全球商务复习彭维刚(共50页).docx
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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上第一章:Globalizing Business(全球化的商务活动)1.【international business】is defined as(被定义为):business (firm) that engages(参与) in international (cross-border跨国) economic activities or the action of doing business abroad.翻译:国际商务被定义为:(1)参与国际(跨国)经济活动的企业;(2)到海外从事商务活动的行为。2.【global business】:business aroun
2、d the globe, including both international (cross-border) activities and domestic(国内的) business activities.翻译:全球商务是指全球范围内的商务活动。这种商务活动包括:(1)传统国际商务教材中涉及的国际化活动;(2)本土的商务活动。3.【multinational enterprise (MNE)】:firm that engages in foreign direct investments(直接投资)by directly investing(直接投资) in, controlling a
3、nd managing value-added activities in other countries.翻译:跨国企业可以被定义为:通过在其他国家的直接投资、控制和管理价值增值活动来参与对外直接投资。4.【foreign direct investment(FDI)】:investments in, controlling, and managing value-added activities in other countries翻译:对外直接投资:是指在其他国家进行直接投资、控制和管理价值增值活动。5.【gross domestic product (GDP)】:measured(衡量
4、) as the sum(总和) of value added by resident(本地) firms, households(家庭), and government operating(政府运营操作) in an economy. 翻译:国内生产总值衡量的是一个经济体中所有本地企业、家庭和政府创造的价值总和.或者说是一个国家或地区在一定时期内(通常为一年)所生产的最终产品的市场价值。6.【gross domestic product (GDP)】:total market value of all final goods and services produced within a co
5、untry in a given period of time usually a calendar year.翻译:国内生产总值是指一个国家或地区在一定时期内(通常为一年)所生产的最终产品的市场价值。7.【gross national product(GNP)】:gross domestic product plus income from nonresident sources(来源) abroad.翻译:国民生产总值是指国内生产总值加上驻外的收入来源。8.【gross national income(GNI)】:GDP plus income from nonresident sourc
6、es abroad the term used by the World Bank and other international organizations to supersede the GNP term.翻译:国民总收入是指GDP加上来自海外的非居民来源的收入。这个词是世界银行和其他国际总值用以取代国民生产总值的术语。9.【purchasing power parity (PPP)】:adjustment made to the GDP to reflect differences in the cost of living.翻译:调整国内生产总值,以反映生活成本差异的方法。10【em
7、erging economies (emerging markets)】:term that gradually(逐步地)replaced(取代) the term developing countries since the 1990s.翻译:新型经济体:这个用语从20实际90年代开始逐步取代了“发展中国家”。11.【Triad (a group of three)】:three regions of developed economies(North America, Western Europe, and Janpan).翻译:三大经济体是指三个发达国家,包括北美,西欧和日本。12.【B
8、RIC】:acronym(首字母缩略字) for the emerging economies of Brazil, Russia, India, and China翻译:金砖四国是指包括巴西,俄罗斯,印度和中国在内的四个新兴经济体的缩略词。13.【BRICS】:Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa(南非)14.【base of the pyramid】:vast(巨大的)majority(大多数)of humanity, about four billion people, live at the base of the pyramid and
9、 make less than $2,000 a year.翻译:金字塔底层是指金字塔最大的一部分人,约40亿,位于最底层,人均年收入不到2000美元。15.【expatriate manager (expat)】:manager who works abroad.翻译:外派经理是指在国外工作的经理。16.【international premium】:significant pay raise when working overseas.翻译:跨国补贴是指在国外工作时薪水会显著提高。17.第一个核心观点:INSTITUTION-BASED VIEW(基于制度观点)主要考虑外部环境(prima
10、ry deals with the external environment:doing business around the globe requires intimate(精通的) knowledge about the formal and informal rules government competition(竞争) in various countries. An institution-based view suggests that success and failure of firms are enabled and constrained(受制) by the dif
11、ferent rules of the game.翻译:在全球范围内从事商务活动就必须非常了解在不同国家进行竞争的正式及非正式规则,基于制度的观点认为企业的成功与失败都受制于不同的游戏规则。【formal rules】:requirements that treat(对待) domestic and foreign firms as equals enhance(增加)the potential(可能性) odds(几率) for foreign firms success.正式规则:平等对待本土和外资企业,将增加外资企业成功的可能性。【informal rules】:cultures, et
12、hics, and norms(规范) that play an important part in shaping(塑造)the success and failure of firms around the globe.非正式规则:文化、道德和行为规范也对企业在全球的成功和失败发挥着巨大的作用。18.第二个核心观点:基于资源观点:A firms resources and capabilities-internal(主要考虑内部能力)【liability of foreignness】:inherent(固有的)disadvantage that foreign firms experie
13、nce in host countries because of their nonnative(非本地的)status(状态、地位).take it for granted-ethnocentric(种族优越感)翻译:外商劣势:这种非本国的身份是外国企业在东道国的固有劣势。19.【globalization】:close economic integration(集成) of countries and peoples of the worlds.翻译:全球化:密切的经济一体化的国家和人民的世界。20.【semi-globalization】:strategy(战略) that sugges
14、ts that barriers(障碍) to market integration(集成) at borders(国界) are high but not high enough to completely insulate(隔离) countries from each other.翻译:半全球化意味着国与国之间市场一体化的障碍较高,但又不至于使国与国之间完全隔离。21.【nongovernment organizations (NGOs)】:heterogeneous organizations with numerous classifications:advocacy(主张):env
15、ironmentalists(环境保护者), human rights activists(人权维护者), consumers(消费者协会), etc. that raise awareness(增强意识), acceptance(接纳), and knowledge by lobbying(游说), press work(印刷品), and activist events(维权事件)。 operational:design and implementation(实现) of development-related projects(开发相关的项目) that may stress(强调) s
16、ervice delivery or participation(参与); can be religious or secular(宗教与世俗); can be more public- or private-oriented(民营); can be community-based(社区为本), national, or international.22. international organization: IMF,WB,WTO,UNCTAD,OCED第二章:Understanding Politics, laws, and Economics(理解政治、法律和经济)1.【institut
17、ions】:formal and informal policies popularly known as “the rules of the game”.翻译:制度也就是通常所说的游戏规则,分为正式的和非正式的制度。2【institution-based view】:leading(主要的) perspective(观点)on global business in which firms constantly(不断地)monitor(监测), decode(破译), and adapt(使适应) to the changing rules of the game to survive and
18、 prosper(成功).翻译:基于制度理论的主要观点是企业的成功取决于企业为了生存和发展,要不断地监控、解读和适应不断变化的游戏规则。3.【institutional framework】:formal and informal institutions governing(支配) individual and firm behavior.翻译:一个制度框架是由支配个人和企业行为的正式和非正式的制度所构成。4.【formal institutions】:laws, regulations, and rules.翻译:正式的制度包括法律、规章和规则。以规章支柱做支撑。 5.【regulator
19、y pillar】:coercive (强制的,强迫的;高压的) power of governments.翻译:规章支柱是指政府的强制力。6.【informal institutions】:institutions represented(代表) by norms, cultures, and ethics.翻译:非正式的制度以规范、文化和道德为代表。以规范支柱和认知支柱为支撑。7.【normative pillar】:how the values, beliefs(信仰), and actions of other relevant(有关的)players(参与者) - collectiv
20、ely(共同的)known as norms(规范)- influence the behavior of focal individuals and firms.翻译:规范支柱是指其他相关参与者的价值观、信仰和行动(统称规范)如何影响个人和企业的行为。8.【cognitive pillar】:internalized(内部化), taken-for-granted(理所当然)values and beliefs that guide individual and firm behavior.翻译:认知支柱,表示被内部化了的、被认为是理所当然的指导个人和企业行为的那些价值观和信仰。9.【WHA
21、T DO INSTITUTIONS DO?】(制度的作用是什么)key role is to reduce uncertainty(不确定性) by influencing individuals and firms decision making by signaling which conduct(管理)is legitimate(合法的)and acceptable and which is not.翻译:制度的关键作用可以简单的概括为降低不确定性。具体来说,制度通过发出什么行为是合法的、可接受的和什么行为是不合法的、不可接受的信号,来影响个人和企业的决策制定。【transaction
22、costs】:costs associated with economic transactions(交易), costs of doing business.翻译:经济交易的不确定性会产生交易成本,被定义为与经济交易有关的成本,或者更广义的说,是从事商务活动的成本。【opportunism】:self-interest(自身利益) seeking(寻求) with guile(欺诈). Examples include misleading, cheating, and confusing other parties in transactions(交易) that will.翻译:机会主义
23、是指以欺诈的手段寻求自身利益的行为。包括误导、欺骗和迷惑其他的交易伙伴等。这增加了交易成本。【institutional transitions】:fundamental(根本的)and comprehensive(广泛的) changes introduced to the formal and informal rules of the game that affect organizations as players.翻译:制度转型被定义为“对作为参与者的组织产生影响的那些正式和非正式游戏规则的根本而全面的变化”。10. 基于制度观点的两个核心命题1.在一个给定制度框架的正式和非正式的制
24、度性约束内,经理人和企业理性地追求自身的利益并作出选择。2.尽管正式和非正式的制度共同支配着企业的行为。但是,在正式约束不明确或失效的情况下,非正式的约束在为经理人和企业减少不确定性和保持稳定性方面发挥着更大的作用。11.TWO POLITICAL SYSTEMS(两种政治体制):Democracy(民主制) and Totalitarianism(集权制)。【political risk】:associated with political changes that may negatively(负面的、消极的) impact domestic and foreign firms.翻译:政治
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