胡壮麟《语言学教程》分章试题(共25页).doc

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上胡壮麟语言学教程分章测试题一Chapter 1 Introductions to LinguisticsI.Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human _ A. contact B. communication C. relation D. community2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? A. tree B. typewriter C. cras

2、h D. bang3. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.” is_. A. interrogative B. directive C. informative D. performative4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say“碎碎（岁岁）平安”as a means of controlling the forces which

3、they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform? A. Interpersonal B. Emotive C. Performative D. Recreational5.Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers o

4、f a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. Transferability B. Duality C. Displacement D. Arbitrariness6.Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language? A nice day, isnt it? Right! I really enjoy the sunlight. A. Emotive B. Phati

5、c C. Performative D. Interpersonal7._ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language usersknowledge of the rules of his language in utterances. A. Performance B. Competence C. Langue D. Parole8.When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and n

6、ow. It couldnt be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the design feature of _A_. A. cultural transmission B. productivity C. displacement D. duality9. _ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A. PsycholinguisticsB.Anthropological linguisticsC. So

7、ciolinguistics D. Applied linguistics10._ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education. A. Linguistic theory B. Practical linguisticsC. Applied linguistics D. Comparative linguisticsII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. FLanguage is a mean

8、s of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language.12. F Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.13. Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication systems.14. Language is written because writing is the primary me

9、dium for all languages.15. We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details of any language system can be genetically transmitted.16. Only human beings are able to communicate.17. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th centu

10、ry, was a French linguist.18. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeares time is an example of the diachronic study of language.19. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history.20. All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms.I

11、II. Fill in the blanks. (10%)21. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of _ verbal_ communication.22. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed _productivity_.23. Language ha

12、s many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is _matalingual function_.24. Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the _yo he ho_ theory.25. Linguistics is the _ study of language.26. Modern linguistics is _ in

13、the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.27. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of _speech_ over writing.28. The description of a language as it changes through time is a _ study.29. Saussure put for

14、ward two important concepts. _ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.30. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussures langu e and Chomskys _.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Design feature32. Displacement33. Competence34. Synchr

15、onic linguisticsV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language? Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature? （南开大学，2004）36. Why is it difficult to define language? （北京第二外国语大学，2004）VI. Analyze

16、 the following situation. (20%)37. How can a linguist make his analysis scientific? （青岛海洋大学，1999）Key: Chapter 1In the reference keys, I wont give examples or further analysis. That seems too much work for me. Therefore, this key is only for reference. In order to answer this kind of question, you ne

17、ed more examples. So you should read the textbook carefully. icywarmteaI. 15 BACCC 610 BACACII.1115 FFTFF 1620 FFFFFIII.21. verbal 22. productivity / creativity23. metalingual function 24. yo-he-ho25. scientific 26. descriptive27. speech 28. diachronic linguistic29. langue 30. competenceIV. 31. Desi

18、gn feature: It refers to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication.32. Displacement: It means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts, which are not present (in time and s

19、pace) at the moment of communication.33. Competence: It is an essential part of performance. It is the speakers knowledge of his or her language; that is, of its sound structure, its words, and its grammatical rules. Competence is, in a way, an encyclopedia of language. Moreover, the knowledge invol

20、ved in competence is generally unconscious. A transformational-generative grammar is a model of competence.34. Synchronic linguistics: It refers to the study of a language at a given point in time. The time studied may be either the present or a particular point in the past; synchronic analyses can

21、also be made of dead languages, such as Latin. Synchronic linguistics is contrasted with diachronic linguistics, the study of a language over a period of time.V.35. Duality makes our language productive. A large number of different units can be formed out of a small number of elements for instance,

22、tens of thousands of words out of a small set of sounds, around 48 in the case of the English language. And out of the huge number of words, there can be astronomical number of possible sentences and phrases, which in turn can combine to form unlimited number of texts. Most animal communication syst

23、ems do not have this design feature of human language.If language has no such design feature, then it will be like animal communicational system which will be highly limited. It cannot produce a very large number of sound combinations, e.g. words, which are distinct in meaning.36. It is difficult to

24、 define language, as it is such a general term that covers too many things. Thus, definitions for it all have their own special emphasis, and are not totally free from limitations.VI.37. It should be guided by the four principles of science: exhaustiveness, consistency, economy and objectivity and f

25、ollow the scientific procedure: form hypothesis collect data check against the observable facts come to a conclusion.Chapter 2 Speech SoundsI.Choose the best answer. (20%)1.Pitch variation is known as _A_ when its patterns are imposed on sentences. A. intonation B. tone C. pronunciation D. voice2. C

26、onventionally a _ is put in slashes (/ /). A. allophone B. phone C. phoneme D. morpheme3.An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are _ of the p phoneme. A. analogues B. tagmemes C. morphemes D. allophones4.The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as _A_. A. glottis B

27、. vocal cavity C. pharynx D. uvula5.The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as _ diphthongs. A. wide B. closing C. narrow D. centering6.A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called _D_. A. minimal pairs B. allomorphs C. phones D. allophones7. Which br

28、anch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds? A. Acoustic phonetics B. Articulatory phonetics C. Auditory phonetics D. None of the above8.Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation? A. n B. m C. b D. p9.Which vowel is different from the others according

29、to the characteristics of vowels? A. i: B. u C. e D. i 10 What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating? A. Voiceless B. Voiced C. Glottal stop D. ConsonantII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. T Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of p

30、honological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.12. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound.13. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment

31、and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation.14. p is a voiced bilabial stop.15. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.16. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllab

32、les contain an onset and a coda.17. When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.18. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. short.19. Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most p

33、eople.20. FThe maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. Consonant sounds can be either _voiced_ or _voiceless_, while all vowel sounds are _voiced_22. Consonant sounds

34、can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing _fricition_.23. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the _tongue_ and the lips.24. One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue

35、which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the _height_ to which that part of the tongue is raised.25. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without _.26. In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phoneme

36、s /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating _.27. In English there are a number of _, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.28. _ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors.29. _ is the smallest li

37、nguistic unit.30. Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the _ coming from the lungs.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Sound assimilation32. Suprasegmental feature33. Complementary distribution34. Dist

38、inctive featuresV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. What is acoustic phonetics?（中国人民大学，2003）36. What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation?（南开大学，2004）VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Write the symbol that corresponds to each of t

39、he following phonetic descriptions; then give an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop d dog. (1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop (2) low front vowel (3) lateral liquid (4) velar nasal (5) voiced interdental fricative答案Chapter 2I.15 ACDAA 610 DBABBII.1115 TTTFF 162

40、0 TTTFFIII.21. voiced, voiceless, voiced 22. friction23. tongue 24. height25. obstruction 26. minimal pairs27. diphthongs 28. Co-articulation29. Phonemes 30. air streamIV.31. Sound assimilation: Speech sounds seldom occur in isolation. In connected speech, under the influence of their neighbors, are

41、 replaced by other sounds. Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a third sound which is different from both original sounds. This process is called sound assimilation.32. Suprasegmental feature: The phonetic features that occur above the level of the segments are

42、called suprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence. The main suprasegmental ones includes stress, intonation, and tone.33. Complementary distribution: The different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context. When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in complementary distribution.34. Distinctive features: It refers to the feat