学业水平考试-英语语法总复习材料(共34页).doc
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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上一名词名词是表示人、地方、事物或抽象概念名称的词,可以说名词是万物之名称。它们可以是: 专有名词:表示人名、月份、日期、地名等。如 China, John, London, the USA, Harbin . 1名词 个体名词:表示单个的人或事物。如 boat, chair, desk, apple . 可数名词 集体名词:表示一群人或一些事物的总称。如 family, people, class, police . 普通名词 物质名词:表示无法分为个体的物质。如 water, air, tea, sea, money, cotton . 抽象名词:表示抽象概念的词。
2、如 health, help, work, friendship . 不可数名词2. 可数名词复数形式的构成 可数名词的复数形式通常是在单数形式后加-s或-es,现将其复数的一般构成方法及读音列表如下: 情况 构成方法 例词 读音 一般情况 在词尾加-sdesk desks map maps -s在请辅音后发s音 day days girl girls -s在元音私浊畏音后发z 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的词 在词尾加-es bus buses box boxes watch watches es发iz音 以辅音字母加y结尾的词 变y为i再加-es family families fact
3、ory factories party parties -ies发iz音 以f或fe 结尾的词 变f或fe为v再加-es knife knives life lives wife wives half halves -ves发vz音 以o结尾的有生命的词在词尾加-es potato potatoes tomato tomatoes hero heroes -es发z音 以o结尾的无生命的词在词尾加-sradio radios zoo zoos -s发z音 英语中还有不少名词的复数形式是不规则的,必须把它们牢记在心。如:manmen, womanwomen, FrenchmanFrenchmen
4、, childchildren, toothteeth, footfeet, goosegeese, mousemice, sheepsheep, deerdeer, fishfish等。3. 名词的所有格 在英语中,有些名词的词尾 可以加上s,用来表示所有关系,这种结构称为名词的所有格。单数名词在末尾加sthe boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,复数名词一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother, 不规则复数名词后加sthe childrens toys, womens rights, 以s结
5、尾的人名所有格加Dickens novels, Charles job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加sJapans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店铺,所有格后名词省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles二冠词冠词分为不定冠词(a, an),定冠词(the),和零冠词。I. 不定冠词的用法:
6、1表示数量,有“一”的意思,但数的概念没有one强烈(一般译为“一”)It has a round face.2指一类人或事,相当于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly. My father is a driver.3表示“每一”相当于every,oneWe study eight hours a day. Take the medicine three times a day.4用于固定词组中a bit, in a hurry, have a walk, have a good time, after a while5a用在辅音音素开头的词前a
7、 book a useful book a “u” ju:sful ju:an用于元音开头的词前.an hour an “F” an honest man au ef II. 定冠词的用法:1特指某(些)人或某(些)事物 Give me the book. The book on the desk is mine.2指谈话双方都知道的人或事物Where is the doctor? Would you mind opening the door? 3再次提到上文提到过的人或事物I bought a dictionary yesterday. The dictionary is at home.
8、 4用在世界上独一无二的事物The earth is bigger than the moon, but smaller than the sun.5用在序数词和形容词最高级前Of all the stars the sun is the nearest to the earth.6用在某些形容词之前,表示某一类人或事物。The nurse is kind to the sick. the old, the young, the poor, the happy7在江、河、湖、海、群岛、山脉的名称前 the Changjiang River, the West Lake 8在姓氏的复数名词前,表
9、示夫妇二人或全家人The Greens are sitting at the breakfast table.9用于方位名词,身体部位名词,及表示时间的词组前in the west, on the right, in the morningIII. 零冠词的用法:1专有名词,物质名词,抽象名词,人名地名等名词前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制I want this book, not that one. Whose purse is this?3季节,
10、月份,星期,节假日,一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring4表示职位,身份,头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America.5学科,语言,球类,棋类名词前He likes playing football/chess.6与by连用表示交通工具的名词前by train, by air, by land7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night8 表示泛指的复数名词前Horses are useful animals.三代词:代词
11、可以分为以下七大类:1人称代词主格youIheityouwethey宾格youmehimityouusthem2物主代词形容词性yourmyhisitsyourourtheir名词性yoursminehisitsyoursourstheirs3反身代词yourselfmyselfhimselfitselfyourselvesourselvesthemselvs4指示代词thisthatthesethe samesuch5疑问代词whowhosewhat6关系代词7不定代词manyfewa fewall, both, neither, either, other, another, someth
12、ing, everyonemuchlittlea little一、. 人称代词的用法 1)人称代词的主格在句子中充当主语 例如: I am studying English now. 我现在正在学英语。 We love our country. 我们热爱我们的国家。 如果有几个人称代词并列充当主语,它们的顺序是: 单数形式 you, he and I 复数形式 we, you and they 2)人称代词的宾语在句子中充当宾语、介词宾语或表语。 例如: Can you help us? 你能帮助我们吗? We are waiting for them. 我们正在等他们。 Who is the
13、re? Its me. 是谁呀?是我。 二、形容词性物主代词与名词性物主代词的主要用法区别 1)形容词性物主代词不能独立使用,只作定语,用来修饰后面的名词。 例如: My parents are both doctors. 我的父母都是医生。 We saw a film yesterday. Its name was Speed. 我们昨天看了一场电影,片名是生死时速。 2)名词性物主代词应独立使用,后面不跟名词,相当于形容词性物主代词+名词,它们在句中可以作主语、宾语或表语。 例如: Is this her pen? No, hers is red. (主语) 这是她的钢笔吗?不,她的是红色
14、的。 Lets clean their room first, and then clean ours. (宾语) 咱们先打扫他们的房间,然后再打扫我们的。 These letters are his.(表语) 这些信是他的。 三、反身代词的用法 1)在句子中作宾语,表示动作回射到动作的执行者本身。 例如: My grandmother is too old to look after herself. 我奶奶年纪太大了,照顾不了她自己。 Lei Feng was always ready to help others, he never thought of himself. 雷锋总是乐于帮
15、助别人,从不考虑自己。 2) 主要用于加强语气I did it myself.3)反身代词在实际运用中可构成许多常用词组。 例如: by oneself 亲自 for oneself 为自己 call oneself 称自己 teach oneself 自学 help oneself to 随意吃 lose oneself 迷路 speak to oneself 自言自语 seat oneself 就座 make oneself understood 让别人懂得自己的意思 四、 常见不定代词的用法讲解 1. some和any asome常用于肯定句,any多用于否定句,疑问句或条件状语从句,两
16、者都可以代替可数或不可数名词。 例如: Some say yes and some say no. 有的人说是,有的人说不是。 I dont like any of them. 我对他们一个也不喜欢。 Does any of them know this? 他们当中有谁知道吗? b在委婉语气疑问句中的不定代词要用some,不用any。 例如: Would you like some of the tickets? 你想要些票吗? c在强调“任何一个”意思的时候,any也可用于肯定句。 例如: You can take any of the newspapers here. 你可以拿这儿任何一份
17、报纸。 2. few, a few, little, a little在用法上的区别1)用作形容词:表示肯定表示否定用于可数名词a few虽少,但有几个few不多,几乎没有用于不可数名词a little,虽少,但有一点little不多,没有什么 Im going to buy a few apples. He can speak only a little Chinese. There is only a little milk in the glass. He has few friends. They had little money with them. 2)a little和littl
18、e也可以用作副词,a little表示“有点,稍微”,little表示“很少”。 Im a little hungry. (修饰形容词hungry) Let him sleep a little. (修饰动词sleep) Mary, go a little faster, please. (修饰副词比较级) She slept very little last night.3. other, the other, another, others, the others的区别。用 法代词形容词单数复数单数复数不定another另一个others别人,其他人another (boy)另一个(男孩)
19、other (boys)其他男孩特定the other另一个the others其余那些人、物the other (boy)另一个男孩the other (boys)其余那些男孩1)other也可以用作代词,与冠词the连用构成“the other”,表示两个人或物中的“另一个”。常与one搭配构成“one ., the other .”句型。 He has two brothers. One is 10 years old , the other is 5 years old. She held a ruler in one hand and an exercise-book in the
20、other. 2)other作代词用时,可以有复数“others”,泛指“其他的一些人或物”。常与some搭配构成“some ., others .”句型。 Some went to the cinema, others went swimming. This coat is too large. Show me some others, please. 3)“the others”表示特指某范围内的“其他所有的人或物”。 We got home by 4 oclock, but the others didnt get back until 8 oclock. In our class on
21、ly Tom is English, the others are Chinese.4)another可以作形容词用,修饰后面的名词,意为“另一个”,还可以跟代词one. You can see another ship in the sea, cant you? Mary doesnt want to buy this skirt. Would you please show her another one? 5)another也可以作代词用,表示“另一个”。 Im still hungry after Ive had this cake. Please give me another.4.
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