2013年12月四级真题及答案(第1套)(共15页).docx

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上Section BDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice. The Gatais used to frown when they received power bills tha

2、t routinely topped $200. Last September the couple moved into a 1,500-square-foot home in Premier Gardens, a subdivision of 95 zero-energy homes(ZEH)just outside town. Now theyre actually eager to see their electricity bills. The grand total over the 10 months theyve lived in the three-bedroom house

3、: $ 75. For the past two months they havent paid a cent. ZEH communities are the leading edge of technologies that might someday create houses that produce as much energy as they consume. Premier Gardens is one of a half-dozen subdivisions in California where every home cuts power consumption by 50%

4、 , mostly by using low-power appliances and solar panels. Aside from the panels on the roof, Premier Gardens looks like a community of conventional homes. But inside, special windows cut power bills by blocking solar heat in summer and retaining indoor warmth in winter. The rest of the energy saving

5、s comes from the solar units. They dont just feed the home they serve. If they generate more power than the home is using, the excess flows into the utilitys power grid(电网). The residents are billed by net metering : they pay for the amount of power they tap off the grid, less the kilowatts(千瓦)they

6、feed into it. If a home generates more power than it uses, the bill is zero. That sounds like a bad deal for the power company, but its not. Solar homes produce the most power on the hot sunny afternoons when everyone rushes home to turn up the air conditioner. It helps us lower usage at peak power

7、times, says solar expert Mike Keesee. That lets us avoid building costly plants or buying expensive power at peak usage time. Whats not to like? Mostly the costs. The special features can add $ 25,000 or more to the purchase price of a house. Tax breaks bring the cost down, especially in California,

8、 but in many states ZEHs can be prohibitively expensive. For the consumer, its a matter of paying now for the hardware to save later on the utilities. 58 Why are the Gatais eager to see their electricity bills now? AThey want to see how much they have saved. BThey want to cut down their utility expe

9、nses. CThey want to know if they are able to pay. DThey want to avoid being overcharged. 59 What is special about the ZEH communities? AThey have created cutting-edge technologies. BThey aim to be self-sufficient in power supply. CThey are subdivided into half a dozen sections. DThey are built in ha

10、rmony with the environment. 60 How are the residents in the ZEH communities billed for electricity use? AThey are only charged for the amount of power they consume on rainy days. BThey neednt pay a single cent for their power consumption on sunny days. CThey only pay for the excess power that flows

11、into the utilitys power grid. DThey pay for the electricity from the grid less their home-generated power. 61 What does the net metering practice mean to the power company? AMore pressure at peak time. BLess profits in the short term. CIncreased electricity output. DReduced operational costs. 62 The

12、 author believes that buying a house in a ZEH community_. Ais but a dream for average consumers Bgives the owner substantial tax benefits Cis a worthy investment in the long run Dcontributes to environmental protection Romantic love has clear evolutionary roots but our views about what makes an idea

13、l romantic relationship can be swayed by the society we live in. So says psychologist Maureen OSullivan from the University of San Francisco. She suggests that humans have always tried to strengthen the pair-bond to maximise(使最大化)reproductive success. Many societies throughout history and around the

14、 world today have cultivated strong pressures to stay married. In those where ties to family and community are strong, lifelong marriages can be promoted by practices such as the cultural prohibition of divorce and arranged marriages that are seen as a contract between two families, not just two ind

15、ividuals. In modern western societies, however, the focus on individuality and independence means that people are less concerned about conforming to(遵守)the dictates of family and culture. In the absence of societal pressures to maintain pair-bonds, OSullivan suggests that romantic love has increasin

16、gly come to be seen as the factor that should determine who we stay with and for how long. Thats why historically we see an increase in romantic love as a basis for forming long-term relationships, she says. According to OSullivan culture also shapes the sorts of feelings we expect to have, and actu

17、ally do experience, when in love. Although the negative emotions associated with romantic lovefear of loss, disappointment and jealousyare fairly consistent across cultures, the positive feelings can vary. If you ask Japanese students to list the positive attributes they expect in a romantic partner

18、, they rate highly things like loyalty, commitment and devotion, says OSullivan. If you ask American college women, they expect everything under the sun: in addition to being committed, partners have to be amusing, funny and a friend. We judge a potential partner according to our specific cultural e

19、xpectations about what romantic love should feel like. If you believe that you have found true romance, and your culture tells you that this is what a long-term relationship should be based on, there is less need to rely on social or family pressures to keep couples together, OSullivan argues. 63 Wh

20、at does the author say about peoples views of an ideal romantic relationship? AThey vary from culture to culture. BThey ensure the reproductive success. CThey reflect the evolutionary process. DThey are influenced by psychologists. 64 We can infer from the passage that strong family and community ti

21、es_. Alargely rely on marriage contracts Bcan contribute to stable marriages Coften run counter to romantic love Dmake divorces virtually unacceptable 65 Without social pressures to keep pair-bonds, romantic love_. Awill be a substitute for marriage in human relationships Bplays a key role in mainta

22、ining long-term relationships Cis likely to replace the dictates of family and society Dis a way to develop individuality and independence 66 OSullivan believes that when people from different cultures fall in love, _. Athey expect different things from their partner Bthey tend to exaggerate each ot

23、hers positive qualities Cthey often fail to see each others negative qualities Dthey lay more emphasis on commitment and devotion 67 We can conclude from the passage that_. Acultural differences often tear apart a family built on romantic love Bmarriages are hard to sustain without social or family

24、pressures Cromantic love is becoming increasingly important in family relationships Dromantic love tends to yield where family or social pressures are strong Passage OneQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.In recent years, a growing body of research has shown that our appetite and f

25、ood intake are influenced by a large number of factors besides our biological need for energy, including our eating environment and our perception of the food in front of us.Studies have shown, for instance, that eating in front of the TV (or a similar distraction) can increase both hunger and the a

26、mount of food consumed. Even simple visual cues, like plate size and lighting, have been shown to affect portion size and consumption.A new study suggested that our short-term memory also may play a role in appetite. Several hours after a meal, peoples hunger levels were predicted not by how much th

27、eyd eaten but rather by how much food theyd seen in front of themin other words, how much they remembered eating.This disparity (差异) suggests the memory of our previous meal may have a bigger influence on our appetite than the actual size of the meal, says Jeffrey M. Brunstrom, a professor of experi

28、mental psychology at the University of Bristol.“Hunger isnt controlled solely by the physical characteristics of a recent meal. We have identified an independent role for memory for that meal,” Brunstrom says. “This shows that the relationship between hunger and food intake is more complex than we t

29、hought.”These findings echo earlier research that suggests our perception of food can sometimes trick our bodys response to the food itself. In a 2011 study, for instance, people who drank the same 380-calorie (卡路里) milkshake on two separate occasions produced different levels of hunger-related horm

30、ones (荷尔蒙), depending on whether the shakes label said it contained 620 or 140 calories. Moreover, the participants reported feeling more full when they thought theyd consumed a higher-calorie shake.What does this mean for our eating habits? Although it hardly seems practical to trick ourselves into

31、 eating less, the new findings do highlight the benefits of focusing on our food and avoiding TV and multitasking while eating.The so-called mindful-eating strategies can fight distractions and help us control our appetite, Brunstrom says.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。56. What is said to be a factor affecting o

32、ur appetite and food intake?A) How we perceive the food we eat.C) When we eat our meals.B) What ingredients the food contains.D) How fast we eat our meals.57. What would happen at meal time if you remembered eating a lot in the previous meal?A) You would probably be more picky about food.B) You woul

33、d not feel like eating the same food.C) You would have a good appetite.D) You would not feel so hungry.58. What do we learn from the 2011 study?A) Food labels may mislead consumers in their purchases.B) Food labels may influence our bodys response to food.C) Hunger levels depend on ones consumption

34、of calories.D) People tend to take in a lot more calories than necessary.59. What does Brunstrom suggest we do to control our appetite?A) Trick ourselves into eating less.C) Concentrate on food while eating.B) Choose food with fewer calories.D) Pick dishes of the right size.60. What is the main idea

35、 of the passage?A) Eating distractions often affect our food digestion.B) Psychological factors influence our hunger levels.C) Our food intake is determined by our biological needs.D) Good eating habits will contribute to our health.Passage TwoQuestions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.As

36、 a society we might want to rethink the time and money spent on education, so that these resources can benefit a greater percentage of the population. Ideally, both high schools and colleges can prepare individuals for the ever-changing roles that are likely to be expected of them.High school degree

37、s offer far less in the way of preparation for work than they might, or than many other nations currently offer, creating a growing skills gap in our economy. We encourage students to go on to college whether they are prepared or not, or have a clear sense of purpose or interest, and now have the hi

38、ghest college dropout rate in the world.We might look to other countries for models of how high schools can offer better training, as well as the development of a work ethic (勤奋工作的美德) and the intellectual skills needed for continued learning and development. I recommend Harvards 2011 “Pathways to Pr

39、osperity” report for more attention to the “forgotten half” (those who do not go on to college) and ideas about how to address this issue.Simultaneously, the liberal arts become more important than ever. In a knowledge economy where professional roles change rapidly and many college students are pre

40、paring for positions that may not even exist yet, the skill set needed is one that prepares them for change and continued learning.Learning to express ideas well in both writing and speech, knowing how to find information, and knowing how to do research are all solid background skills for a wide var

41、iety of roles, and such training is more important than any particular major in a liberal arts college. We need to continue to value broad preparation in thinking skills that will serve for a lifetime.Students also need to learn to work independently and to make responsible decisions. The lengthenin

42、g path to adulthood appears exacerbated (恶化) by parental involvement in the college years. Given the rising investment in college education, parental concern is not surprising, but learning where and when to intervene (干预) will help students take more ownership of the outcomes of these increasingly

43、costly educations.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。61. What kind of education does the author think is ideal?A) It benefits the great majority of the general population.B) It prepares students to meet the future needs of society.C) It encourages students to learn throughout their lives.D) It ensures that students

44、expectations are successfully fulfilled.62. What does the author say is the problem with present high school education?A) Ignoring the needs of those who dont go to college.B) Teaching skills to be used right after graduation only.C) Giving little attention to those having difficulty learning.D) Cre

45、ating the highest dropout rate in the developed world.63. What characterizes a knowledge economy according to the passage?A) People have to receive higher education to qualify for a professional position.B) Students majoring in liberal arts usually have difficulty securing a job.C) New positions are

46、 constantly created that require people to keep learning.D) Colleges find it hard to teach students how to cope with the changing economy.64. What does the author think a liberal arts college should focus on?A) Solid background knowledge in a particular field.B) Practical skills urgently needed in c

47、urrent society.C) Basic skills needed for change and lifelong learning.D) Useful thinking skills for advanced academic research.65. What suggestion does the author offer to parents?A) Rethinking the value of higher education.B) Investing wisely in their childrens education.C) Helping their children

48、to bring their talent into full play.D) Avoiding too much intervention in their childrens education.Passage OneQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.A recent global survey of 2 000 high-net-worth individuals found that 60% were not planning on a traditional retirement. Among US participants, 75% expected to continue working in some capacity even after stepping away from full-time jobs. “Many of these people made their wealth by doing something t