英语阅读理解(共18页).doc

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上英语阅读理解(科普环保)题20套(带答案)一、高中英语阅读理解科普环保类1犇犇阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 Throughout much of human history, man has been the measure of many, if not all, things. Lengths were divided up into feet and smaller units from the human hand. Other measures were equally characteristic. Mediterra

2、nean traders for centuries used the weight of grains of wheat to define (定义) their units of mass. The Romans used libra, forerunner of the pound, by referring to the weight of a carob (角豆树) seed. The sizes of similarly named units could also differ. The kings foot, used in France for nearly 1, 000 y

3、ears after its introduction by Charlemagne in around 790 AD, was, at 32.5cm, around a centimeter shorter than the Belgic foot, used in England until 1300.Greek, Egyptian and Babylonian versions of water in a fixed container varied from one another by a few kilos, Nor was there agreement on such thin

4、gs within countries. In France, where there was no unified (统一的) measurement system at the national level, the situation was particularly terrible. The lieue (former measure of distance), for example, varied from just over 3 km in the north to nearly 6 km in the south. Although John Wilkins, an Engl

5、ishman, first put forward a decimal system (十进制) of measurement in 1668, it was the French who in 1799 made it law. The Systme International dUnits (SI, or the metric system, as it is better known) developed from it and became the official measurement in all countries except Myanmar, Liberia and the

6、 United States. Now the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in Paris is set to give the metric system its biggest shake-up yet. At a meeting in Versailles, France, on November 16th, 2018, the worlds measurement bodies are almost certain to approve a decision that will mean four out of the s

7、even base SI units, including the kilogram, will follow the other three, including the metre, in being redefined in terms of the values of physical constants (物理常数).Each of the chosen constants has been measured incredibly precisely, which would mean that from May 20th 2019 the constants will themse

8、lves be fixed at their current values for ever. Any laboratory in the world will then be able to measure, for example, the mass of an object as precisely as the accuracy of their equipment will allow.（1）What does Paragraph 1 mainly tell us? A.Pound went before libra in measurement.B.Different things

9、 used to be adopted as measures.C.Grains were accepted as measures by the Romans.D.Fixed measurement systems were gradually formed.（2）How does the author develop the second paragraph? A.In time order.B.By analysis.C.In space order.D.By comparison.（3）Which of the following countries used SI as an off

10、icial measurement? A.France.B.Liberia.C.America.D.Myanmar.（4）What will the worlds measurement bodies achieve at the meeting held in Versailles? A.They will come up with seven new SI units.B.They will set May 20th as a new international festival.C.They will redefine four SI units including the kilogr

11、am.D.They will decide on a new measure used in the laboratory.【答案】 （1）B（2）D（3）A（4）C 【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，法国凡尔赛宫举办的国际计量大会，将对目前使用的国际单位制中的四个基本单位进行重新定义，其中包括对千克的重新定义。 （1）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“man has been the measure of many, if not all, things ”以及下文提到的用作计量单位的手、脚、谷物重量和参考角豆种子重量的磅可知，本段主要讲述了不同的东西被用作计量单位。故选B。 （2）考查推理判断

12、。根据第二段中的“The kings foot .around a centimetre shorter than the Belgic foot”和“Greek, Egyptian and Babylonian versions of water in a fixed container varied from one another by a few kilos,以及The lieue (former measure of distance), for example, varied from just over 3 km in the north to nearly 6 km in th

13、e south”可推知，本段作者主要运用了对比的写作方法，把同一计量单位在不同国家之间或者在同一国家不同区域间的差异进行了说明。故选D。 （3）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“it was the French who in 1799 made it law和The Systme International dUnits (SI, or the metric system, as it is better known)developed from it and became the official measurement in all countries except Myanmar, Lib

14、eria and the United States ”可知，在所给出的四个国家中，只有法国采用国际单位制(SI)。国际单位制是现时世界上最普遍采用的标准度量衡单位系统，采用十进制进位系统。故选A。 （4）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“At a meeting in Versailles, France, on November 16th, 2018, the worlds measurement bodies are almost certain to approve a decision that will mean four out of the seven base SI units

15、.will follow the other three.in being redefined in terms of the values of physical constants”可知，在法国凡尔赛宫召开的会议上，七个基本计量单位中的四个将被重新定义，其中包括对千克的重新定义。故选C。 【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，同时根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。2犇犇阅读下面文章，然后从题中所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出每个问题的最佳选项。 My two- and four-year-old boys love t

16、o win, whether theyre racing their bikes down the sidewalk or just finishing their snacks. Its true that those with high status, from world leaders and prize winners to athletes and movie stars, are people we like and respect. A recent study published in Nature Human Behaviour showed that we seem to

17、 have an innate (天生的) preference for high-ranking peoplesbut only if those people arent hurtful toward others. Researchers showed toddlers (aged 21 to 31 months) a scene where two puppets (木偶) approached one another from opposite sides of a stage and one bowed to let the other pass first. Asked whic

18、h puppet they liked better, 18 of the 21 toddlers in the experiment reached for the puppet who had been allowed to pass. Because respect from others is a marker of status, this suggests that children have a preference for those with a higher statuseven before age three. However, the results were qui

19、te different when two puppets approached one another and one used force to knock the other down before continuing to the other side. In this case, 18 of the 21 toddlers reached for the one who was knocked down. As the researchers concluded, When approaching others, very young children care not only

20、who wins, but also how. The previous experiment has shown that toddlers know about social status, but this experiment went one step further by proving they have an obvious preference for high status. Since the participants were so young, this might even be an innate human preference. In a word, this

21、 new research suggests that young children appreciate people who do well while at the same time doing good to others. So, when my four-year-old thinks that he has to get his shoes on first, Ill keep reminding him that helping his brother so they both finish faster is what winning is all about.（1）Wha

22、t do we tend to do according to the first paragraph? A.Seek challenges all the time.B.Admire high-ranking people.C.Take advantage of high status.D.Hurt others with offensive words.（2）Why did toddlers prefer the puppet allowed to pass? A.It looked adorable.B.It behaved smartly.C.It seemed polite.D.It

23、 was respected.（3）What can we infer from the latter study? A.Slower people are better loved by toddlers.B.People naturally dislike unkind behavior.C.Toddlers care little about high social status.D.Being helpful contributes to being supported.（4）What should we do when we encourage children to win? A.

24、Instruct them to use proper and creative ways.B.Advise them to be as hardworking as possible.C.Remind them to be considerate to other people.D.Tell them to try to cooperate with someone else.【答案】 （1）B（2）D（3）B（4）C 【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了人们更倾向于喜欢和尊敬地位高而又无害于他人的人，这似乎是一种天性，即使是蹒跚学步的孩子也是如此。 （1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“

25、A recent study published in Nature Human Behaviour showed that we seem to have an innate（天生的）preference for high-ranking peoplesbut only if those people arent hurtful toward others.”可知，我们更倾向于敬佩那些地位高的人。故选B。 （2）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Asked which puppet they liked better, 18 of the 21 toddlers in the experimen

26、t reached for the puppet who had been allowed to pass. Because respect from others is a marker of status, this suggests that children have a preference for those with a higher statuseven before age three.”可知，蹒跚学步的孩子喜欢那个被允许通过的木偶，是因为这种行为代表着受人尊敬，孩子们更喜欢受尊敬的人。故选D。 （3）考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“In this case, 18 of th

27、e 21 toddlers reached for the one who was knocked down.和Since the participants were so young, this might even be an innate human preference.”可知，孩子们会走向被撞倒的人，而由于孩子太小，甚至可能是人类与生俱来的偏好。由此可推断出，人们天生不喜欢不友善的行为。故选B。 （4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“In a word, this new research suggests that young children appreciate people

28、who do well while at the same time doing good to others.”可知，孩子欣赏那些在做好事的同时表现出色的人。由此可推断出，我们鼓励孩子去赢的同时，提醒他们要体谅他人。故选C。 【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科教类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，同时根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。3犇犇阅读理解 Researchers have found bees can do basic mathematics, in a discovery that deepens our understanding of the

29、 relationship between brain size and brain power. Recently, A study conducted by researchers from RMIT University in Melbourne, Australia showed that bees could perform arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction (减法). Solving math problems requires a complex level of involving the mental ma

30、nagement of numbers, long-term rules and short-term working memory. The finding that even the tiny brain of a honeybee can grasp basic mathematical operations has a possible effect on the future development of Artificial Intelligence, particularly in improving rapid learning. RMITs Professor Adrian

31、Dyer said numerical (数字的) operations like addition and subtraction are complex because they require two levels of processing. “You need to be able to hold the rules around adding and subtracting in your long-term memory, while mentally using skillfully a set of given numbers in your short-term memor

32、y,” Dyer said. “On top of this, our bees also used their short-term memories to solve arithmetic problems, as they learned to recognize plus or minus as abstract concepts.” The findings suggest that advanced numerical cognition (认知) may be found much more widely in nature among non-human animals tha

33、n previously suspected. “If math doesnt require a massive brain, there might also be new ways for us to include interactions of both long-term rules and working memory in designs to improve rapid AI learning of new problems,” said Dyer. Many species can understand the difference between quantities a

34、nd use this to search for food, make decisions and solve problems. But numerical cognition, such as exact number and arithmetic operations, requires a more complex level of processing. Previous studies have shown some primates (灵长目动物), birds, babies and even spiders can add and/or subtract. The new

35、research, published in Science Advances, adds bees to that list.（1）What have the researchers from RMIT University discovered? A.The relationship between brain size and brain power.B.Long-term rules and short term working memory.C.Bees can perform complex arithmetic operations.D.Bees can do basic mat

36、hematics.（2）According to Adrian Dyer, bees numerical cognition _. A.requires addition and subtraction two complex processingB.has a possible effect on the future development of AIC.only involves their short-term working memoryD.calls for a lot of maths knowledge（3）What does the finding of the new re

37、search suggest? A.Bees can recogize the exact number.B.Arithmetic operations exist in human and bees.C.Numerical cognition has been found in many more species.D.Some primates, birds and even spiders can add and substract.（4）What can be the best title for the text? A.A Discovery About the Tiny Brain

38、of BeesB.New Findings About Bees Having Numerical CogintionC.Numerical Cognition Requires a Complex Level of ProcessingD.The Relationship Between Brain Size and Brain Power【答案】 （1）D（2）B（3）C（4）B 【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，RMIT大学的研究人员发现了蜜蜂能做基本的数学。此前的研究表明，一些灵长类动物、鸟类、婴儿甚至蜘蛛都可以加减法。发表在科学进展(Science Advances)杂志上的这项新研

39、究将蜜蜂也列入了这一名单。 （1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“Australia showed that bees could perform arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction (减法).”澳大利亚证明蜜蜂可以做加法和减法等算术运算。”可知，RMIT大学 的研究人员发现了蜜蜂能做基本的数学。故选D。 （2）考查推理判断。根据第五段中的“If math doesnt require a massive brain, there might also be new ways for us to include interact

40、ions of both long-term rules and working memory in designs to improve rapid AI learning of new problems,”如果数学不需要一个巨大的大脑，那么在设计中，我们也可能有新的方法来包括长期规则和工作记忆的互动，从而提高人工智能对新问题的快速学习，可知，Adrian Dyer认为，蜜蜂的数字认知对人工智能的未来发展可能有影响。故选B。 （3）考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段中的“Many species can understand the difference between quantities an

41、d use this to search for food, make decisions and solve problems. But numerical cognition, such as exact number and arithmetic operations, requires a more complex level of processing.”许多物种都能理解数量之间的差异，并以此来寻找食物、做出决定和解决问题。但是数字认知，比如精确的数字和算术运算，需要更复杂的处理。可知，新研究的发现说明了在更多的物种中发现了数字认知。故选C。 （4）考查主旨大意。根据最后一段中的“P

42、revious studies have shown some primates (灵长目动物), birds, babies and even spiders can add and/or subtract. The new research, published in Science Advances, adds bees to that list.”此前的研究表明，一些灵长类动物、鸟类、婴儿甚至蜘蛛都可以加减法。发表在科学进展(Science Advances)杂志上的这项新研究将蜜蜂也列入了这一名单。”故选B。 【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科研

43、类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。4犇犇阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 One spring day, once the flowers have begun to open, a bee will hover (盘旋) and zip through your yard and dive-bomb your picnic table. While youre thinking about avoiding an attack, that bee is focused on so

44、mething else entirely: me. A honeybee has about six weeks to live. Today, like most days, her task is to fly as many as three miles from home, stick her long, straw-like tongue into a hundred or so flowers. When the bee has had her fill, shell fly home. There the bee will deposit what she has got in

45、to the mouth of one of her co-workers, who will relay it to another, and so on for about 20 minutes, until the mixture is ready to be placed into the comb. Then she and her 50 000 or so mates will hover in the dark all night every night, flapping their wings to create hot, breezy conditions to remov

46、e the water from the mixture. Several sunrises later, they will seal me off in a golden cell of beeswax. In her lifetime, our bee may visit 4, 000 flowers, and yet will produce only one-twelfth of a tea spoon of me. The average American consumes nearly a pound and a half of me every year, in tea, on

47、 toast, and beyond. If I do say so myself, I am a timeless treasure. LiterallyI never go bad. Alas, my good health is not guaranteed. The problem lies in the growth of industrial agriculture and the use of pest control chemicals, as well as changes in weather patterns, all of which reduce the number

48、 of flowers bees have to visit Id appreciate your letting your own garden grow just a little wild My future depends on all of us fostering spring and summers wild flowers, thus helping the bees, who give so muchto you, to mewithout ever asking for anything in return.（1）What does me refer to in the passage? A.The flowerB.The bee