可持续发展和地下水资源的开采外文翻译(共15页).doc
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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上可持续发展和地下水资源的开采外文翻译 本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目:Sustainable development and groundwater resources exploitation出处:Environmental Geology 34 2/3 May 1998Springer-Verlag作 者:F. VillarroyaC. R. Aldwell Sustainable development and groundwater resources exploitationAbstractIn evaluating groundwater developme
2、nt both the positive and negative effects must be considered; otherwise biased conclusions may be reached. Only with equal concern for the needs of present and future generations, fair exchange of technology between countries and user involvement can sustainable groundwater development be achieved.
3、Examination of the use of the term aquifer overexploitation shows that there is no agreement on a single definition. In most cases it relates to the overuse of aquifers, but in other cases it is a planned overuse. In Spain, overexploitation is dealt with in the water act and implemented by the regul
4、ations that enforce that act. Experience has shown that without the cooperation of the water users themselves, good results are not obtained. Relevant education is urgently needed for the public and those decision makers responsible for determining the correct use of groundwater resources for the pr
5、esent and future generations.Key wordsGroundwater development , Aquifer overexploitationAre future groundwater resources at risk?To answer the question whether future groundwater resources are at risk, it is necessary to study both the quantity and quality aspects of groundwater. Water surface and g
6、roundwater is one of the most pervasive substances on Earth. The total volume of all water is about 1400 million km3, but only 2% is fresh water. The current rate of withdrawal is about 3500 km3/year, some 2100km3 for consumptive use, while 1400 km3 of wastewater is returned to rivers. Groundwater w
7、ithdrawals percent by sectors are: domestic, industry and agriculture Shiklomanov 1991. Margat 1991 stressed the need to improve water evaluation studies and quantified the amount of groundwater pumpage use in various countries. His list places the first fifteen countries as follows in km3 per year:
8、 India 150, USA 101, China 74.6,USSR former 45, Pakistan 45, Iran 29, Mexico 23, Japan 13.1, Italy 12.1, Germany 9.5, Saudi Arabia 7.4, France 7, Spain 6.3, Turkey 5 and Madagascar 4.9.The main threat to groundwater today is from point and diffuse source pollution. Therefore groundwater quality prot
9、ection is the key issue of groundwater resources policy in the industrialized countries. There are many sources of risk to groundwater, as discussed in the seminar on groundwater for the EU countries. RIVM and RIZA 1991 summarize the problems and threats to ground water resources. The current practi
10、ces in all the EU countries lead to a non-sustainable use of groundwater systems. The dramatic Dublin Statement emphasizes the unsustainable use of groundwater: “Human health and welfare, food security, industrial development and the ecosystems on which they depend, are all at risk, unless water and
11、 land resources are managed more effectively in the present decade and beyond than they have been in the past”.Groundwater resources exploitation and sustainable developmentWhat does sustainable development mean? In fact, we are asking if we are using wisely the resources needed for our life-support
12、 systemThe general conclusion of the seminar of ministers of the Environment of the EU countries , was that in many countries sustainable use of groundwater for drinking and other industrial, ecological, etc. functions is being threatened, especially in the agricultural and industrial core regions o
13、f the EU.Sustainable development must satisfy present needs without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to satisfy theirs. Overexploitation may take place during a period to allow better use of other resources, or while other technologies develop. Uncontrolled aquifer development easily l
14、eads to extensive aquifer exploitation and even to severe forms of overexploitation.Aquifer exploitation and sustainable developmentMargat 1993 speaks of Malthusian under exploitation in the case of inadequate use of an aquifer. In the opinion of Custodio 1993, “intensive aquifer exploitation is a s
15、ource of wealth, which fosters regional development and helps to guarantee a supply until other water sources can be economically developed”.Groundwater overexploitation has a series of negative consequences, such as increasing water cost, environmental changes affects on wetlands, salinity problems
16、, etc, reduction of other water sources already in use, water salinization and impairment of quality. The net result, however, may be either negative or positive. Positive results dominate at a regional level, but negative results are “news that trigger alarm bells and Malthusian forecstsm under the
17、 heading of overexploitation” Custodio 1993. On the other hand, intensive exploitation or overdraft are mainly points of view, referring to the consequences of intensive groundwater use, as perceived by environmentalists, the news media and the public in general, and place emphasis on the adverse or
18、 detrimental aspects.Therefore, in order to evaluate groundwater exploitation, not only negative effects but also positive ones have to be considered: “otherwise a biased appraisal may be reached. Normally, practice shows us that beneficial aspects dominate over detrimental ones in most practical si
19、tuations” Custodio 1993. According to this last author, the most serious cause of aquifer exploitation is ignorance of what is happening, and negligence in producing the data needed to evaluate the hydrogeological and economic situation correctly. Another harmful effect is the irresponsible overreac
20、tion of water authorities, especially when they are poorly informed or lack the scientific and technical skills to evaluate current problems correctly.The most important action is to solve problems as they appear and not waste time and energy in defining terms. Any exploitation of water resources th
21、at is not managed in an integrated way, taking into account the needs of the present and future generations, puts these resources at risk. Such development therefore is not sustainable.Regulatory issues related to aquifer overexploitation Aquifer overexploitationThe introduction lists several recent
22、 conferences which have highlighted overexploitation of aquifers. Within the conference proceedings, there is no single agreed definition of overexploitation. Spanish Legislation Royal Decree 849/1986 defines it in article 171.2 in the following terms: “An aquifer shall be considered to be overexplo
23、ited, or in danger thereof, if the reserves existing therein are being placed in immediate danger as a result of annual withdrawals that are in excess of, or very close to, the volume of the average annual recharge renewable resource or which give rise to serious deterioration in the quality of the
24、water”.According to Dijon and Custodio 1992, exceeding the limits of a renewable resource is not necessarily overexploitation. Conversely, staying within the limits of the same does not necessarily imply that all undesirable effects are being avoided and the beneficial effects enhanced.Llamas 1992 s
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