语言学第二章练习题(共3页).doc
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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上 Chapter 2 Phonology1. What are the two major media of communication? Of the two, which one is primary and why? Two major media of communication are speech and writing, Of the two, speech is primary. The reasons are as follows.1) From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is
2、 prior to writing. The writing system of any language is always “invented by its users to record speech when the need arises.2) In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.3) Speech is always the way in which every native speaker
3、 acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later when he goes to school.4) For modern linguists, spoken language reveals more true features of human speech while written language is only the “revised” record of speech.2. What is voicing and how is it caused? Voicing is a quality
4、of speech sounds. It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.3. Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow transcription differ.When we use a simple set of symbols in our transcription, it is called broad transcription. Narrow transcription is the use of more specific symbols to
5、show phonetic details. In broad transcription, the symbol l is used for the sound l in words leaf li:f and feel fi:l. The l in li:f , occurring before a vowel, is called clear l . The l in fi:l occurring in the end of a word or before another consonant , is called dark l .And in narrow transcription
6、 the diacritic tilde is used to indicate it.4How are the English consonants classified? English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation. In terms of manner of articulation, it can be classified into stops,
7、 fricatives, affricates, liquids, glides and nasals. In terms of place of articulation, it can be classified into bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar and glottal.5. What criteria are used to classify the English vowels? According to the place of the tongue, vowels can be distingu
8、ished as front, central and back. According to the openness of the mouth, vowels can be classified into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels., semi-open vowels and open vowels. According to the shape of the lips, all the front vowels and the central vowel can are unrounded vowels and all the
9、 back vowels are rounded vowels.6. Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sound descriptions: 1) voiced palatal affricative d 2) voiceless labiodental fricative f 3) voiced alveolar stop g 4) front close short i 5) back semi-open long : 6) voiceless bilabial stop p Give the phonetic feat
10、ures of each of the following sounds1) d voiced alveolar stop2) l voiced alveolar liquid3) t voiceless palatal affricate4) w voiced bilabial glide5) u back close short6) ae front open 7. How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? Who do you think will be more interested in the di
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