第八章-财务报表(共10页).doc
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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上Chapter 8 Financial StatementsNew Words and ExpressionsFinancial statements 财务报表 shareholder 股东 balance sheet 资产负债表asset 资产 liability 负债 owners equity 所有者权益 shareholders equity 股东权益 current assets 流动资产 fixed assets 固定资产 cash equivalents 现金等价物 tangible assets 有形资产 Intangible assets 无形资产
2、accounts receivable 应收账款 inventory 存货 current liabilities 流动负债 long-term liabilities 长期负债 accounts payable 应付账款 current ratio 流动比率 leverage 杠杆 bankruptcy 破产income statement 利润表 revenues 收入 expenses 费用 dividends 股利cost of goods sold 销售成本 gross profit 毛利润 research and development 研发depreciation 折旧 ear
3、nings before interest and tax 息税前利润 retained earnings 留存收益net profit after taxes 税后净利润BackgroundWhat are Financial Statements?Financial statements provide an overview of a business or persons financial condition in both short and long term. There are three basic financial statements: reports on a co
4、mpanys , , and at a given point in time. Typically, a company lists its assets on the left side and its debts and on the right. It is important to realize that the balance sheet must balance. That is, total assets must equal the sum of total liabilities and total owners equity. Each of these section
5、s is usually further divided into subsections.: also referred to as Profit and Loss statement (or a P&L), reports on a companys income, expenses, and profits over a period of time. statement: provides a look at the movement of cash in and out of a company. The cash-flow statement can be important in
6、 determining whether or not a company has enough cash to pay its bills, handle expenses, and acquire assets. Comprehension of the Text1. Which financial statement is prepared as of a particular date rather than for a period ending on a particular date?2. What is the balance sheet?3. How many types o
7、f assets are in the balance sheet?4. In what section of the balance sheet would one find patents and trademarks?5. What are the current liabilities?6. What is the income statement?课文难句理解On the right-hand side of the balance sheet, lenders hold and shareholders hold equity. 在资产负债表的右边,债权人拥有负债,股东拥有权益。T
8、he equity claim is residual, which means shareholders own whatever assets remain after deducting liabilities. 股东享有剩余财产索偿权,即仅对扣除负债后的资产享有索偿。One, it can (or probably must) pay interest on its debt. Two, it can pay dividends to shareholders at its discretion. And three, it can retain or re-invest the re
9、maining profits. 第一,利润可以(或者必须)用来支付债务利息。第二,公司可选择将利润用来支付股息。第三,利润可以留存或者再投资。A , also known as a statement of financial position, reveals a companys , and owners equity ().资产负债表,也被称为是“财务状况表”,反映了一个公司的资产,负债以及所有者权益(资本净值)。Assets are what a company uses for its production process, while liabilities are obliga
10、tions to be paid to outside parties.资产就是公司用于生产活动的资金,而负债是要支付给外部主体的债务。Owners equity, referred to as in a publicly traded company, is the amount of money initially invested into the company plus any , and it represents a source of funding for the business.所有者权益,也指上市公司的股东权益,它等于公司的初始投入资金加上留存收益,表示企业资金的来源之
11、一。Three types of assets are included in the balance sheet: current assets, fixed assets and intangible assets.资产负债表中包含三种资产:流动资产,固定资产,和无形资产。Current assets have a life span of one year or less, meaning they can be converted easily into cash. Such assets are , and .流动资产的期限为一年或一年以下,说明它们能够很容易的转换为现金。这些资产包
12、括现金和现金等价物,应收帐款以及存货。If a company is manufacturing a product, the inventory is divided into three different stages: raw materials, work-in-progress (WIP) and finished goods.如果公司是制造企业,存货分为三个不同的阶段:原材料,在制品,产成品。 include such items as dividends payable, accounts payables (what the company owes to suppliers
13、 for buying raw materials or retail products on credit), interest payments on long-term debt and taxes payable. 流动负债包括应付股利,应付帐款(公司购买原材料欠供应商的货款,或者利用商业信用赊购的商品),长期债务利息支出以及应付税金。If, at the end of the fiscal year, a company decides to reinvest its net earnings (after taxes) into the company, the retained
14、earnings will be restated from the onto the balance sheet here.如果,在财政年度末,公司决定将其税后净利润用于再投资,留存收益将会从利润表中调整到资产负债表。While the states a companys and , the (IS), also referred to as a (P&L), shows a companys and for a given period of time. 资产负债表说明了公司的资产负债情况;利润表,也称为损益表,则反映了一段时间内公司的收入与支出状况。The income statemen
15、t divulges a companys profitability, which reflects the companys performance and how much income can be reinvested into the company or passed onto investors in the form of . 利润表反映了公司的盈利状况,表明公司的业绩以及有多少收入可以用来再投资或者以股利的形式发放给股东。Whether its because of the way a company defines a certain transaction, or be
16、cause of the nature of the industry in question, will vary in the amount of information they detail.不论按公司自有的核算方法,还是按行业准则计算,利润表会在细节部分有所不同。The higher the gross profit, the more money available for reinvestment into the company for (R&D), marketing, expansion, other investments and dividends paid to th
17、e investor.毛利润越高,公司就有更多的可用资金再投入到产品的研发,营销,扩大市场,其他投资项目及股利发放。A diminishing gross profit could be the result of poor management not taking advantage of cheaper suppliers, for example, or a reduction in sales due to oversupply in the market.例如,毛利润的减少,可能是由于管理不善,没有充分利用廉价的商品供应商,或是因为市场上供给过剩导致销量下降。Depreciatio
18、n is the annual amount deducted from (such as heavy machinery used in the production of goods), representing the life span of the machine in question.折旧是有形资产(比如用于商品生产的重机械设备)每年的减少值,代表机器设备的使用寿命。The idea is that the usefulness of a machine lessens with use over the years, and therefore becomes a loss f
19、rom the initial value of the machine upon its purchase.折旧意味着随着机器的使用,减少的使用价值,因此为初始购买价值的损失。参考译文 第八章 财务报告 财务报告描述了贯穿于业务中交易活动。每笔交易或交换,例如,销售额或租用物品的用途,都有助于财务报告的构建。让我们通过以下现金交易的流动来进一步了解财务报告。,我们将通过四个主要步骤来阐释财务报告1、 股东以及债权人为公司提供资金。 2、资金的提供者在公司享有要求权。资产负债表是一个随时更新公司投入商业活动的资金状况的记录。在资产负债表的右边,债权人拥有负债,股东拥有权益。股东享有剩余财产索偿
20、权,即仅对扣除负债后的资产享有索偿。那些用来购买资产的资金,被列在资产负债表的左边。一些资产是具有流动性,像存货,而长期资产则如机器设备。3、这些资产被用来创造当年的现金流动。进程的开始是出售所有权和发行新债来增加现金。然后,公司再通过购买资产将这些钱投其所用以(建造或购买)存货。这些存货将帮助公司获得销售收入(产生收入),大多数收入被用来支付经营费用,包括工资在内。 4、支付过费用(和税收)后,公司利润可作三件事情。第一,利润可以(或者必须)用来支付债务利息。第二,公司可选择将利润用来支付股息。第三,利润可以留存或者再投资。留存盈利(净利润)增加所有者权益的账户值(留存收益)。理论上,这些再
21、投资资本是为股东利益而持有的并且以更高的股价反映出来. 这种交易活动中的基本现金流动引入了两种财务报表:资产负债表和现金流量表。通常说,资产负债表是年底的静态财务反应。 资产负债表 资产负债表,也被称为是“财务状况表”,反映了一个公司的资产,负债以及所有者权益(资本净值)。它连同损益表、成为任何公司财务报表的主要构成。如果你是一个公司的股东、了解资产负债表是如何构建并且能够读懂它,是至关重要的。 资产负债表是如何工作的 资产负债表根据以下等式被分为两部分,等式两边必须相等:资产=负债+所有者权益,也就是说资产,或者以产品的形式,可通过公司的金融债务和维持其营运的资金达到平衡。 资产就是公司用于
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