初三英语-并列句和复合句(共18页).doc

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上并列句和复合句1. 熟练掌握宾语从句的构成和基本用法。2. 掌握并列句的构成和用法。3. 掌握状语从句的构成和用法。4. 理解定语从句的构成和基本用法。一、知识精讲. 并列句用并列连词连接起来的两个或两个以上的简单句叫做并列句。（一）并列句的构成其结构是“简单句+并列连词+简单句”。（二）常用的并列连词1. 常见的用于连接两个简单句的并列连词有：and，but，or，so，for。词意用法and和；并且表示顺延或并列，如果两个分句都是肯定语气，用and连接。or否则；或者表示选择，如果两个分句的语气为一个肯定，一个否定，则应用or连接。but但是表示转折， but与t

2、hough / although不能同时用在一个句子中。so所以；因此表示结果，由so连接的并列句可转换成because引导的主从复合句，两者不能同时用在一个句子中表示“因为所以”。for因为表示原因，是对另一个分句的补充说明，但不能放在句子的开头。2. 其他并列连词有：then，while，when，not only.but also., neither.nor, either.or, as well as等。. 复合句复合句是由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子。主句和从句都具有完整的主谓结构，主句是全句的主体，从句是主句中的一部分，不能独立存在。根据从句在全句中的不同作用，从句可分

3、为：宾语从句、定语从句、状语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。在这里重点讲解宾语从句、状语从句和定语从句。（一）宾语从句1. 宾语从句的引导词引导词用法例句that本身无意义(口语中可省去)当宾语从句是陈述句时I really believe (that) Tom will help us.我确实相信汤姆会帮助我们。if/ whether.(or not)是否当宾语从句是一般疑问句时Im not sure if Ill have time.我不敢肯定我是否会有时间。what, who,where, how,when, why, which,whose, whom等当宾语从句是特殊疑问句时P

4、lease tell me when you were born.请告诉我你是何时出生的。Id like to know what you want best.我想知道你最想要什么东西。注意：whether和if引导宾语从句时，一般情况下可以互换，但在下列情况下须用whether，不能用if。（1）具有选择意义，有or或or not时。【例句】We really dont know whether the news is true or not.我们真的不知道这消息是否是真的。（2）在介词后接宾语从句或不定式时。【例句】We are talking about whether well go

5、back to our hometown.我们正在讨论是否回老家去。（3）作discuss等词的宾语时。【例句】We discussed whether we should close the shop. 我们讨论了是否应该把店关掉。2. 宾语从句的语序宾语从句无论是陈述句、一般疑问句或特殊疑问句，一律用陈述句语序，即“主语+谓语”结构。句尾标点符号取决于主句。【例句】Are you a student? He asks. He asks if you are a student.他问你是否是学生。Where does he work？Do you know？Do you know where

6、 he works？你知道他在哪工作吗？3. 宾语从句的时态宾语从句的时态原则上应与主句的时态一致。主 句 时 态从 句 时 态例句一般现在时根据实际情况而定I hear that he went to Beihai Park yesterday.我听说他昨天去北海公园了。一般过去时过去的某种时态He said his father would take him to Shanghai.他说他爸爸将带他去上海。一般过去时或其它时态客观事实或真理只用一般现在时表示My father told me that the sun rises in the east.爸爸告诉我太阳从东方升起。状元典例1

7、Do you know _?A. when will he be back B. when he will be backC. where did he go D. where will he go答案：B思路分析：本题考查的是宾语从句。宾语从句主要从语序、时态、引导词三方面来考查。本题考查了语序，根据从句用陈述语序的要求，只有B正确，故选择B。状元典例2Do you know _ Guangzhou tomorrow?A. whether they leave forB. whether will they leave forC. whether they are leaving for答案

8、：C思路分析：本题考查的是宾语从句。此题考查的是语序和时态。由时间状语“tomorrow”可判断用一般将来时，但B不是陈述句语序，C用现在进行时表示将来，故选择C。（二）状语从句1. 时间状语从句（1）时态：当主句是一般将来时或祈使句或含有将来的意义时，由when，as soon as，till/until，before引导的时间状语从句用一般现在时。【例句】As soon as he returns home, Ill let you know. 他一回到家，我就告诉你。（2）引导词：由when，while，as，since，after，before，until/till，as soon a

9、s等连词引导。when，while与aswhenwhileas不同点主、从句的动作可以是同时发生，也可以是先后发生强调在某一时间内主、从句中谓语动词所表示的动作在同一时间里发生强调主、从句的动作同时发生从句中的谓语动词既可以是瞬间动词也可以是延续性动词从句中的谓语动词是延续性动词意思均为“当时”【例句】Father was waiting for me when I got home yesterday. 昨天我到家时，爸爸正在等我。While we were having a meeting, my sister came in to ask for me.正当我们开会时，我妹妹进来找我。S

10、he sang happily as she walked along the lake. 她一边沿着湖边走，一边欢快地唱着歌。till与untiluntiltill共同点意思为“直到才”，均可用于“.until/till.”句型。主句的谓语动词是延续性动词时，主句和从句都用肯定形式，当主句的谓语动词是瞬间动词时，主句须用否定结构。不同点可用于句型“Not until”不可用于句型“Not until”正式用语，可放在句首非正式用语，不可放在句首【例句】I didnt go to bed until/till he came back at 11 oclock last night.昨晚直到他

11、11点回来我才睡觉。Please wait here until I come back.请在这等我，直到我回来。since引导的从句，表示“自以来”，从句中的谓语动词表示动作的起点，要用一般过去时，主句的谓语动词表示延续性动作，通常情况下使用现在完成时。在句型“It is/has been.since+从句”中，从句用一般过去时，主句用一般现在时或现在完成时。【例句】It is ten years since she joined the army.她参军已有十年了。状元典例My father _TV in the living room when I _ home yesterday.A.

12、 watched; got B. was watching; gotC. watched; was getting D. was watching; was getting答案：B思路分析：本题考查的是时间状语从句的时态。根据句意“昨天当我到家的时候，爸爸正在看电视。”when引导的从句中的got为瞬间动词，不能用进行时，所以排除C、D。主句是延续性状态，表示正在做的事情，应用过去进行时，故选择B。2. 条件状语从句条件状语从句由if（如果），as long as（只要），unless（除非）等引导。如果主句为祈使句、一般将来时或含有情态动词时，从句用一般现在时。【例句】If it snows

13、 tomorrow, we will have a day or two off.如果明天下雪的话，我们将放假一两天。We wont go to his party unless he invites us.如果他不邀请我们的话，我们就不去参加他的晚会。状元典例If you _ your homework, you can go out to play football.A. finish B. will finish C. are finishing答案：A思路分析：本题考查的是条件状语从句的时态。根据“如果主句是祈使句、一般将来时态或含有情态动词时，从句要用一般现在时”的原则，可知if 后

14、面应该用一般现在时，故选择A。3. 结果状语从句（1）结果状语从句由so，so.that., such.that., so that等引导。（2）so.that.与such.that. 的区别so .that .so+形容词/副词+that从句so+ much/little+不可数名词+thatso+ many/few+可数名词复数+thatso+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词+thatsuch .that .such+ a/an+形容词+单数可数名词+thatsuch+形容词+不可数名词/可数名词复数+that【例句】It is so cold outside that nobody wil

15、l go out to play.外面很冷，以致于没有人愿意出去玩。He has so many books that I dont know which one I should borrow.他有那么多书，我不知道该借哪一本。He is such a good man that we all like him.= He is so good a man that we all like him.他是一个大好人，我们都喜欢他。4. 原因状语从句原因状语从句由because，as，since等引导。如果是直接原因，通常用because引导，如果原因是人们已知的事实，用since引导，如果原因和

16、理由是不言而喻、为人所知的、显而易见的，用as引导。由since，as引导的原因状语从句，从句一般位于主句之前。【例句】Jim didnt go to school yesterday because he was ill.吉姆昨天没去上学因为他病了。Since we are middle school students, we should listen to our teachers.既然我们是中学生，我们就应该听老师的话。5. 目的状语从句目的状语从句由so that，so，in order that等引导。从句中常用can，could，may，might等情态动词。【例句】My fat

17、her gets up early every day so that he can catch the first bus.爸爸每天都起得很早，以便能赶上头班车。状元典例Youd better take the map with you _ you wont get lost.A. as long as B. as soon as C. now that D. so that答案：D思路分析：本题考查的是目的状语从句的引导词。根据语境“你最好带上地图为的是你不会走丢”。so that 意为“目的是，为的是，以便”，故选择D。6. 让步状语从句让步状语从句由although，though等引导

18、。意思为“虽然（尽管）但是”，要注意不能与but用在同一句子中。【例句】Although the doctor was tired, he went on working.尽管这个医生很累了，但他还继续工作。7. 比较状语从句比较状语从句由than，as.as，not so.as等引导。【例句】He is as tall as his father.他和爸爸一样高。状元典例My sister has practiced tennis for a long time. She plays tennis _ you.A. as good as B. so well as C. as well as

19、答案：C思路分析：本题考查的是由asas引导的比较状语从句。根据句意“我妹妹练网球很久了，她打得和你一样好。”此处应该用副词well修饰动词play，故选择C。8. 地点状语从句地点状语从句由where，wherever等引导。【例句】They live where the police cant get them.他们住在警察抓不到他们的地方。（三）定语从句1. 概论定语从句在复合句里起定语作用，修饰主句中的名词或代词。被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词。基本结构为：先行词+关系词+定语从句。引导定语从句的有who，whom，whose，which，that，when，where，why等。2.

20、关系词的基本用法先行词关系词例句人whowhomthatThis is the man who took the photo.这就是拍这张照片的人。物thatwhichThe train that/which has just left is for Beijing.刚刚离开的那列火车是开往北京的。时间whenWell never forget the days when we worked together.我们永远都不会忘记一起工作过的时光。地点whereThis is the place where my grandparents lived.这就是我祖父母居住过的地方。注意：定语从句关

21、系词的选用还有很多种情况在这里没有提到，希望同学们在今后的学习中注意归纳总结。状元典例I hate those _ dont help others when they are in trouble.A. who B. which C. what D. where答案：A思路分析：本题考查的是定语从句。根据题干的先行词“those（指代那些人）”可知用who引导作从句的主语，故选择A。二、难点聚焦if的用法if可以引导宾语从句，也可以引导条件状语从句。其用法如下：宾语从句条件状语从句引导词if意思是否如果作用作主句的宾语作主句的状语时态主句一般现在时或一般将来时一般将来时从句根据从句实际情况而

22、定用一般现在时代替将来例句Im not sure if she will come.我不能确定她是否会来。I will tell you if she comes.如果她来了，我会告诉你。注意：由if引导的条件状语从句表示在某种条件下某事很可能发生。【例句】If you ask him, he will help you.如果你请他帮忙,他会帮你的。If you fail in the exam, you will let him down.如果你考试不及格, 你会让他失望的。另外, if从句还表示不可实现的条件或根本不可能存在的条件, 也就是一种虚拟的条件或假设,从句多用一般过去时或过去完成

23、时。【例句】If I were you, I would invite him to the party. 如果我是你,我会邀请他参加聚会。I would have arrived much earlier if I had not been caught in the traffic. 如果没有堵车, 我会到得早一点儿。if引导宾语从句，此时相当于whether【例句】She asked me if / whether I wanted to go to a party. 她问我想不想参加聚会。状元典例Ask her _ be with me.A. if she will B. if wil

24、l she C. whether will she D. will she答案：A思路分析：考查if引导的宾语从句，从句用陈述语序。三、状元笔记宾语从句是初中阶段的重点。考试说明要求熟练掌握宾语从句的构成和基本用法。（一）宾语从句的语序宾语从句的语序一律使用陈述语序。尤其是在把两个独立的句子连成一个含有宾语从句的复合句时必须特别注意：1. 当宾语从句原为陈述句时，用that引导，语序不变。（注意时态的一致）【例句】Tom isnt a good student. The teacher told usThe teacher told us Tom wasnt a good student.老师

25、告诉我们汤姆不是一个好学生。He has given up smoking. She saidShe said he had given up smoking.她说他已经戒烟了。2. 当宾语从句原为一般疑问句时，用whether或if连接，语序变为陈述语序。【例句】Is Jim a doctor？ I wonderI wonder whether Jim is a doctor.我想知道吉姆是否是个医生。Does she dance well？ Can you tell me ?Can you tell me if she dances well？你能告诉我她舞跳得好不好吗？3. 当宾语从句原

26、为特殊疑问句时，特殊疑问词即为连接词，语序变为陈述语序。【例句】She asked me where you were going.她问我你去哪里。She wondered what he wanted to do.她想知道他想干什么。（二）宾语从句的时态宾语从句的时态原则上应与主句的时态保持一致。1. 如果主句是现在时（包括一般现在时，现在进行时和现在完成时），宾语从句可以是实际需要的任何时态。【例句】I am wondering whether he has come or not.我想知道他是否已经来了。（现在完成时）Please tell me when well have the m

27、eeting.请告诉我我们什么时候开会。（一般将来时）I dont know who they are talking about.我不知道他们正在谈论谁。（现在进行时）I have heard the window was broken by John.我已经听说窗户是被约翰打破的。2. 如果主句是过去的时态（包括一般过去时，过去进行时），宾语从句必须选用过去的某一时态（即一般过去时，过去将来时，过去进行时或过去完成时等）。【例句】He said he would kill her.他说他会杀了她。（过去将来时）She told us Lucy had returned home.她告诉我们

28、露茜已经回家去了。（过去完成时）Mary was wondering who could answer the question.玛丽想知道谁能回答这一问题。（一般过去时）I didnt tell them where you were having the meeting.我没有告诉他们你们正在哪儿开会。（过去进行时）3. 如果宾语从句表示的是科学真理、客观事实或格言警句等，则不管该句是何种时态，从句一律用一般现在时。【例句】Granny told me that the earth moves around the sun.奶奶告诉我地球围绕太阳转。She said a friend in

29、 need is a friend indeed.她说患难的朋友才是真正的朋友。1. Can you tell me _ your parents at home?I often wash clothes and sweep the floor.A. how will you help B. how you helpC. how you will help D. how do you help答案：B思路分析：本题考查的是宾语从句。宾语从句主要从时态、语序、引导词三方面考查。本题考查了语序和时态。宾语从句的语序要用陈述语序，故排除A、D，根据答语“我经常洗衣服和扫地，”可以知道用的是一般现在时

30、，用一般现在时提问，故选择B。2. Our teacher told us the sun _ in the east.A. rise B. rose C. rising D. rises答案：D思路分析：本题考查的是宾语从句的时态。当从句表达的是客观事实或真理时，即使主句是一般过去时，从句也用一般现在时表达。又因为从句主语“the sun”是第三人称单数，动词要用三单形式，故选择D。3. Sam, do you know if Alice _to my party next week?I think she will come if she _free.A. comes; is B. com

31、es; will beC. will come; is D. will come; will be答案：C思路分析：本题考查的是if引导宾语从句和条件状语从句的时态用法。问句中的“if”引导的是宾语从句，主语用的是一般现在时，从句时态要根据实际情况而定，根据时间状语“next week”可以判断用一般将来时，排除A、B；答语中的“if”引导的是条件状语从句，主句用的是一般将来时，从句要用一般现在时，故选择C。4. The new-designed car is on show now. I wonder _.A. how much it costB. how much did it costC

32、. how much it costsD. how much does it cost答案：C思路分析：本题考查的是宾语从句的语序和时态。根据宾语从句的语序要用陈述语序来判断，排除B、D。根据题干用的是一般现在时，宾语从句也要用一般现在时，从句的主语是“it”,动词要用三单形式，故选择C。5. This is the novel_ is written by Guo Jingming.A. who B. what C. that D. /答案：C思路分析：本题考查的是定语从句。先行词是“the novel”, 指的是物，关系代词用that，故选择C。6. Could you tell me _

33、?Of course, last night.A. when you reached ChengduB. when did you reach ChengduC. how you came to ChinaD. how did you come to China答案：A思路分析：本题考查的是宾语从句。从语序要用陈述语序来判断，排除B和D，根据答语的“last night（昨晚）”判断引导词要用when来问时间，故选择A。7. Im not sure _ there are living things on other planets or not.Even scientists arent s

34、ure about it.A. whether B. where C. why答案：A思路分析：本题考查的是宾语从句的引导词。根据从句中的“or not”可知用whether, “whether.or not”表示“是否”，为固定搭配，故选择A。8. I dont know if Jack_. If he_, call me, please.A. will come; will comesB. comes; comeC. comes; will comeD. will come; comes答案：D思路分析：本题考查的是if引导的从句的时态。if可以引导宾语从句作“是否”讲，也可以引导条件状语

35、从句作“如果”讲，本题中的第一个if引导的是宾语从句，根据句意“我不知道杰克是否会来”可知用一般将来时，排除B和C; 第二个if 引导的是条件状语从句，主句是祈使句，从句用一般现在时，故选择D。9. The teacher speaks very loudly _all the students can hear her.A. so that B. becauseC. since D. when答案：A思路分析：本题考查的是状语从句的引导词。根据句意“为了让所有学生都能听见她，老师说话的声音很大”可知是目的状语从句，so that表示“以便；为了”，引导目的状语从句，从句中常使用can /co

36、uld /may /might /will /would /should等情态动词或助动词，故选择A。10. I dont know your brother.Oh. The man _came to see me yesterday is my brother.A. who B. whoseC. where D. whom答案：A思路分析：本题考查的是定语从句。本题的先行词“the man”指的是人，用关系代词who引导，故选择A。11. Can you tell me_?A. how old is your grandmaB. how old your grandma isC. your

37、grandma is how oldD. how is your grandma答案：B思路分析：本题考查的是宾语从句的语序。语序应为引导词how old加陈述句语序，故选择B。12. Could you tell me ?A. the hospital is whereB. where the hospital isC. which the hospital isD. where is the hospital答案：B思路分析：本题考查的是宾语从句的语序和引导词。根据句意“您能告诉我医院在哪里吗？”，可知语序应为引导词where加陈述句，故选择B。13. Look, what have yo

38、u done?Sorry. I think if I _ another chance, Ill do it better.A. give B. will be givenC. will giveD. am given答案：D思路分析：本题考查的是条件状语从句的时态。从题干中可看出主句是一般将来时，所以if引导的从句应为一般现在时，排除B、C。又根据句意“如果我能被给予另一次机会，我会做得更好。”可知是被动语态，故选择D。14. What a new computer! Can you tell me _?Just the day before yesterday.A. how much yo

39、u paid for itB. how much did you pay for itC. when you bought itD. when did you buy it答案：C思路分析：本题考查的是宾语从句的引导词和语序。根据答语“就在前天。”得知引导词应为when,语序应该是陈述语序，故选择C。15. There is a girl in front of our classroom. Do you know _?She is my neighbor, Sue.A. who is sheB. who she is C. what is sheD. what she is答案：B思路分析：

40、本题考查的是宾语从句。根据宾语从句用陈述语序这一原则，排除A、C，又根据答语“她是我的邻居，苏。”可知是问这个人是谁，用who提问，故选择B。16. Do you know ?Sorry, I dont have a watch.A. whose watch this is B. whose watch is thisC. what time it is D. what time is it答案：C思路分析：本题考查的是宾语从句的引导词和语序。根据答语“抱歉，我没有手表”可知是询问时间，语序应为引导词what time加上陈述句，故选择C。17. Tom wants to know if yo

41、u will have a picnic tomorrow.Yes. But if it _, well play chess instead.A. will rainB. rained C. is raining D. rains答案：D思路分析：本题考查的是if引导的条件状语从句的时态。第一句中的“if”引导的是宾语从句，意思为“汤姆想知道你们明天是否去野餐。”，答语中的“if”引导的是条件状语从句，主句用的是一般将来时，从句要用一般现在时，故选择D。18. The man_ is talking with my teacher is Toms father.A. who B. whom

42、C. whose D. which答案：A思路分析：本题考查的是定语从句。本题的先行词“the man”指的是人，用关系代词who引导，在从句中作主语，故选择A。（答题时间：40分钟）1. I want to know_ the day after tomorrow.A. what will he do B. what he will doC. what he did D. what did he do2. Lucy, I hear the new TV tower is fantastic. Could you tell me _?Sure! Take No. 8 bus. Its not

43、far.A. how far it is B. where is itC. how I can get there D. which bus should I take3. As soon as he comes back, Ill tell him when _ and see him.A. will you come B. you will come C. do you come D. you come4. Do you know _ now?In the Peoples Hospital.A. where is Lin Lis father working B. where did Li

44、n Lis father workC. where Lin Lis father is working D. where Lin Lis father worked5. What did the policeman say to you just now?He asked_ when the accident happened.A. what I was doing B. what was I doingC. what I am doing D. what am I doing6. Do you know_ during the coming holiday?A. what did John do B. what John will doC. what will John do D. what John did7. She told me _ in America. She said she had a good time there.A. what