最全定语从句讲义(共7页).docx

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上 高中定语从句重难点系统讲解（一） 定义及相关术语 1 定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。 2 先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。3 关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。 关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等；关系副词有when,where,why等。 关系词通常有下列三个作用： A、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如： Themanwhoisshakinghandswithmyfatherisapoliceman.该句中 wh

2、oisshakinghandswithmyfather是定语从句，修饰先行词theman，“who”是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词theman，在定语从句中作主语。（二） 关系代词引导的定语从句 1. who指人，在定语从句中作主语。 TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。Thosewhowanttogotothemuseummustbeattheschoolgateat7tomorrowmorning. YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwhohadlosthisway.昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。

3、Thatistheteacherwhoteachesusphysics.那就是教我们物理的老师。2. whom指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。MrLiuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.Theprofessor(whom)youarewaitingforhascome.你正在等的教授已经来了。Thegirl(whom)theteacheroftenpraisesisourmonitor.老师常表扬的那个女孩是我们班长。注意：关系代词whom在口语或非正式文体中常可用who来代替，也可省略。略。Theman(whom/who)youmetjust

4、nowismyoldfriend. 3. Which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。Helikestoreadbookswhicharewrittenbyforeignwriters.他喜欢外国作家写的书。Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.这是他昨天买的钢笔。Thefilm(which)theywenttoseelastnightwasnotinterestingatall.4. That指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当

5、于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。Thenumberofpeoplethat/whocometovisitthiscityeachyearreachesonemillion.Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？Thepersonthat/whomyouintroducedtomeisverykind.你介绍给我的那个人很友好。Theseasonthat/whichcomesafterspringissummer.春天以后的季节是夏季。5. Whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。Ivisi

6、tedascientistwhosenameisknownalloverthecountry.Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.他有一个爸爸当医生的朋友。 Ioncelivedinthehousewhoseroofhasfallenin. 注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替： Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired. =Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow? =Doyoul

7、ikethebookthecoverofwhichisyellow? （三）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。Theschool(which/that)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous. Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.他曾经就读过的学校很出名。TomorrowIllbringherethemagazine(which/that)youaskedfor. TomorrowIllbringherethemagazineforwhichyouasked.明天我

8、将把你要的杂志带来。Thisistheboy(whom/who/that)Iplayedtenniswithyesterday. ThisistheboywithwhomIplayedtenniswithyesterday.这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。Wellgotohearthefamoussinger(whom/who/that)wehaveoftentalkedabout. Wellgotohearthefamoussingeraboutwhomwehaveoftentalked.ThemanagerwhosecompanyIworkinpaysmuchattentiontoimprov

9、ingourworkingconditions.ThemanagerinwhosecompanyIworkpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingconditions.我工作的那家公司的经理十分注意改善我们的工作条件。 注意： 含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等。这是我正在找的手表。 (正)Thisisthewatch(which/that)Iamlookingfor.(误)ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.那个保姆照看的小宝宝们都很健康。 (

10、正)Thebabies(whom/who/that)thenurseislookingafterareveryhealthy.(误)Thebabiesafterwhomthenurseislookingareveryhealthy. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who,that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。你刚才跟他谈话的那个人是我的邻居。(正)Themanwithwhomyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.(误)Themanwiththat/whoyoutalkedjustnowismy

11、neighbour.我们去加拿大所乘坐的飞机实在很舒服。 (正)TheplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadawasreallycomfortable.(误)TheplaneinthatweflewtoCanadawasreallycomfortable. “介词+关系代词”前还可有some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等代词或者数词。如： Heloveshisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim. Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someo

12、fwhichhavegonebad. Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities.Uptonow,hehaswrittentenstories,threeofwhichareaboutcountrylife. （四）关系副词引导的定语从句 1when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametothisschool.Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallyarrived.October1,1949wasthedaywhenthePe

13、oplesRepublicofChinawasfounded.Doyouremembertheyearswhenhelivedinthecountrysidewithhisgrandparents.2 where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。 ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.Ivisitedthefarmwherealotofcowswereraised.Isthistheplacewheretheyfoughttheenemy?3 why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状

14、语。 Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.请告诉我你误机的原因。Thereasonwhyhewaspunishedisunknowntous.他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。Idontknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如：Fromtheyearswhen/inwhichhewasgoingtoprimaryschoolinthecountryhehadknownwhathewantedtobewhenhegrewup. Greatcha

15、ngesaretakingplaceinthecitywhere/inwhichtheylive.Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisquiteclear.（五） 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句形式上：不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。 意义上：是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。译法上：译成先行词的定语：“的” 关系词的使用上：A作宾语时可省略B可用thatC可用who代替whom非限制性定语从句 形式上：用逗号“，”与主句隔开。 意义上：只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。译法上：

16、通常译成主句的并列句。 关系词的使用上：A不可省略B不用thatC不可用who代替whom1. 限制性定语从句举例：TheteachertoldmethatTomwastheonlypersonthatIcoulddependon.Chinaisacountrywhichhasalonghistory.InthestreetIsawamanwhowasfromAfrica.2.非限制性定语从句举例：Hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.China,whichwasfoundedin1949,isbecomingmoreandmorepowe

17、rful.LastsummerIvisitedthePeoplesGreatHall,inwhichmanyimportantmeetingsareheldeveryyear. （一） 限制性定语从句中只能用that引导定语从句的情况1当先行词是everything,anything,nothing(something除外),all,none,few,little,some等不定代词时，或当先行词受every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等代词修饰时。如：HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lisaid?Thereseemstob

18、enothingthatisimpossibletohimintheworld.Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.ThereislittlethatIcandoforyou.Hestayedinthelibraryandlookedupanyinformationthattheyneeded. 注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who ，如：、 Anymanthat/whohasasenseofdutywontdosuchathing.Allthegueststhat/whowereinvitedtoherweddingwereimportantpeople.2.

19、当先行词被序数词修饰时。如： ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如： ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.4. 当先行词被thevery,theonly修饰时。如： ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy.Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowns.注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。如：WangHuaistheonlypersoninoursc

20、hoolwhowillattendthemeeting.5. 当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时。如：Whoisthemanthatisstandingbythegate?WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?6. 当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。如： Theytalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthattheyrememberedatschool. Lookatthemanandhisdonkeythatarewalkingupthestreet.（二） 关系代词as和which引导的定语从句as和which引导非限制性定语从句时，其

21、用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。具体情况是：1.as和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。如：Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.Heishonest,as/whichwecansee.2. as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主 句。which引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as常常有“正如、正像”的含义。如： Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.Heisfromthesouth,aswecanknowfromhisaccent.John,asyouk

22、now,isafamouswriter.ZhangHuahasbeentoParismorethantentimes,whichIdontbelieve. 注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。如： Tomwaslateforschoolagainandagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.Thesetablesaremadeofmetal,whichmadethemveryheavy.当先行词受such,thesame修饰时，关系词常用as。如： Iveneverheardsuchstoriesashetells.Heisn

23、otsuchafoolashelooks.ThisisthesamedictionaryasIlostlastweek. 注意：当先行词受thesame修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。如： SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMaryswedding.Sheworethesamedressasheryoungersisterwore.(三) 以theway为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由inwhich或that引导，且通常可以省略。如： Theway(that/inwhich)heansweredthequestionswass

24、urprising. Idontliketheway(that/inwhich)youlaughather. （四）关系代词与关系副词的选择用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用（即所担当的成分）。试比较： A.Iknowaplacewherewecanhaveapicnic.Iknowaplacewhich/thatisfamousforitsbeautifulnaturalscenery.B. Iwillneverforgetthedayswhenwespentourholidaystogether.Iwillneverforgetthedaysthat/whic

25、hwespenttogether.C. Thisisthereasonwhyhewasdismissed.Thisisthereasonthat/whichheexplainedtomeforhisnotattendingthemeeting.（五）but有时也用作关系词引导定语从句。如： Thereareveryfewbutadmirehistalents.（but=whodont） （六） 定语从句与同位语从句的区别 1 定语从句修饰限定先行词，它与先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，它与先行词是同位关系。TheplanethathasjusttakenoffisforPar

26、is.（定语从句）Thefactthathehasalreadydiedisquiteclear.（同位语从句）2 定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，关系词在从句中担当相应的句子成分，关系代词在从句中作宾语时经常可省略。同位语从句主要由连词that引导，在从句中一般不担当成分；有时也由where,when,how,who,whether,what等连词引导，这些连词则在从句中担当成分。Thenewsthathetoldmeistrue.（定语从句）Thenewsthathehasjustdiedistrue.（同位语从句）Theproblemthatwearefacingnowishowwec

27、ancollectsomuchmoney.(定语从句)Theproblemhowwecancollectsomuchmoneyisdifficulttosolve.（同位语从句）Thequestionthatheraisedpuzzledallofus. (同位语从句）Thequestionwhetherheissuretowinthegameishardtoanswer.（同位语从句）3 同位语从句与先行词一般可以用动词be发展成一个完整的句子,而定语从句则不能。如：A. Theideathathewecouldasktheteacherforadviceiswonderful.（同位语从句）Theideawasthatwecouldasktheteacherforadvice. B. Thefactthattheearthmovesaroundthesunisknowntoall.（同位语从句）Thefactisthattheearthmovesaroundthesun. C.Payattentiontotheproblemhowwecanprotectthewildanimals.（同位语从句）Theproblemishowwecanprotectthewildanimals.专心-专注-专业