欧洲文化入门重要信息点(共20页).doc

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上Introduction (介绍)1、There are many elements constituting European Culture. 2、There are two major elements: Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element. The richness of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element. Divison OneGreek Culture and Roman

2、Culture1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens Sparta. 2、The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labour. 3、Ancient Greeces epics was created by Homer. 4、The Homers epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey. 5、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.6、T

3、hree masters in tragedy三大悲剧大师 Aeschylus Prometheus BoundShelly Prometheus Unbound Sophocles(之首) Oedipus the King Freuds “the Oedipus complex” (恋母情结) David Herbert Lawrences Sons and lovers Euripides ATrojan Women BHe is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧) CElizabeth Browning called him “Eurip

4、ides human”(一个纯粹的人) DRealism can be traced back to the Ancient Greece. To be specific, Euripides. 7、 The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. Aristophanes writes about nature.Swift says of him “As for comic Aristophanes, The dog too witty and too profane is.”8、History (Historical wri

5、ting) “Father of History” Herodotus war(between Greeks and Persians) This war is called Peleponicion wars. “The greatest historian that ever lived.” Thucydides war (Sparta, Athens and Syracuse) 9、 Euclids Elements解析几何 It was in use in English schools until the early years of the 20th century. Archim

6、edes His work not only in geometry几何学,but also in arithmetic算术, machanics机械, and hydrostatics.流体静力学 Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.（Archimedes） 10、The melting between Roman Culture and Greek Culture. (罗马征服希腊的标志) From 146 B.C., Latin was the language of the western half of the Ro

7、man Empire. Greek that of the eastern half. Both Latin and Greek belong to Indo-European language. 11、The dividing range in the Roman history refers to 27 B.C. 12、The year 27 B.C. Divided the Roman history into two periods: republic and empire. 13、The idea of Republic can be traced back to Platos re

8、public. 14、In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions(罗马军团) 15、In the Roman history, there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was known as Pax Romana.(神圣罗马帝国) 16、In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peac

9、eful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana 17、The Roman Law protected the rights of plebeians (平民). 18、The important contribution made by the Romans to the European culture was the Roman Law. 19、After 395,the empire was divided into East (the Byzantine Empire) a

10、nd West. 20、Cicero西赛罗 his legal and political speeches are models of Latin diction拉丁语用词 described as Ciceronian.西赛罗式的 an enormous influence(巨大影响) on the development of European prose. 21、Virgil: Aeneid 阿尼德 22、The pantheon was built in 27 B.C. The worlds first vast interior space.世界上第一所最大的室内场所 23、The

11、 representation form of Greek Democracy is citizen-assembly.古希腊民主的表现形式 24、The embodiment of Greek democracy is citizen-assembly. 古希腊民主的具体形式 25. Many of Platos ideas were later absorbed into Christian thought.How did the Ancient Greek philosophy develop? (1)、Three founders 1、Pythagoras All things wer

12、e numbers. Scientific mathematics. Theory of proportion.比例的理论 2、Heracleitue Fire is the primary elements of the universe.火是万物之源 The theory of the mingling of opposites produced harmony.矛盾的对立统一 3、Democritus the atomic theory.第一个原子理论开拓者 materialism.唯物主义 (2)、Three thinkers 1、Socrates He hadnt works. We

13、 can know him from Platos dialogues. The dialectical method was established by Socrates. 2、Plato The Academy is the first school in the world, it was established by Plato. He has four works. Dialogues, Apology, Symposium and Republic. 3、Aristotle The Lyceum is the second school in the world, it was

14、established by Aristotle. Aristotle is a humanist. (2)、Five contending schools 1、The Sophists诡辩派 Under the leadership of Protagoras. The representative of work is On the God.诸神论 His doctrine is “man is the measure of all things”. 2、The Cynics犬儒派 Under the leadership of Diogenes. The word “cynic” mea

15、ns “dog” in English. He proclaimed his brotherhood. And he had no patience with the rich and powerful. 3、The Sceptics置疑学派 Under the leadership of Pyrrhon. His thought is not all knowledge was attainable, and doubting the truth of what others accepted as true. 4、The Epicureans享乐派 Under the leadership

16、 of Epicurus. Pleasure to be the highest good in life but not sensual enjoyment. Pleasure could be attained by the practice of virtue. Epicurus was a materialist. He believed that the world consisted of atoms. 5、The Stoics斯多哥派 Under the leadership of Zeno. His thought is duty is the most important t

17、hing in life. One should endure hardship and misfortune with courage. Developed into Stoics duty. He was also a materialist. Whats the difference between Plato and Aristotle in terms of their philosophical ideas(system)？ 1、For one thing, Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted

18、 that theory should follow fact.This is different from Platos reliance on subjective thinking.2、For another, he thought that “form” and matter together made up concrete individual realities. Here, too, he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world3、Aristotle

19、 thought happiness was mens aim in life， but not happiness in the vulgar sense, but something that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason, goodness and contemplation. What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development? There has been an enduring exciteme

20、nt about classical Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere.Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries. 1、Spirit of innovation创新精神 The Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere

21、 annals; They speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters of any inherited orthodoxy. 2、Supreme Achievement至高无上的成就 The Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy,

22、historical writing, architecture, etc. 3、Lasting effect持续的影响 Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homers epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophaness comedies, Platos Dialogues,ect. In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, th

23、ree young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics经典之作: Byrons Isles of Greece, Shelleys Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keatss Ode on a Grecian Urn. In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyces moder

24、nist masterpiece Ulysses. Division TwoThe Bible and Christianity 1、Christianity is by far the most influential in the West. 2、Judeo-Christian tradition constitutes one of the two major components of European culture: Judaism and Christianity. 3、The Jewish tradition, which gave birth to Christianity.

25、 (犹太教是基督教的前身) Both originated in Palestine, which was known as Canaan. 4、The ancestors of the Jews the Hebrews. 5、The Hebrews history was recorded in the Old Testament of the Bible. 6、The Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. 7、The Old Testament is about God a

26、nd the Laws of God. 8、The New Testament is about the doctrine of Jesus Christ. 9、The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man. 10、The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch.摩西五经 11、The Fall o

27、f Man was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, The Bible. 12、Noahs Ark was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, The Bible. 13、The content of historical Books: 1200B.C. 586 B.C. Dealing with history of the Hebrew people from their entry into Palestine around 1200 B.C., t

28、ill the fall of Palestine into hands of Assyrians and Chaldeans in 586 B.C. 14、The History Books The development of system of landed nobles. The development of monarchy. 君主专制 Establishment of the two Kingdoms. 两大王国的初步形成 The settlement in the highlands Age of great prosperity under Saul, David and So

29、lomon. 15、Towards the end of the fourth century four accounts were accepted as part of the New Testament, which tells the beginning of Christianity. 16、The Birth of Jesus was recorded in Matthew (马塞福音书) 17、The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was

30、 copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff. What difference between Christianity and the other religions? Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it from all other religions. 1、One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to

31、earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind. 2、The other is that God gave his only begotten son, so that whosoever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life. (加尔文主义也有这样的观点) What is the great significance of the translations of the bible? 1、It i

32、s generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English. 2、Miltions Paradise Lost , Bunyans Pilgrims Progress, Byrons Cain, up to the contemporary Hemingways The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbecks East of Eden. Division ThreeThe Middle Ages1、 the Middle age

33、s In European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages. The middle ages is so called because it was the transitional period(过渡时期) between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15t

34、h century. 2、In 476 A.D. a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 西罗马476灭，东罗马1653年灭 3、Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding (土地所有) a system of holding land in exchange for military service (军事力量). The word “feudalism” was derived fr

35、om the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land. 4、5、The Catholic Church made Latin the official language and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage (传统) of the Roman Empire. 6、The word “catholic” meant “universal”.(广泛的，无处不在的) 7、St. Jerome, who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the H

36、ebrew and Greek originals. Vulgate (拉丁语圣经) 8、Augustine “Confession” and “The City of God” 9、The most important of all courses was Jerusalem. (耶路撒冷) 10、Crusades went on about 200 years. There were altogether eight chief Crusades. 11、The crusades ended up with the victory of Moslems.(穆斯林) By 1291 the

37、Moslems (穆斯林) had taken over the last Christian stronghold. They won the crusades and ruled all the territory in Palestine that the Crusaders had fought to control. 12、Carolingian Renaissance Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagnes name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet (一面)

38、 of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle (有见解) of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate (吸收) the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture. 13、National Epics(民族史诗运动) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used fo

39、rm in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languagesthat is, the languages of various national states (民族国家) that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of Europ

40、ean literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. 14、Chaucer (乔叟) 的诗歌特点： power of observation (观察) piercing irony (敏锐的讽刺) sense of humour warm humanity (温暖的人性) 15、Gothic The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all

41、parts of Western Europe. It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history. The Gothic was an outgrowth (丰富与发展) of the Romanesque.（罗马式） 16、The Canterbury Tales: The Canterbury Tales was

42、 written by Chaucer. Chaucer introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse. Both Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales are the best representative of the middle English. 17 In the middle ages, what cultures began to merge？ Classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritages merged (文化融合).

43、It paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture. Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith (信仰的年代)？1、During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church. 2、The Chr

44、istian church continued to gain widespread power and influence. 3、In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in western Europe was a Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds of years. 4、It shaped peoples lives. That is

45、why the middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”. How did Feudalism develop in Europe in middle ages? 1、feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land. 2

46、、In order to seek the protection of large land-owners, the people of small farms or land gave their farms and land to large land-owners, but they still had freedom, they were called freemen. 3、While the people from towns and cities did not possess farms or land. They had nothing but their freedom to

47、 be given to large land-owners, and then they lost their freedom for protection. They were called serfs. 4、In Feudalism, the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors or soldiers as a reward for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs. T

48、he owners of the fiefs was call vassals. 5、There came a form of local and decentralized (分散) government. 6、As a knight, he were pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners developed. What positive in