商阶段；(3)合同有效成立的情况。缔约过失责任适用于合同有效成立的情况，主要是指标的物有瑕疵和缔约人违反保证两种情况。希腊、意大利民法将缔约过失责任作为一般原则加以规定。希腊民法典第197条规定：从事缔结契约磋商行为之际，当事人应负有遵循依诚实信用及交易惯例所要求的行为义务。第198条规定：于为缔结契约磋商行为之际，因过失致相对

36、人遭受损害时，应负损害赔偿责任，纵契约未成立亦然。关于此项请求权的时效，准用基于侵权行为请求权时效的规定。意大利民法典第1337条规定了谈判和契约前的责任，既在谈判和缔结契约过程中，双方当事人应根据诚信原则进行之；第1338条规定：知道或应知道契约无效原因存在的一方没有将其通知另一方，则该方要为此就对方在契约有效期内基于信赖、没有过错而遭受的损失承担赔偿责任。法国一直未将缔约过失责任纳入民法典中，遇到类似情况一般会按照侵权行为法的规定处理。但近年来的司法实践表明，以合同法原则对契约无效或不成立时有过错的一方当事人的责任进行追究的案例时有出现，如对预备协议的保护等。在英美法中，虽然没有缔约过失的

37、概念，但自从1933年曼斯菲德将诚信义务纳入英美法中，并获得了广泛的赞同之后，普通法也承认违反诚信义务构成过失。1933年美国学者富勒等在耶鲁法律评论上发表了合同法中信赖利益的损害赔偿一文，详细讨论了期待利益、信赖利益和履行利益问题，指出了信赖利益的赔偿主要是为了弥补合同法规则的不足，强化禁止反言原则，弥补受害人的损失而创设。美国统一商法典也确认了诚信义务，认为诚信是指事实上的忠实，对于商人来说是指遵循正当交易的合理的商业标准。 英美法中的信赖利益是指合同当事人因信赖对方的允诺而支付的代价或费用。允诺不得反悔是英美法中保护信赖利益的一项原则，类似于大陆法上的缔约过失制度。英美法要求法院在确立信

38、赖利益的赔偿时无须考虑允诺人主观意思如何，只须考虑被告所为的允诺，是否可以使一个合理的人产生信赖。 此外，在英美法中，合同的内容包括默示条款。违反默示义务所致的损害，也应负赔偿责任。这都类似于大陆法中缔约过失责任适用的一些情况。总结综观自耶林缔约过失责任提出以来各国对这一制度的规定可以看出缔约过失责任制度已形成一个体系，较之耶林当初的理论主要有以下几点发展：一是适用范围的扩大。缔约过失不仅仅适用于缔约阶段也可以适用于合同被确认为无效和被撤销的情况而且在要约人违反其发出的有效要约而应承担缔约责任的情况下也适用缔约过失责任；二是耶林认为缔约过失责任的请求权基础仍在于契约责任，未能指出契约责任与缔约责任的严格区别，现代法学普遍认为缔约责任是一种独立的责任，与契约责任和侵权责任有严格的区别。三是世界上大多数国家都接受了缔约过失责任理论，在制定法或判例法中有明确的规定和体现。四是缔约过失责任的过失不但包括不注意等过失，还包括故意。专心-专注-专业