英语基本句型(共13页).doc

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上英语基本句型句型1 定语从句中缺主语，修饰人时用who /that，修饰物时用which /that引导。如：2 从句中缺宾语，修饰人时用 who /whom /that或省略；修饰物时用which /that或省略引导词3 从句中缺时间状语，用when或介词+which引导4 从句中缺地点状语，用where或介词+which引导5 从句中缺原因状语或先行词是 reason时，引导词用why /for which / that6 从句中缺定语，人和物都用 whose引导7 当先行词是way时，其定语从句的引导词用in which /that。引导词as可引导限制性定语

2、从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句。1 当先行词是整个主句时，可用 as /which引导非限制性定语从句。引导词as和which的区别在于as引导的非限制性定语从句可放于主句前、主句中、主句后，而which引导的非限制性定语从句一般放于主句后或句中。as常与从句中的know，see， hear，expect等动词连用，也常用于as often happens，as is often the case（常有的事）等句子中；而which一般不用于以上情况。as有“正如”的含义，which没有此含义先行词是物时，其引导词可用 which也可用that，通常情况下二者可互换，但在有些情况下不能。1 用w

3、hich不用that引导定语从句的三种情况：在引导非限定性定语从句时，和在介词后不能用that，应用which先行词为that时，为了避免重复，定语从句用which不用that引导介词后用which不用that引导2 用that不用which的七种情况：先行词前有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时，用 that不用which引导先行词为little，much，all，none，few，（the）one， something，everything，nothing，anything等时，用that引导先行词既有指人的名词又有指物的名词时，用 that引导先行词前有any，all，no，few，every，

4、some，little， much，（the）very，（the）only，（the）last等词修饰时，用 that引导先行词为which时，为了避免重复，用that引导先行词在从句中作时，常用that引导当主句是There be句型时，用that引导。在“one of+复数名词+定语从句”结构中，从句的谓语动词应与复数名词保持一致；当one前有the only修饰时，从句的谓语动词应与the only one保持一致引导词前有介词或短语介词时，修饰人只能用 whom，修饰物只能用which引导1. 常用that 不用which的情况:1） 先行词为不定代词all，little，few，mu

5、ch, anything, everything, nothing, something等时2） 词被、最高级或the only, the very等所修饰或其本身就是序数词形容词最高级时3） 先行词既有人,又有物时4） 当主句是以who 或which开头的时, 定语从句用that 引导, 以避免重复。若被修饰的充当时可提前于引导词之前,此时的引导词只能用whom 或which.当为way其后的用in which或 that引导,也可不用。关系代词that 的用法1）不用that的情况a) 在引导时 (错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is

6、 very famous here.b)后不能用 We depend on the land from which we get our food.2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况a)在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。b)在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。c)先行词有the only, the very.（恰恰，正好）.any. few. little. no. all 修饰时，只用that。d)先行词由、最高级修饰时，

7、只用that。e)先行词既有人，又有物时。不能用关系代词的几种情况1.当为all, little, much, few, everything, none 等时用that而不用which.2.当先行词既有人又有物时,关系代词用that, 不用which.3.当先行词有最高级修饰时,关系代词用that, 而不用which.4.当先行词有修饰时,关系代词用that, 不用which.5.当先行词被the only, the very, the same, the right等修饰时,关系代词用that,不用which.6.当先行词被all, every, any, much, little, fe

8、w, no等修饰时,关系代词用that,不用which.7.当主句是以which开头的特殊问句时,关系代词一般用that而不用which.8.在型 It is that . 中,只用that,不用which.9.在 such (the same) as . 句型中,关系代词要用as, 而不用which.10.表示 正如. 那样 , 正象. 之意时, 用as, 不用which.11：As 引导的可以放在主句前面, 也可以放在主句后面或主句中间,而由 which引导的定语从句只能放在主句后面。used to/be used to的分别used to + do：过去常常表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但

9、如今已不存在。be used to + doing： 对已感到习惯，或习惯于，to是介词，后需加名词或。Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步)used to 的用法 （否定式简写为usednt） 过去经常，以前常常This used to be a shabby house. （此房年久失修）used to,would这两个词语都可以表示过去常做某事，有时可以换用。 used to do 强调习惯性的行为或状态，但是现在没有这种行为或状态了。因此，这个短语的内涵是今昔对比。关系代词的不可省略和可以省略1.关系代词which,whom,who,that在

10、定语从句中作宾语时可以省略。Here is the man (who/that/whom)youre been looking for.以下情况不能省略：（1）在介词+whom与介词+which中，whom,which不能省略。（2）在从句中，作的关系代词也不能省略。The elephant is like a spear,as anybody can see.（3）在the same as,suchas,as.as,the same.that中，as,that即使作宾语，也不能省略I have bought the same bicycle as you have (bought). (指同

11、类用as)This is the same book that I read the day before yesterday. (that指同一个)（4）当由and,but,or等连接两个或两个以上的修饰一个时，第一个关系代词可省，但第二，第三个不可省略。This is the book (which) I read yesterday and which I find very interesting.2.当that在中作时可以省略。She is all (that) a teacher should be.3.在there be 结构中出现，或在定语从句中出现there be 时，用作主

12、语的也可省略。This is the best dictionary (that) there is in the library.4.的（1）当先行词是reason，而且定语从句中作原因状语时，关系代词可用why,that,也可以省略。That is the reason (why) I did it.（2）当先行词是way,且在定语从句中作方式状语时，关系代词可用in which,that,也可以省略。I dont know the way that/ which leads to the top of the mountains.(3)当先行词是time时，关系代词可用when,that

13、 或省略。I dont know the exact time (when/that) the sports meet will take place.注意：关系代词作宾语有时也不能省略。定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，有时也可以修饰部分或整个句子。被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as。关系副词有：when, where, why, how。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起连接作用，同时又

14、可做定语从句的一个成分。当关系代词做宾语时可以省略。定语从句中的谓语动词必须在人称上和数量上和先行词保持一致。定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。1 、关系代词引导的定语从句1） who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：Is he the man who/that wants to see you?（who/that在从句中作主语）He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.（whom/that在从句中作宾语）2） whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语，若指物，它还可以同of which互换），

15、例如：Please pass me the book whose （of which） cover is green.3） which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.（which / that在句中作宾语）The package （which / that） you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. （which / that在句中作宾语

16、）关系代词that和which 都可以指物，that 和Who 都可以指人，其用法区别：不用that的情况：a） 在引导非限定性定语从句时（错）The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.b） 介词后不能用We depend on the land from which we get our food.c） 多用who 的情况关系代词在从句中做主语先行词为those, people 时Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not s

17、ee the cloth.先行词为all, anyone, ones, one 指人时One who doesnt work hard will never succeed in his work.在There be句型中There is a stranger who wants to see you.在被分隔的定语从句中A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.在有两个定语从句的句子中，其一用who，其二用that,但若先行词后接两个以上的并列定语从句时，后一个必须重复前一个关系代词。The student who

18、was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard.There is a teacher who is always ready to help others and who enjoys what he does.2） 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况a）在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。All that is needed i

19、s a supply of oil.Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.b）先行词有the only, the very, the just修饰时，只用that。He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water.c）先行词为序数词（the last）、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。The first English book that I read was “The Prince and the Pauper” by Ma

20、rk Twin.d）先行词既有人，又有物时。He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited.e）当主句是以who 或which 开始的特殊疑问句时，用that 以避免重复。Who is the person thatf）关系代词在从句中做表语 is standing at the gate.He is not the man that he used to be.2 、关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是、地点、方式或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。关系副词when, where, why, how的含义相当于“介词+ w

21、hich”结构，因此常常和“介词+ which”结构交替使用，例如：There are occasions when （on which） one must yield.Beijing is the place where （in which） I was born.Is this the reason why （for which） he refused our offer?Im surprised the way how （by which） he works out the problem.注意：在非限制性定语从句中，“介词+ which”结构不能代替关系副词。如：They set up

22、 a state for their own , where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.含有介词短语的动词一般不能拆开，介词仍放在动词后面。Is this the book which （that） she was looking for?3、 名词/数词/代词 /形容词最高级 + 介词 + 关系代词引导定语从句4、as, which 引导非限定性定语从句的差别由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。4、 as可引导非

23、限制性从句，常带有“正如”的意思。用法区别：（1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。As we all know,he never smokes.（2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which。（3）非限定性定语从句中出现expect, think, suppose 等表示猜测、想象、预料等时。She succeeded in her doing the research work , as we expected.（4）As 的用法 the same as; suchas 中的as 是一种固定结

24、构， 和一样I should like to use the same tool as is used here.We should have such a dictionary as he is using.一全部倒装全部倒装是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有：1. here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首， 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。例如：1） There goes the bell.铃声渐渐消失了。2） Then came the chairman.然后主席就来了3）

25、Here is your letter.这是你的信。2. 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。例如：1） Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.轰炸机下面发出了一颗导弹。2） Ahead sat an old woman.注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。例如：1） Here he comes. 他来了。2） Away they went.他们走了。二部分倒装部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does

26、或did，并将其置于主语之前。1.句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until 等。例如：1） Never have I seen such a performance. 我从来没看过这样的表演。2） Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.你在哪儿都不会找到这个问题的答案。3） Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.妈妈直

27、到孩子睡着才离开房间。注意：当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。注意： 如否定词不在句首不倒装。例如：1） I have never seen such a performance.我从来没看过这样的表演。2） The mother didnt leave the room until the child fell asleep.妈妈直到孩子睡着才离开房间。2.带有否定意义的词放在句首，语序需要部分倒装。常见的词语有： not , never , seldom , scarcely , barely , little , at no time , not only , n

28、ot once , under on condition , hardly when , no sooner than 等。例如：1） Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.他不仅拒收了礼品，还狠狠批评了送礼的人。2） Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. 她刚要出门时有个学生来找她。3） No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.她刚

29、要走时一个学生来看她。注意：只有当Not only but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。例如：Not only you but also I am fond of music.我和你都喜欢音乐。3.表示“也”、“也不” 的so, neither, nor放在句首时，句子作部分倒装。例如：1） Tom can speak French. So can Jack.Tom能说法语，我也能。2） If you wont go, neither will I.如果你不去，我也不去。注意： 当so引出

30、的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为“的确如此”。例如：1） Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. Tom让我去踢足球，我去了。2） -Its raining hard.-So it is.-雨下得很大。-的确很大。4.only放在句首，强调状语（副词，介词短语或状语从句等），全句语序要部分倒装。例如：Only in this way, can you learn English well.你只有用这种方法才能学好英语。Only after being asked three times did he come

31、 to the meeting.他被请了三次才来开会。注意：如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed. 他只有病得非常严重时才会卧床休息。三as, though 引导的倒装句as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 （形容词， 副词， 分词， 实义动词提前）。此时应注意：1） 句首名词不能带任何冠词；2） 句首是实义动词， 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。例如：Try hard as he will, he never s

32、eems able to do the work satisfactorily.尽管他愿意努力工作，但是他好像从来都不能令他的工作満意。注意：让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。四其他部分倒装1. so that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。例如：So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.他害怕得动都不敢动。2.在某些表示祝愿的句型中，例如：May you all be happy.望大家开心愉快。3.在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有wer

33、e, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。例如：Were I you, I would try it again.如果我是你，我就再试一次。时间状语从句主要引导词：when, whenever, before, after, until, while, since, once, so long as, as soon as, the moment, every time, as, next time常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , til

34、l, until特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely when地点状语从句常用：where特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhere地点状语从句一般由where, wherever等引导，已经形成了固定的句型，例如：句型1：Where+地点从句，（there）+主句。【注意】此句型通常译成“哪里哪里就”；主句在从句后面时，there

35、可用可不用；如果主句在从句的前面时，一般都不用there。例如：You should have put the book where you found it. 你本来应该把书放回原来的地方。句型2：anywhere/wherever+地点从句/主句。【注意】anywhere本身是个，可以引导从句，相当于，意思相似于wherever, anywhere引导的从句可位于主句之前，也可以位于主句之后。 而wherever本身就是个连词，表示“在何处，无论何处”。例如：Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.有海就有海员。原因状语从句主要引导词：beca

36、use, as, since, considering that, now that, not that, seeing that注意：in that是书面语中原因状语从句的引导词，相当于because, 在填空题中曾经出现常用引导词：because, since, as, for特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that.目的状语从句主要引导词：so that, in order that, for fear that, in case, lest常用引导词：so that, in order that

37、特殊引导词：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that结果状语从句主要引导词：sothat, so that, suchthat 注意：sothat句式和tooto句式的区别是重要考点之一，sothat接从句；tooto接不定式常用引导词：so that, such that,特殊引导词：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,条件状语从句主要引导词：if, unl

38、ess, in case, so long as, on condition (that), provided (that)常用引导词：if, unless,whether(whether.or not)特殊引导词：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, supposing that, in case that, on condition that让步状语从句主要引导词：though, although, no matter, even if, even though, however, whatever注意though, althou

39、gh等都不能够与but连用常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though特殊引导词： as(用在让步状语从句中必须要)，while ( 一般用在句首 )，no matter ， in spite of the fact that, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever比较状语从句常用引导词：as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较)特殊引导词：the more the more ; just as ， so; A to B is what/as X is to Y; no more than; not so much A as B方式状语从句常用引导词：as, as if, how特殊引导词：the way专心-专注-专业