中考英语介词的用法讲解(共20页).docx

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上中考英语介词的用法讲解一、知识框架二、知识点梳理一、定义：介词：是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的词，在句中不能单独作句子成分。二、介词短语的句法作用1、介词短语相当于一个形容词或副词,可用作状语、定语和表语。如：The man came .(状)The woman is from the countryside.(定)The teacher is now with the pupils.(表)(老师现在和学生在一起)2、在句子中的位置：介词短语做状语时,如果表示时间/地点,可以放在句首或句尾。如果表示方向/方式/伴随/涉及/原因/目的/比较,一般放在句尾； 介

2、词短语作表语时放在连系动词之后；介词短语作定语时,只能放在被修饰的名词之后。如：He wanted to find a good job in Shanghai the next year.(状语)They searched the room for the thief. The letters are for you.(表语)Have you seen a cat with a black head and four white legs?(定语) 三、介词用法 （一） 表时间的介词：1.at通常用于：(表示在某个时刻或者瞬间) at+时间点,节日(泛指圣诞节、新年等整个假期时，要用at)如

3、：at 7:30; at lunch time; at Christmas 在圣诞节期间 固定词组搭配：at dawn, at night, at midnight, at noon, at that time, at the moment2. on通常用于：(表示在具体的某一天或者某天的上下午等) on+具体时间（日期，星期几） on October 1st ; on Monday; on a rainy morning; on Teachers Day on Christmas Day 在圣诞节这一天3. in通常用于：(表示在一段时间里) in+世纪/年/月/季节/早/中/晚 in th

4、e 20th century, in the late 18th century 特定的年龄段，in his thirties （在他30多岁时）补充1：表示“在一段时间之后”，句子常用一般将来时。e.g. He will come back in an hour.他一小时后会回来。表示“在一段时间之内”，句子常用一般现在时或一般过去时。e.g.There as once an artist. He could draw a beautiful horse in five minutes.注意：在含有this、that 、these、those、next、 last 、today、tomorr

5、ow、 yesterday等词或词组前不用介词。 4.since和for两者都表示一段时间，可以用于完成时；since + 时间段 + ago/+ 时间点/一般过去时句子，for +时间段。e.g. Uncle Li has worked in this factory since 1970.Uncle Li has worked in this factory for over 30 years. * since 和for 可以进行句型转换： He has been in this school since nine years ago. = He has been in this scho

6、ol for nine years. * 对since/for+时间 进行提问时，用how long.补充： 介词for：1.为了 My mother bought a present for me. 2. 对于 Its difficult for him to finish the task. 3. 因为 I am sorry for his misfortune. 5.until和by by意为“不迟于，到时(为止）”，其前多用结束性动词。 e.g.We can finish the work by the end of this month. until用于肯定句中，意为“直到为止”，用

7、于否定句中“not.until.”意为“直到才”. e.g.she didnt come back home until September. 6. 其他常见的时间介词after在以后 after 3 days before在以前 3 days beforepast过了(时) 20 past 8 (8点20分)to到(下一时刻) 20 to 8 (7点40)through(out) 贯穿(期间) through(out) the yearfrom从(时)起 from now onby到为止 till直到时 until直到时ever since从那时起至今（二） 表地点的介词1.in和at at

8、表示较小的地点：at the bus stop ，at home in表示较大的地方：in China ，in the world 注意：门牌号码用at。 e g：Mary lives at 33 Forest Road. 玛丽住在森林路33号。 街名要用in。 e g：Jane lives in Albert street. 珍妮住在艾尔泊特大街。 谈到楼层时用on。 e g：Tom lives in a flat on the fourth floor. 汤姆住在四楼的一套房间里。 （三） 表方位的介词1.on、over和 above on意为“在的上面”；表示两物体接触。 over意为“

9、在（垂直）的正上方”；反义词：under above意为“在（不一定垂直）的上方”，高于；反义词：below 注意：*其中 on 还有“关于”的意思。 over 也有“在.期间”的意思 e.g. a report on school uniform/over the breakfast 2.across和through 穿过、越过across指“从表面穿过”或沿某一条线的方向而进行的动作。through指“从内部穿过”；在立体空间中“穿过”。e g：There were so many cars . She had to walk across the street quickly.He sw

10、am across the river.e g：At last he walked through the forest and saw the village.3.in front of 和in the front of in front of 表“在之前”，外部 e.g. There are some trees in front of the classroom. in the front of表“在的前部”，内部 e.g. Our teacher usually sits in the front of the classroom. 4.地理位置：in、to和onin表示在某一地区的某

11、方位，属于某范围 A in B e.g. Beijing is in the north of China. to表示某一地区之外的某方位，不属于该范围 A to B e.g. Japan is to the east of China. on表示两地相接壤 A on B e.g. Korea is on the east of China. 介词用图示的方法归纳列举如下:介 词图 示意 义例 句1in在之内The students are reading in the classroom.学生们在教师里读书。2on在上面The boat is on the river.那条船在河上。3ove

12、r在正上方There are several bridges over the river. 河上有好几座桥。4under在正下方The girl is sitting under the tree.小女孩坐在树下。5above在上方The plane flew above the clouds.飞机在云上飞行。6below在下方The sun sinks below the horizon.太阳沉没在地平线下。7 by在旁边Our house is by the river.我们的房子在河边。besideCome and sit beside me.过来坐在我旁边。8near在附近I don

13、t need a car because I live near the city centre .我不需要汽车，因为我住在靠近市中心。9next to紧挨My best friend sits next to me in class.上课时我最好的朋友坐在我的旁边。10behind在后面Olive hid behind a tree.奥列弗藏在一棵树后面。11before在之前My teacher likes telling some jokes before class.我的老师喜欢在上课前讲一些笑话。12outside在外面He parked his car outside the ci

14、nema.他把汽车停在电影院外面。13to到去We walked to the fruit shop.我们步行到水果店。14from从来I am from London.我来自于伦敦。15around围绕The Earth moves around the sun .地球绕着太阳转。16between在之间（指二者）The letter B is between A and C.字母B在A和C之间。17among在之间（指三者或三者以上）He is the tallest boy among us.他是我们中最高的男孩。18across横过、越过If the road is busy, don

15、t walk across it.如果道路拥挤，就不要横穿马路。19through穿过We drove through the tunnel.我们开车穿过了隧道。20onto向上The men lift the baskets onto the trucks.人们把篮子运上卡车。21into进入到之内They put the apples into the baskets.他们把苹果放进篮子里。22out of从出来Dont look out of the window in class.上课时不要朝窗外看。23along沿着Walk along this street, then turn

16、left, you can see the post office.沿着这条街走，然后向右拐，你就可以看到邮局。24up向上The monkeys climbed up the trees to pick the bananas.猴子爬上树上去摘香蕉。25down向下The ball is rolling down the hill.球正往山下滚。（四） 表示方式的介词1.by、in和on表交通by + 交通工具，意为“乘坐”。e.g.海：be ship / boat / sea/陆：by bus / car / train / bike / taxi/空：by air / plane / s

17、paceshipon / in + 限定词 + 交通工具，意为“乘坐”。在开放或半封闭型工具前用on ;/在封闭型工具前用in。e.g. He goes to work on the bike / in his car. on foot为固定短语，意为“步行”。* 小口诀： 介词用来表交通，常把by, in, on来用； 限定、复数用in / on，by要直通海陆空； 骑马、骑车惯用on，小轿车前in才通。2.in、with、through和by“用” in主要表示 “用语言、笔墨、声音等”； with表示“用具体有形的东西”； through通过具体过程，途径，手段，中介; by表示“用手段

18、或方式”，后+动名词。 e.g. Can you sing this song in English?I write my homework with a pen. I learned it through a friend.The girl made money by selling flowers. 补充1：in穿戴 I am in a red dress. 补充2：with与.“一起，和，用”，做伴随状语。反义词：without 没有e.g. I go to the park with my mother./You can write with a pen. She is a woman

19、 with a three-year-old baby.补充3：* within 在.之内；不超过的范围e.g Within 3 days, he will arrive here. 四、易混介词辨析 1.between 和among之间between常指 “在两者之间”；among用于指“在三者或三者以上的人或物之间”。 e.g. Maria sits between Lucy and Lily. /Miss Wang stands among her students. 2. but、besides和except除了.之外 besides除了.之外，还有. but/ expert除了.之外

20、，（不再有） but侧重指意义的几乎完整性，其后常+名词、代词或动词不定式。 but 常用在 every, any, no 和由这些词构成的复合词出现的句子中，并放在 everything, anywhere, nobody 等以及 all, who 之后。 e.g. Nobody was late but you. we have no choice but to wait for his reply.* 注意： 当but前面有实义动词do或do的其他变化形式时,只加动词原形.。 e.g. I did nothing but wait there for two hours.except 其

21、后接的词同句子的主语是同类的，指在同类的众多个体中除去一个个体。侧重指后面除去的部分。 e.g. All the students go to the zoo except Jim. 补充：* except for 其后所接的词同句子的主语不是同类的，指从整体中除去一个细节，一个方面。即“美中不足” e.g. Your writing is good except for a few spelling mistakes. * except that+ 从句。 e.g. He is a good student except that he sometimes comes late to sch

22、ool.3.at和to at同某些动词连用表攻击的目标，含有某种程度的恶意； to只表示方向，无恶意。 e.g.Tom threw the stone at those dogs.（恶意的扔，“砸”） I threw the ball to my sister and she caught it.（单纯的扔东西）4.of 和from材料介词 of用于成品与材料的性质不变时，看得出原材料。 e.g. The desk is made of wood. from用于成品与材料的性质已变时，看不出原材料。 e.g. Wine is made from grapes. 5.like和as像 e.g.

23、Thebuildinglookslikeahospital. Thisdressis the sameasthatone. * as 还有“作为”的意思 e.g. Let me talk with you as a father. 五、常见介词短语1.介词和动词搭配 dowellin在.方面做得好 laughat嘲笑 look like 看起来像 depend on 依靠. leavefor出发 talkto与.谈话2.介词和名词搭配 in time 及时 on time 准时 in trouble 有麻烦 answer to .的答案 at the end of 在.底 in low voi

24、ce 用低音 3.介词和形容词、过去分词搭配bemadeof由.制成 beangrywithsb对某人生气 beangryatsth.为某事生气 bepleasedwithsb对某人感到满意 besatisfiedwithsth. 对某事感到满意 besurprisedat对.感到惊奇/诧异 betiredof讨厌. beinterestedin对.感兴趣 beproudof以.为自豪/骄傲练习I. Complete the following sentences with the given words in their proper forms.1. Henry organized the

25、 local people to gather the wounded and care for them in homes and _. (church)2. Personal computers are cheap and getting _. (cheap)3. The new _ lab was built by some scientists of the college. (chemical)4. The hotel is ideal for families with young _ (child)5. The _ were the first to use paper mone

26、y, probably as early as the eleventh century. (China)6. Sometimes women are forced to make a _ between family and career. (choose)7. Shes Italian by birth but is now an Australian _. (city)II. Complete the following sentences with proper words.The first letter of each word has been given.1. For a c_

27、 of five this was a frightening experience.2. I c_ to learn German rather than French when I was in university.3. I used to go to the c_ every week, but now I prefer to watch movies online.4. You have a c_ -you can either stay here on your own or come with us.5. So lets give a c_ to the kids who won

28、 the game.6. Customs officers have the right to c_ all luggage going through customs.III. Complete the following sentences according to the Chinese given.1. She has been writing poems _(自她童年起) .2. Li Xin, _ (校报主编)，is presiding over the first meeting.3. Our English teacher told us that all the spelli

29、ng mistakes _(圈出来) in red ink.4. There are plenty of restaurants _ (供选择)5. What a lot of fun for people _ （玩电脑游戏和下棋）on the Internet.6. He goes swimming twice a week in order to _ (和他的同学一样强壮）keys：I. 1Churches2Cheaper3Chemistry4Children5Chinese6.Choice7citizenII. 1. child2. chose3. Cinema4. choice5. c

30、heer6. checkIII. 1.since her childhood2. chief editor of the school newspaper3.were circled4. to choose from5. to play computer games and chess6. be as strong as his classmate(s)巩固练习IV.Choose the best answer.选择填空。1.A large group of students are waiting _ the bus stop for the school bus.A. for B. at

31、C. toD. on2.People on Chongming Island can go to Shanghai _ underground soon.A. in B. byC. at D. on3. Australia is famous _ its Pink Lake, but now people cant enjoy the scenery any longer.A. for B. withC. ofD. from4.The lift in our building suddenly broke down and we got trapped _ floors.A. in B. on

32、C. betweenD. among5.The local government is planning to dig _the mountain to make a tunnel. A. across B. through C. above D. throughout6.The film Wolf Warriors turned _ to be a big success in 2017. A. out B. over C. on D. down7.It was absolutely impossible to build a fire _ that cold winter night.A.

33、 on B. in C. ofD. by8. Tom, you are the person Im looking _! Come to help me deal with the case.A. at B. for C. after D. up9 A: Im sorry, Id like a glass of orange juice. What about you, Dad? B: I prefer a cup of coffee _ nothing in it. A. with B. without C. for D. to10. Several thieves broke _ the

34、bank and stole the safe last night.A. into B. down C. out D. off11.The tour guide happened to meet a huge fierce monster _ Mystery Island. A. in B. on C. at D. by12.I was angry _ myself for making such a stupid mistake. A. of B. at C. with D. for13.Leaders from 20 countries and organizations attende

35、d the Hangzhou G20 Summit _ September, 2016. A. on B. in C. at D. for 14.Nichols set _ early this morning for his farmhouse in California. A. with B. off C. about D. up15.Please connect the speakers _the CD player so that we can hear the songs clearly. A. by B. of C. at D. to16. Lets have a rest the

36、 time being, then we will continue to discuss the plan.A. on B. in C. at D. for17.The US president Donald Trump started his visit to China November 8, 2017.A. with B. in C. on D. of18. Our headmaster always encourages the school cooks to serve healthy meals _ junk food.A)under B. of C. with D. witho

37、ut 19. Instead_telling him the answer,the teacher helped him to read the text again.A)of B. for C. at D. to20. Lily spent years caring _her sick uncle.A. ofB. at C. for D. with21. A group of teachers went to Guangzhou for an important activity _ Dec. 20th.A. inB. on C. toD. at22. Some young parents

38、are unaware_ the danger of giving their babies smart phones.A. with B. for C. in D. of23. There were 22 medical service areas _ the route in 2017 Shanghai Marathon.A. along B. with C. through D. across 24. The worlds smallest lizard has been discovered _ a small Caribbean island.A. on B. in C. for D

39、. at 25. Danny saw a beautiful bird flying _the open window just now.A. throughB. acrossC. fromD. in26. Kids_130cm are for free rides in the public transport system.A)under B)below C) over D)above27.The 2018 Winter Olympics took place _February 9 to 25 in South Korea.A.in B. on C. of D. from 28.The

40、law prevents businessmen _ buying and selling ivory, tooth of the elephant.A.by B. of C. against D. from 29.Linda came back home _half past ten last night. Thats really too late.A.at B. on C. inD. for30.The audience was surprised _ the result of the singing contest.A. from B. with C. atD. about31.We all know Mothers Day is celebrated_the second Sunday of May.A. in B. to C. on D. at32.Tom is a naughty boy and he often plays tricks _us.A. to B. in C. for D. on 33.To my surprise, the answer