环境工程专业英语试卷(共4页).doc

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上 环境工程专业英语试卷pollution污染 acid rain酸雨interaction of systems系统的交互作用environmental problem环境问题environmental disturbance环境破坏biotic habitat生物环境sulfur dioxide二氧化硫nitrogen oxide氧化氮carbon dioxide二氧化碳automobile exhaust汽车尾气infectious diseases有传染性的疾病waterborne diseases水传染的疾病agrarian society农业社会indust

2、rial society工业社会industrial revolution产业革命urbanization城市化industrialization工业化developed country发达国家developing country发展中国家undeveloped country落后国家专心-专注-专业primary air pollutant一次大气污染物secondary air pollutant二次大气污染物monoxide一氧化物dioxide二氧化物trioxide三氧化物carbon monoxide一氧化碳carbon dioxide二氧化碳sulfur dioxide二氧化硫s

3、ulfur trioxide三氧化硫nitrous oxide一氧化二氮nitric oxide一氧化氮nitrogen dioxide二氧化氮carbon oxides碳氮化物sulfur oxides硫氧化物nitrogen oxides氮氧化物hydrocarbons碳氢化合物photochemical oxidants光化学氧化物particulates颗粒物inorganic compound无机化合物organic compound有机化合物radioactive substance放射性物质heat热 noise噪声contaminant污染物 strength强度 foreig

4、n matter杂质 domestic sewage生活污水municipal wastewater城市废水 microbe微生物microorganism微生物 bacteria细菌total solids总固体 inorganic constituents无机要素suspended solids (SS)固体悬浮物volatile suspended solids (VSS)挥发性悬浮固体颗粒 organic matter有机物质total organic carbon, TOC 总有机碳chemical oxygen demand, COD化学需氧量biochemical oxygen

5、demand, BOD生化需氧量biodegradable可微生物分解的contamination污染 recontamination再污染groundwater地下水 surface water地表水restriction限制 colloid胶体screening隔栅 coagulation凝聚flocculation絮凝 sedimentation沉淀filtration过滤 disinfection消毒chlorination氯化消毒 prechlorination预加氯 ozonation臭氧消毒 aeration曝气 softening软化 activated carbon活性炭ad

6、sorption吸附 reverse osmosis反渗透desalination脱盐处理microbial degradation微生物降解biological degradation生化降解biofilm process生物膜法activated sludge process活性污泥法attached-growth吸着生长suspended-growth悬浮生长shock loading冲击负荷organic loading有机负荷mixed liquor suspended solids混合液悬浮固体metabolize使代谢化metabolism新陈代谢dissolved oxygen

7、 溶解氧pretreatment process 预处理工艺primary clarifier初沉池equalization basin均质池biological treatment process生物处理工艺aeration basin曝气池secondary clarifier二沉池biomass生物质heterotrophic bacteria异养菌autotrophic bacteria自养菌hydraulic retention time (HRT) 水力停留时间sludge residence time (SRT) 污泥停留时间solid waste固体废物municipal城市化

8、industrial工业的agricultural农业的hazardous危险的residential住宅的commercial商业的putrescible易腐烂的combustible易燃的flammable可燃的explosive易爆的radioactive放射性的 汽车尾气automobile exhaustLandfilling土地填埋 incineration: 焚烧 composting: 堆肥 compaction: 压实，紧凑sanitary landfill卫生填埋 balance剩下的，余额，结余 batch-fed分批投料 refuse垃圾municipal waste城

9、市垃圾 perform: 执行 shut down: 关闭 energy recovery能量回收incomplete combustion不完全燃烧 combustion燃烧 volume reduction体积缩小 anaerobic厌氧硝化 中英互译短语Biological degradation生化降解 equalization basin调节池 aeration basin曝气池 sludge blocs污泥絮体 settling tank沉淀池 dissolved oxygen溶解氧suspended-growth悬浮生长 pulverized refuse垃圾破碎 biofilm

10、生物膜well-compacted landfill压实填埋场 nutrient source营养源 mass-burning大量燃烧fluidized fed incarceration硫化床燃烧法 soil conditioners土壤改良剂 温室效应greenhouse effect 由CO2引起的caust by CO2 世界碳预算the world carbon budget 天气自然波动natural fluctuations 全球变暖global warming 厌氧的anaerobic 腐烂Putrefied 甲烷methane 臭氧层ozone layer 气候模型clima

11、tic model 正常浓度：normal concentration 严重污染物：heavily polluted 决定因素：determining factor 光化学氧化物：photochemical oxidants 液体微滴：liquid particulates 含硫的：sulfur-containing 放射性物质：radioactiue substance 汽车尾气：automobile exhaust wet oxidation湿式氧化 1、 Environment is the physical and biotic habitat which surrounds us;

12、that which we can see, hear, touch, smell, and taste. 环境是我们周围的物理和生物环境，我们可以看到、听到、接触到、闻到和品尝到的。2、 Pollution can be defined as an undesirable change in the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of the air, water, or land that can harmfully affect the health, survival, or activities of humans

13、 or other living organisms污染可以定义为大气、水或者土壤在物理、化学或者生物方面的特征所产生的不愉快的变化，它对人类的健康、生存和活动或者其他的有机体都产生了有害的影响。3、 Two examples of interaction between systems that cause major environmental disturbances are presented-the buildup of atmospheric carbon dioxide, a global problem, and the acid rain problem, normally

14、of regional nature目前大气中二氧化碳的增多，是一个全球性的问题，还有酸雨问题，一般来说它都具有一定的区域特性，这就是两个关于系统之间的相互联系而产生重大环境问题的例子。4、 With these improvements, however, have come disturbing side effects, such as lost arable land, disappearing forests, environmental pollution, and new organisms resistant to controls.经过这些进步，尽管还是有一些破坏性的影响，例

15、如耕地、森林的消失，环境的污染和新的生物反抗的控制5、 Both phenomena, urbanization and industrialization, were and are fundamental causes of water and air pollution which the cities of that time were unable to handle.城市化和工业化两者的现象，是过去和现在水污染和大气污染的根本原因，在过去这些城市是处理不了的6、 Rapid advances in technology for the treatment of water and

16、the partial treatment of wastewater took place in the developed countries over the next few decades.在接下来的几十年理发达国家，在水治理和部分废水治理技术方面都取得了快速的进展。1、 What Is Air Pollution? Air pollution is normally defined as air that contains one or more chemicals in high enough concentrations to harm humans, other animal

17、s, vegetation or materials. There are two major types of air pollutants .A primary air pollutant is a chemical added directly to the air that occurs in a harmful concentration. It can be a natural air component, such as carbon dioxide, that rises above its normal concentration, or something not usua

18、lly found in the air, such as a lead compound emitted by cars burning leaded gasoline. A secondary air pollutant is a harmful chemical formed in the atmosphere through a chemical reaction among air components. Serious air pollution usually results over a city or other area that is emitting high leve

19、ls of pollutants during a period of air stagnation. The geographic location of some heavily populated cities, such as Los Angeles and Mexico City, makes them particularly susceptible to frequent air stagnation and pollution buildup什么是大气污染？大气污染一般定义为含有一种或多种浓度足够高得而且对人类、其他动物、植物或者物质产生有害影响的物质，有两种主要类型的大气污染

20、，一次大气污染是一种化学物质直接排放到大气中并达到一定的有害浓度，他可以是空气仲的自然组分，例如二氧化碳，当它的浓度升高到超过它的正常值时，或者一些平常在大气中找不到的组分，例如汽车燃烧含铅汽油而导致大气中散发出一些化合物。二次大气污染物是指在大气中通入现有组分间发生的化学反应而产生的一种有害化学物质。严重的大气污染通常是在静风条件下经过一段时间后结果一个城市或其他地区的大气中有高浓度的污染物。一些人口非常稠密的城市的地理位置，例如洛杉矶和墨西哥的地理位置，使得它们经常特别易受空气流动停滞和污积物的增加的影响。1、 The most severe consequence of CO2 indu

21、ced global warming would be melting of the polar ice caps and he subsequent rise of ocean levels and inundation of coastal plains. 二氧化碳导致全球变暖最严重的后果将会是两极冰块的融化和海平面的上升以及沿海地区洪水的泛滥。2、 Although global warming from the already elevate levels of atmospheric CO2 has been predicted by most climatic models, su

22、ch a warming has not been empirically observed.虽然全球气候变暖已经是通过大气仲CO2的浓度升高而被许多气候模型而预测得到，如此的一种变暖还没有以经验为主地观察3、 Although they indicate trends in average surface temperatures and climate, they unfortunately coincide with increased industrialization and pollution虽然他们指出表面温度和气候的平均趋势，但是他们不幸地与工业化增加和污染相一致4、 High

23、 biomass systems: Many current approaches to high biomass system employ a combination of fixed film suspended biomass in the process. High biomass systems have gained a certain popularity in Europe. During the past few years, a number of investigations undertaken in the Federal Republic of Germany h

24、ave been reported. Among the advantages attributed to such systems have been improvements in nitrification performance, sludge settleability, and effluent quality.高生物质系统：现在很多应用在高生物质系统的方法是生物质固定膜上的组合工艺法。高生物质系统在欧洲得到了广泛的普及，在过去的几年里，由德国联邦政府着手的大量调查研究都被报道，在这样的优势归因于系统已经改善了硝化性能，污泥的沉降性和出水水质5、 Reasons for selec

25、ting high biomass systems over construction of additional aeration tanks and clarifiers(or other secondary treatment process) include reduced space requirements, increased process stability, and capital/operating cost savings.选择高生物质系统的原因是在传统的曝气池和澄清池或者其他二次处理工艺的构筑物中都有减少空间的需要，增加工艺的稳定性能和节省操作费用6、 High bi

26、omass systems call for installation of supplemental equipment over that contained in a conventional activated sludge plant, More installed equipment generally implies more maintenance, and, to some extent, this is true for some of the systems. In addition, the presence of both suspended and fixed bi

27、omass forms and higher biomass concentrations may require a certain level of additional operator time to achieve optimum system performance.高生物质系统需要安装辅助设备在那些常规的活性污泥厂里面，很多安装的设备一般需要较多的维修费用，在某些程度上，对于一些系统来说这是真的，除此之外，现场的悬浮和固定的生物质的形式和高生物质浓度都需要一个合适程度的额外操作时间来达到最佳的系统性能。The presence of inert support media and

28、 higher biomass concentrations in these systems can increase overall power consumption. To achieve desired mixing patterns in retrofitted aeration tanks, power input may have to be increased. Also, the presence of additional biomass increases system oxygen requirements which, in turn, requires addit

29、ional power input. In addition, high biomass systems generally yield higher levels of nitrification, which also can affect overall power consumption. Such factors should be addressed when analyzing operating costs. 这些系统的惰性支持介质和较高的生物量集中的出现能增加全部的耗电量。为了达到在曝气池改进理想混合模型，使输入有力量可能必须被增加。同时另外生物量的出现增加系统氧需求，依次需

30、要额外的电源输入。除此之外，高生物质系统一般达到较高的硝化水平，也能影响全部的耗电量。当分析操作费用的时候，如此的因素应该被提到。英译中1、 Typical waste generation facilities, activities, or locations associated with each of these sources are presented in Table1. The types of wastes generated, which are discussed next, are also identified.固体废弃物的来源与设备、活动和土地有关的每一个这些来源

31、在Table1中呈现，废弃物类型的产生，然后被讨论，也被识别2、 Hazardous Wastes Chemical, biological, flammable, explosive, or radioactive wastes that pose a substantial danger, immediately or over time, to human, plant, or animal life are classified as hazardous. Typically, these wastes occur as liquids, but they are often foun

32、d in the form of gases, solids, or sledges. In all cases, these wastes must be handled and disposed of with great care and caution.危险废物：化学的、生物的、易燃的、易爆的或者放射性的废弃物在迅速或者一段时间对人类、植物和动物生态被归类未危险物，典型地，这些废物是以液态形式出现，但是它们通常也被发现一气体、固体或污泥的形式存在。总的来说，对于这些废弃物的处理和处置需要持以认真和谨慎的态度。中译英：1、 饮食废物的重要特点在于它具有易腐烂性，尤其在温暖天气里，会极快地

33、腐烂。The important characteristics of food discard lieses in its hasing easily putrefied, will be very quickly putrefied particularly in warm weather。2、 除了在家庭产生饮食废物外，在自助食堂、饭馆、医院和监狱等机构，以及诸如批发、零售等食品市场，均会产生大量的饮食废物。In addition to producing a food discard at family, in the self-help dining room, restaurant, hospital and etc. organization in jail, and food market such as wholesale, retail price, all will produce a great deal of food discard.