考博英语语法重点总结(共25页).doc

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上考博英语语法重点总结独立主格、虚拟语气、非谓语动词、主谓一致、倒装 一、独立主格特征 1.充当句子的状语。 2.有自己的主语，同句子的主语不一致。 3.名词（代词，形容词，副词，介词）+分词 4.With+名词（代词）+分词(形容词） 例：a)Itbeingraining,Idecidedtostayathome. b)Speechhavingbeendelivered,discussionstarted. c)heenteredtheroom,withhishandsopen（holdingarifle). 真题剖析 (1995)45cliffsnolongercr

2、umbling,thebeachesare46ofthematerialwhichwould47feedthem. 45.A.ForB.AsC.WithD.Because 练习：Dowhatyouneedtodotokeepthewolf_7_fromthedoor,theworld_8_yourthesisadviser,teamleader,orlaboratorydirector.Thenusetherestofyourtime,perhapsatnightorontheweekends,todo_9_youreallywanttodo. 8.A.isB.havingC.beingD.b

3、e 二、虚拟语气 1.（should）+动词原形 It+be动词+形容词(-able)(essential,odd,vital,absurd,regrettable,desirable)+that从句 It+be动词+名词(pity,shame)+that从句 It+be动词+过去分词(ordered,begged,voted,moved)+that从句 部分名词/动词(表示建议，劝告，决定等)+that从句 2.Its(high,about)timethat+动词过去式 wouldrather+动词过去式 真题剖析 (1997)IwouldntbetruthfulifI47saythatte

4、achingishardwork. 47.A.doB.didC.dontD.didnt (1993)TheCaironewspapersthenextdaycarriedbannerheadlinesaboutthestudentdemonstration52,andthey53thattheprofessorbesenthome. 53.A.orderedB.pleadedC.decidedD.demanded 练习：Yearsagotheexpertswarnedusthatthecar-ownershipexplosionwoulddemandalotmoregive-and-takef

5、romallroadusers.Itishightimethatwe_15_thismessagetoheart. 15.A.tookB.wouldtakeC.willtakeD.shouldtake (2003.3)Itisedifying,anditisasourceofinnersatisfactioneven_54_otherfacetsoflifeprovedisappointing. (evenifotherfacetsoflifeshouldprovedisappointing.) 54.A.shallB.willC.wouldD.should 三、非谓语动词 动名词、分词、不定

6、式。 主动或被动。(doing/done,todo/tobedone) 发生在谓语动词之前还是之后。(doing/havingdone/havingbeendone,todo/tohavedone/tohavebeen)To在什么情况下作介词，什么情况下作不定式引导词。 真题剖析 (2000)IntheinnercitiesofAmerica,newspapersregularlyreportonnewbornbabies60intogarbagebinsbydrug-addictedmothers. 60.A.droppedB.todropC.droppingD.drops (2001.3)

7、Aheroinaddict,forinstance,leadsa59life:hisincreasingneedforheroininincreasingdosespreventshimfromworking,frommaintainingrelationships,fromdevelopinginhumanways. 59.A.destructiveB.dissatisfiedC.damagedD.derivative 四、主谓一致 1.整体及抽象概念作主语，谓语通常用单数形式。 Howyougottheredoesntconcernme. Growingvegetablesneedscon

8、stantwatering. 2.表示时间、距离、重量、容量、价值等概念作主语，谓语多用单数。 Eighthundreddollarsisenoughtoliveon. 3.以-s结尾的专有名词（linguistics,economics,measles,diabetes等），谓语通常用单数形式。 4.“分数或百分数+主语”，谓语跟主语保持一致。 Twothirdsofthevillagesareflooded(theareaisunderwater). 5.不定代词(one,each,everyone,everybody,everything,noone,nobody,nothing,any

9、one,anybody,anything,someone,somebody,something等)作主语，谓语用单数。 Everyoneknowsthatyouvecomehere. Ifanybodywantstoseeme,letthemwaittillIcomeback.(-thing的情况例外) 6.谓语同并列主语的第一部分保持一致（aswellas,with,alongwith,togetherwith,asmuchas,accompaniedby,besides,but,except,inadditionto,like,morethan,nolessthan,ratherthan,

10、including等） HenolessthanJohnisinterestedinliterature. 7.谓语同最贴近的主语保持一致。(or,eitheror,neithernor,notonlybutalso,notbut,partlypartly等) Eithermyfatherormybrothersarecoming. 8.each,every,manya,no+主语，谓语用单数。 ManyastudentandteacherhasbeentotheGreatWall. 真题剖析 (2000)MexicoCityalready52twentymillionpeopleandCal

11、cuttatwelvemillion.AccordingtotheWorldBank,53ofAfricascitiesaregrowingby10%ayear,54ofurbanizationeverrecorded. 53.A.noneB.fewC.anyD.some 五、倒装 （一）全部倒装 1.“There(Here)+be+主语” Therestandbigbuildingsinthisdistrict. Hereonthedeskliesapileofbooks. 2.单个副词(in,out,now,up,down,away,off,then)位于句首(短语动词不可拆，如itble

12、wup.) Incametheboss./Aheadsatanoldman.3.介词短语作状语位于句首 Inthemiddleoftheroomstoodthenaughtyboy. 4.表语位于句首 Especiallyremarkablewashisflatnose. Notfarfromhereisafamousuniversity. 5.so,nor,neither,nomore位于句首,代表前文 Shewasntangry,andneitherwasI. Peterdoesntlikepopmusic.Nomoredoeshisbrother. 6.分词短语位于句首（分词+be+主语

13、） Goneforeverwerethedaysthatwedependedonforeignoil. （二）部分倒装 1.疑问句 2.否定副词(seldom,rarely,scarcely,hardly,little,never,few,notuntil,notonly)位于句首（作形容词时例外） NeverdidJohnspeakrudelytohisparents. 3.“only+状语”位于句首 Onlywhenhecomesbackcanbeleave. 4.“hardlywhen”,“scarcelywhen”,“nosoonerthan”,“notonly(butalso)”位于

14、句首 Nosoonerhadhegotintotheclassroomthantheclassbegan. 5.not,no组成的词组位于句首(innoway,undernocircumstances,onnoaccount) Bynomeansshouldyoubreaktherules. Atnotimeshouldwegiveintodifficulties. 6.虚拟倒装(had,were,should放到句首) 7.“形容词/名词/动词+as/though（尽管,虽然）+be动词” Smallthoughtheroomis,itcanholdmorethantwentypeople.

15、 Searchastheywould,theycouldfindnothinginthehouse. 真题剖析 (2000)Fasterthaneverbefore,thehumanworldisbecominganurbanworld.Bythemillionstheycome,theambitiousandthedown-troddenoftheworlddrawnbythestrangemagnetismofurban46. 46.A.wayB.lifeC.areaD.people 限定词的用法 1.Both,each,either,neither(只指两个) 2.All,every,e

16、ach,some,any,no(指两个以上) 3.Some,any,more,(the)most,all,alot,lots,enough,none(复数可数或不可数) 4.Much,(a)little,agood/greatdeal,less,(the)least(不可数) eg.“Gotanymoney?”“Noneatall.” eg.“Doeseithersideofthisstreetgetmoresunthattheother?”“No,neithersideissunnierthantheother.” 从句为考察重点 (1999)Theanswersgivenby200wome

17、ntothoseintimateopen-endedquestionsmademerealizethat51waswrongcouldnotberelatedtoeducationinthewayitwasthenbelievedtobe. 51.A.whichB.whatC.itD.that (1998)Theylearnedto51theirfarminghabitstotheclimateandsoil.52theyselectedthefourthThursdayofNovemberfortheirThanksgiving53,theyinvitedtheirneighbors,52.

18、A.WhileB.WhenC.SoD.If (1993)IntheUnitedStatesacommentatorremarkedthat45Japanapparentlystillusedsome“primitivetools”,46aJapanesecommentatorexpressedastonishmentthattheAmericanpenswrotesopoorlytheycouldsafelybeusedonlyonceandthendiscarded. 46.A.thoughB.whenC.whileD.andthat omittingthesubject Ratherfor

19、maluse 让步状语从句以although,though,while,orwhilst开头时通常与主句共享主语,从句谓语用分词形式。 Whilsthelikedcats,heneverletthemcomeintohishouse. Whilstlikingcats,heneverletthemcomeintohishouse. Boththejournalists,thoughgreetedasheroesontheirreturnfromprison,notlongafterwardsquietlydisappearedfromtheirnewspapers.这四个词还可用在名词、形容词

20、或副词词组前，如：Itwasanunequalmarriage,althoughastableandlong-lastingone. Thoughnotveryattractivephysically,shepossessedasenseofhumour. WHILE 1.HestayedwithmewhileDadtalkedwithDr.Smith. 2.IoftenknitwhilewatchingTV. 3.WhileIhavesomesympathyforthesefellows,Ithinktheywenttoofar. AND 1.oftenusedtolinkclauses I

21、cameherein1922andIhavelivehereeversince. 2.Whenyouaregivingadviceorawarning,youcanuse“and”tosaywhatwillhappenifsomethingisdone. Gobytrainandyoullgettherequicker. Doasyouretoldandyoullbeallright. WHERE 1.Shewasstandingexactlywhereyouarestandingnow. 2.In1963wemovedtoBoston,wheremygrandparentslived. 3.

22、Thetreatmentwillcontinueuntilthepatientreachesthepointwherehecanwalkcorrectlyandsafely. 4.Youaresayingthateveryoneshouldbeequal,andthisiswhereIdisagree. 5.Now,wherewerewe?Ohyes,weweretalkingaboutJohn. 6.Whereothersmighthavebeensatisfied,Dawsonhadhigherambitions.(difference) WHICH (本身无意义，必须接在名词或代词后面)

23、 1.定语从句引导词Didyouseetheletterwhichcametoday? NowtheyweredrivingbythehouseswhichAndyhaddescribed. 2.分割句子，补充说明Thehouse,whichwascompletedin1856,wasfamousforitshugemarblestaircase. Hewaseducatedatthelocalgrammarschool,afterwhichhewentontoCambridge.Shemayhavemissedthetrain,inwhichcaseshewontarriveforanoth

24、erhour. THAT多用于同位语从句和thing的定语从句中。 WHAT (有实际意义，可用于宾语从句和主语从句) 1.Nooneknowsexactlywhathappened. 2.Itisnotcleartowhatextenttheseviewswereshared. 3.Icouldgetyouajobhereifthatswhatyouwant. 4.Whatthatkidneedsissomeloveandaffection. 5.WhatmattersistheBritishpeopleandBritishjobs. AS 1.比较 Hislastalbumsoldhalf

25、amillioncopiesandwehopethisonewillbejustaspopular./Theywantpeaceasmuchaswedo. 2.作为，正如Wedbetterleavethingsastheyareuntilthepolicearrive. David,asyouknow,hasnotbeenwelllately. 3.看作，看待 Theresultoflastweekselectionwillbeseenasavictory. 4.当时候=whileorwhen IsawPeterasIwasgettingoffthebus. 5.原因Asitwasgettin

26、glate,Iturnedaroundtostartforhome. 6.让步=thoughTryasshemight,Suecouldntgetthedooropen. Thebaghasnarrowstraps,soitmaybewornovertheshoulderorcarriedinthehand. IdbeintroubleifIleton.SoIkeptmum. Whenthemealwasfinished,Rachelwashedupandmadecoffee. IwouldhavelikedtohavelearntFrench,butIwasdenied(=notgiven)

27、theopportunity. Theopportunitywasdenied(to)meatschool. Theprestigeisdenied(to)theclassroomteacher. Theclassroomteacherisdeniedtheprestige. 过去分词与形容词的语义差： 1.Destructive:causingdamagetopeopleorthings thedestructivepowerofmodernweapons Damaged:beinginabadstate emotionallydamagedchildren 2.Respected:admi

28、redbymanybecauseofachievements Hesoneofthemostrespectedmanagersinthegame. Respectful:feelingorshowingrespect Theylistenedinrespectfulsilence. 3.Preferred:Herownpreferredmethodsofexercisearehikingandlongcyclerides. Preferable:Abigearthquakealongwayoffispreferabletoasmalleronenearby. Preferential:Bank

29、officialsdeniedgivingthesenatoranypreferentialtreatment. 4.Unimagined:Othersseeanewgoldenageofbusinessandtechnologythatwillliftthemarkettounimaginedheights.Unimaginative:Thatmeansthetraditionalofficelayoutoflined-upcubiclesandworkstationsisseenasrigidandunimaginative. 5.Loving:Shewasadevotedwifeanda

30、verylovingmother. Lovable:asweetlovablechild Lovely:Wehadalovelyholiday. 6.Tolerated:WhilePatchesaregenerallywelltoleratedtheyarenotalwayssuitableforeveryone. Tolerant:treesthataretolerantofsaltseawinds Tolerable:Allinall,itwasbettertohaveatolerabletenementthantheidealwhichnoonecouldafford. 虚拟语气 非谓语

31、动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。 1不定式和动名词作主语的区别 (1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。 Smokingisprohibited(禁止)here这里禁止抽烟。(抽象) Itisnotverygoodforyoutosmokesomuch你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体) (2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。 不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。 Clim

32、bingmountainsisinteresting爬山很有趣。(经验) Drivingacarduringtherushhouristiring在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验) （3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。 Ittookmeonlyfiveminutestofinishthejob. 2不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别 (1)不定式作表语 1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。 Todotwothingsatatimeistodoneither-次做两件事等于未做。 WhatIwouldsuggestistostartworkaton

33、ce.我的建议是立刻开始干。 2）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。 Toseeistobelieve.百闻不如一见。 Toworkmeanstoearnaliving工作就是为了生活。 3)如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。 Hiswishistobuyaluxuriouscarinthenearfuture他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。 ThefunctionofLouis

34、Sullivansarchitecturewastoprovidelargeuninterruptedfloorareasandtoallowamplelightintotheinterior. Themostimportantthingistonegotiatewiththemaboutthefutureoftheplant (2)动名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。 Ourworkisservingthepeople我们的工作是为人民服务。 Hishobbyiscollectingstamps他的爱好是集邮。(注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但其所属结构迥

35、异，进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。 Peoplecannotbutfeelpuzzled，fortheysimplycannotunderstandhowhecouldhavemadesuchastupidmistake. HisvictoryinthefinalwasnomoreconvincingthanIhadexpected (3)分词作表语 分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite，interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，

36、而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对感兴趣，就是somebodyisinterestedin.,若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth.isinteresting.这类词常见的有： interesting使人感到高兴-interested感到高兴的 exciting令人激动的-excited感到激动的 delighting令人高兴的-delighted感到高兴的 disappointing令人失望的-disappoin

37、ted感到失望的 encouraging令人鼓舞的-encouraged感到鼓舞的 pleasing令人愉快的-pleased感到愉快的 puzzling令人费解的-puzzled感到费解的 satisfying令人满意的-satisfied感到满意的 surprising令人惊异的-surprised感到惊异的 worrying令人担心的-worried感到担心的 Travellingisinterestingbuttiring旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。 Thepupilswillgetconfusediftheyaremadetolearntoomuch如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂

38、的。 Theargumentisveryconvincing他的论点很令人信服。 Theywereveryexcitedatthenews听到这个消息，他们非常激动。 3不定式和动名词作宾语的区别 英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求： (1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语 1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语 attempt企图enable能够neglect忽视 afford负担得起demand要求long渴望 arrange安排destine注定mean意欲，打算 begin开始expect期望omit忽略，漏 appear似乎，显得determine决定manage设

39、法 cease停止hate憎恨，厌恶pretend假装 ask问dread害怕need需要 agree同意desire愿望love爱 swear宣誓volunteer志愿wish希望bear承受endeavor努力offer提供 beg请求fail不能plan计划 bother扰乱；烦恼forget忘记prefer喜欢，宁愿 care关心，喜欢happen碰巧prepare准备 decide决定learn学习regret抱歉，遗憾 choose选择hesitate犹豫profess表明 claim要求 hope希望promise承诺，允许 start开始undertake承接want想要 consent同意，赞同intend想要refuse拒绝 decide决定learn学习vow起 contrive设法，图谋incline有倾向propose提议 seek找，寻觅 try试图 2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补：动词+宾语+动词不定式 ask要求，邀请get请，得到prompt促使 allow允许forbid禁止prefer喜欢，宁愿