2009年考研英语真题及解析(共39页).doc

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上2009年考研英语真题2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Research on animal intelligence always makes us wonder just how smart humans are. _1_ the fr

2、uit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer in the Science Times. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly _2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is a(n) _4 in not being too bright.Intelligence, it _5 , is a high-priced option. It ta

3、kes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow _6 _ the starting line because it depends on learning a(n)_7 _ process instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things theyve apparently learned is when to _8 . Is there an adaptive value to _9 _ intelligence? Thats t

4、he question behind this new research. Instead of casting a wistful glance _10 at all the species weve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real _11 of our own intelligence might be. This is _12 the mind of every animal weve ever met. Research on animal intelligence also makes us w

5、onder what experiments animals would _13_ on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, _14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. We believe that _15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to _16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for location

6、s. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really _17 , not merely how much of it there is. _18 , they would hope to study a(n) 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? _20 the results are inconclusive. 1. A Suppose B Consider C Observe D Imagine 2. A tended

7、B feared C happened D threatened 3. A thinner B stabler C lighter D dimmer 4. A tendency B advantage C inclination D priority 5. A insists on B sums up C turns out D puts forward 6. A off B behind C over D along 7. A incredible B spontaneous Cinevitable D gradual 8. A fight B doubt C stop D think 9.

8、 A invisible B limited C indefinite D different 10. A upward B forward C afterward D backward 11. A features B influences C results D costs 12. A outside B on C by D across 13. A deliver B carry C perform D apply 14. A by chance B in contrast C as usual D for instance 15. A if B unless C as D lest 1

9、6. A moderate B overcome C determine D reach 17. A at B for C after D with 18. A Above all B After all C However D Otherwise 19. A fundamental B comprehensive C equivalent D hostile 20. A By accident B In time C So far D Better still Section II Reading Comprehension Part ADirections: Read the follow

10、ing four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, b

11、ut habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative implication. So it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have disco

12、vered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks. Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit, we can instead direct our own change by consciously de

13、veloping new habits. In fact, the more new things we try the more we step outside our comfort zone the more inherently creative we become, both in the workplace and in our own personal lives. But dont bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the brain, theyre

14、there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately press into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads. “The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of The Open Mind. “But we are taught instead to decide, just as our p

15、resident calls himself the Decider. ” She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.” All of us work through problems in ways of which were unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960s dis

16、covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At the end of adolescence, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have

17、 seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life. The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the American belief system that anyone

18、can do anything,” explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book This Year I Will. and Ms. Markovas business partner. “Thats a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what youre good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.” This is where developing new habits comes in

19、. 21. In Wordsworths view, “habits” is characterized by being A casual. B familiar. C mechanical. D changeable. 22. Brain researchers have discovered that the formation of habits can be A predicted. B regulated. C traced. D guided. 23. The word “ruts” (Line 1, paragraph 4) is closest in meaning to A

20、 tracks. B series. C characteristics. D connections. 24. Dawna Markova would most probably agree that A ideas are born of a relaxing mind.B innovativeness could be taught.C decisiveness derives from fantastic ideas.D curiosity activates creative minds. 25. Ryans comments suggest that the practice of

21、 standardized testingA prevents new habits from being formed.B no longer emphasizes commonness. C maintains the inherent American thinking model.D complies with the American belief system. Text 2 It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom o

22、r at least confirm that hes the kids dad. All he needs to do is shell out $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore and another $120 to get the results. More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last year, according to Do

23、ug Fogg, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests directly to the public, ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500. Among the most popular: paternity and kinship testing, which adopted children ca

24、n use to find their biological relatives and families can use to track down kids put up for adoption. DNA testing is also the latest rage among passionate genealogists - and supports businesses that offer to search for a familys geographic roots . Most tests require collecting cells by swabbing sali

25、va in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA. But some observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,” says Troy Duster, a New York University

26、 sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors - numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a fathers line or mitochondrial DNA, which is passed down only from mother

27、s. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents. Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as

28、good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies dont rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the re

29、sults. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation. 26. In Paragraphs 1 and 2, the text shows PTKs A easy availability. B flexibility in pricing. C successful promotion. D popularity with households.

30、 27. PTK is used to A locate ones birth place. B promote genetic research. C identify parent-child kinship. D choose children for adoption. 28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to A trace distant ancestors. B rebuild reliable bloodlines. C fully use genetic information. D achi

31、eve the claimed accuracy. 29. In the last paragraph, a problem commercial genetic testing faces is A disorganized data collection. B overlapping database building. C excessive sample comparison.D lack of patent evaluation.30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be A Fors and Againsts

32、 of DNA Testing. B DNA Testing and Its Problems. C DNA Testing Outside the Lab. D Lies Behind DNA Testing. Text 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike. Progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessar

33、y for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that it is, because building new

34、 educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and,

35、 as a result, radically higher standards of living. Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recession and Japan at its pre-bubble peak, the U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of the primary causes of the

36、 poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda, Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts as a result of the training that

37、 U.S. workers received on the job. More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industrys wor

38、k. What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments dont force it. After all, thats how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000

39、years ago, they didnt have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things. As education improved, humanitys productivity potential increased as well. When the competitive environment pushed ou

40、r ancestors to achieve that potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to es

41、cape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesnt constrain the ability of the developing worlds workforce to substantially improve productivity for the foreseeable future. On the contrary, constrai

42、nts on improving productivity explain why education isnt developing more quickly there than it is. 31. The author holds in Paragraph 1 that the importance of education in poor countriesA is subject to groundless doubts. B has fallen victim of bias. C is conventionally downgraded. D has been overesti

43、mated. 32. It is stated in Paragraph 1 that the construction of a new education system A challenges economists and politicians. B takes efforts of generations. C demands priority from the government. D requires sufficient labor force. 33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is

44、that A the Japanese workforce is better disciplined. B the Japanese workforce is more productive. C the U.S workforce has a better education. D the U.S workforce is more organized. 34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged A when people had enough time. B prio

45、r to better ways of finding food. C when people on longer went hungry. D as a result of pressure on government. 35. According to the last paragraph, development of education A results directly from competitive environments. B does not depend on economic performance . C follows improved productivity. D cannot afford political changes. Text 4The most thoroughly studied intellectuals in the history of the New World are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of Amer