情态动词用法大全(共16页).doc

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上情态动词百科名片情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义，但要与动词原形及其一起使用，给谓语动词增添情态色彩，表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法，认为其可能、应该或必要等。情态动词后面加动词原形。目录分类情态动词有四类：只做情态动词：must,can(could),may(might)可做情态动词又可做：need,dare具有情态动词特征：have(had,has) to,used to情态动词表猜测位置情态动词有一定的词义，但并不完整，必须与动词原形一起构成谓语。I can see you. Come here.我能看见你，过来吧。He must have been aw

2、ay.他一定走了。What can I do for you?我能帮你吗？How dare you treat us like that！你怎能那样对待我们！特点情态动词无人称和数的变化, 情态动词后面跟的动词需用原形,否定式构成是在情态动词后面加 not。 个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式, 过去式用来表达更加客气, 委婉的语气, 时态性不强, 可用于过去，现在或将来。情态动词属，故没有被动语态。He could be here soon.他很快就来。We cant carry the heavy box.我们搬不动那箱子。Im sorry I cant help you.对不起，我帮不

3、上你。基本助动词与情态助动词最主要的区别之一是:基本助动词本身没有词义，而情态助动词则有自己的词义，能表示说话人对有关动作或状态的看法，或表示主观设想：What have you been doing since? （构成完成进行体，本身无词义）I am afraid I must be going. （一定要）You may have read some account of the matter. （或许已经）除此之外，情态助动词还有如下词法和句法特征：1） 除ought和used以外，其他情态动词后面只能接不带to的不定式。如果我们把ought to和used to看做是固定词组的话，那

4、么，所有情态动词无一例外地只能接不带to的不定式：We used to grow beautiful roses.I asked if he would come and repair my television set.2） 情态助动词在限定动词词组总是位居第一：They need not have been punished so severely.3） 情态助动词用于第三人称单数现在时的时候，没有词形变化，即其词尾无-s形式：She dare not say what she thinks.4） 情态动词没有非限定形式，即没有不定式和分词形式，也没有相应的：Still, she need

5、nt have run away.5） 情态助动词的“时”的形式并不是时间区别的主要标志。在不少场合，情态助动词的现在时和过去时形式都可以表示现在、过去或将来时间：Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something?She told him he ought not to have done it.6） 情态助动词之间是相互排斥的，即在一个限定动词词组中只能出现一个情态助动词，但有时却可以与have和be基本助动词连用：You should have washed the wound.Well, you shouldnt be readi

6、ng a novel.用法首先它是动词，而且不同于行为动词，行为动词表示的是可以通过行为来表达的动作（如写，读，跑），而情态动词只是表达的一种想法（如能，也许，敢）。用法是：情态动词+行为动词原形例句：I can read this sentence in English.我能用英语读这句话。情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,表示说话人的情绪,态度或语气的动词,但不能单独作谓语, 只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。We can be there on time tomorrow.我们明天能按时去那儿。May I have your name? 我能知道你的名字吗？Shall we begin now?

7、我们现在就开始吗？You must obey the school rules.你必须遵守校规。情态动词数量不多,但用途广泛,主要有下列:can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would),have (to) ,had better.情态动词还有一个很重要的用法，即情态动词表推测情态动词表推测的用法小结（一）情态动词表推测的三种句式1.在肯定句中一般用must (一定)，may（可能），might /can, could（也许，或许）。（1）He must/may/

8、might know the answer to this question?他一定/可能/也许知道这个问题的答案。（2）It is cold in the room. They must have turned off the heating.屋里很冷，他们肯定把暖气关了。2.否定句中用cant / couldnt(不可能), may not/might not(可能不)。（1）It cant/couldnt be the headmaster. He has gone to America.这不可能是校长，他去美国了。（2）He may not/might not know the sci

9、entist.他也许不认识那位科学家。3.疑问句中用can/could (能?)。（1）Could he have finished the task?他可能把任务完成了吗？（2）Can he be at home now?他现在能在家吗？注：以上三种句式中情态动词的语气按程度都是依次递减的。Might, could并非may, can的过去式，而表示语气较为委婉或可能性较小。（二）情态动词表推测的三种时态1.对将来情况的推测，用“情态动词 + 动词原形”。（1）She must / may / might / could arrive before 5.5:00前她一定/可能/也许到。（2）

10、She must/may/might/could walk miles and miles among the hills without meeting anyone.她一定/可能/也许会在山里一连走好几英里而遇不到一个人。2.对现在或一般情况的推测，用“情态动词 + be”，“情态动词 +be doing”或“情态动词 + 动词原形”。（1）He must / may / might / could be listening to the radio now.他一定/可能/也许正在听收音机。（2）He cant ( couldnt ) / may ( might ) not be at h

11、ome at this time.这个时候他不可能/可能不在家。（3）Mr. Bush is on time for everything .How can ( could ) he be late for the opening ceremony ?布什先生一向准时，这次开幕式他怎么可能迟到呢？3.对过去情况的推测，用“情态动词 + have +”。（1）It must / may / might / could have rained last night .The ground is wet.地湿了，昨晚肯定/可能/也许下雨了。（2）The door was locked. He can

12、 ( could ) not / may ( might ) not have been at home .门锁着，他不可能/可能不在家。（3）Can / Could he have gotten the book？难道他找到书了吗？注：情态动词 should /ought to表推测时，意为“想必会，理应”但与“have +过去分词”连用时，则又可构成意为“本应该做某事却没做”。例如：（4）Its seven oclock. Jack should/ought to be here at any moment.现在七点钟了，杰克理应随时到达。（推测）（5）She should / ought

13、 to have attended your birthday party, but she had to look after her mother in hospital. （虚拟）她本该出席你的生日晚会的，可是她得在医院照顾她妈妈。（6）Tom should not /ought not to have told me your secret, but he meant no harm. （虚拟）汤姆本不该告诉我你的秘密，可是他并无恶意。功能助动词(auxiliary)主要有两类：基本助动词(primary auxiliary)和情态助动词(modal auxiliary)。基本助动词有

14、三个：do, have和be；情态助动词基本的有十四个：may, might; can, could; will, would; shall, should; must, need, dare, used to, ought to.had better 上述两类助动词的共同特征是，在协助构成限定动词词组时，具有作用词的功能：1） 构成否定式：He didnt go and neither did she.他没去，她也没去。The meeting might not start until 5 oclock.会议可能直到五点才开始。2） 构成疑问式或附加疑问式：Must you leave ri

15、ght now?你一定要马上离开吗？You have been learning French for 5 years, havent you?你已经学了五年法语，不是吗？3） 构成修辞：Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister.他无处得到他姐姐的任何消息。Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.他刚到，她就开始抱怨起来。4） 代替限定动词词组：A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle?B: Tom can.A: Shall I

16、write to him?B: Yes, do.can和could的用法1. 表示能力或客观可能性，还可以表示请求和允许。如：Can you finish this work tonight?你今晚能完成这项工作吗？Man can not live without air.人离了空气不能活。 Can I go now? Yes, you can.我现在可以走了吗？你可以。注意：could也可表示请求，语气委婉，主要用于疑问句，不可用于肯定句，答语应用can（即could不能用于现在时态的简略答语中）。如：Could I come to see you tomorrow?我明天能来看您吗？Yes

17、, you can. （否定答语可用No, Im afraid not.）是的，你可以。（不，恐怕不行。）can表示能力时，还可用be able to代替。如：Ill not be able to come this afternoon.我今下午不能来。2. 表示惊异、怀疑、不相信的态度。（主要用在否定句、疑问句或惊叹句中）Can this be true?这可能是真的吗？How can you be so careless!你怎么能这么粗心！This can not be done by him.这不可能是他做的。3. “can(could) + have + 过去分词”的疑问或否定形式表示

18、对过去发生的行为怀疑或不肯定。如：He can not have been to that town.他不可能去过那个镇。Can he have got the book?他可能拥有这本书吗？4. 用在疑问句及否定句中,表示惊讶,不相信等.5. can nottooenough表示无论怎样也不过分,越越好6.can 可以表示体力或脑力方面的能力，能够，能，会Can you finish the work in such a short time ?你能在那么短的时间内完成这项工作吗？7. can 表示许可、允许 ， 在疑问句中表示要求，在否定句中表示不许，此时可以和may通用。may和migh

19、t的用法1. 表示许可。表示请求、允许时，might比may的语气更委婉一些，否定回答时(口语中常用) no , you cant . or , yes, please 用mustnt表示“不可以”、“禁止”、“阻止”之意(具有强烈禁止的意思)如：You may drive the car.你可以开这辆车。 Might I use your pen? No, you mustnt.我可以用你的钢笔吗？不，绝对不行。用May I . 征询对方许可在文体上比较正式，在口气上比较客气。在日常口语中，用Can I . 征询对方意见在现代口语中更为常见。2. 用于中表示祝愿。如：May you succ

20、eed!祝你成功！3. 表示推测、可能（疑问句不能用于此意）。He may be very busy now.他现在可能非常忙。4. “may(might) + have + 过去分词”表示对过去发生的行为的推测。如：He may not have finished the work.他可能没有完成工作。must和have to的用法1. 表示必须、必要。（must表示主观多一些而have to则表示客观多一些）如：You must come in time.你必须及时过来。回答must引出的问句时，如果是否定的回答，不能用mustnt，而要用neednt或dont have to。 Must

21、 we hand in our exercise books today? Yes, you must. (No, you dont have to.)我们今天必须交上练习册吗？是的。（不，不必。）2. “must be + 表语”的结构表示推测，它的否定或疑问式用can代替must。This must be your pen.这一定是你的钢笔。3. “must + have + 过去分词”的结构常用在肯定句中，表示对过去发生的行为的推测。它的否定或疑问式用can代替must。He must have been to Shanghai.他一定去过上海。4. have to的含义与must相似，

22、两者往往可以互换使用，但have to有各种形式，随have的变化而定。must与have to有下列几点不同： must表示的是说话人的主观看法，而have to则往往强调客观需要。如：The play is not interesting. I really must go now.这部剧没意思。我真的必须现在就走。I had to work when I was your age.当我像你这么大时，我不得不工作。 must一般只表现在，have则有更多的时态形式。 二者的否定意义不大相同。如：You mustnt go. 你可不要去。You dont have to go. 你不必去。

23、询问对方的意愿时应用must。如：Must I clean all the room?我一定要打扫整个房间吗？注意：have to也可拼做have got to。5. 表示一种与说话人 愿望相反、不耐烦的感情色彩，偏偏、非要。Why must you always bother me ?为什么你总是来烦我？dare和need的用法1. need表示“需要”或“必须”，作情态动词时，仅用于否定句或疑问句中，在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to,或should代替。如：You neednt come so early. Need I finish the work tod

24、ay? Yes, you must.注意：neednt + 不定式的完成式“表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了某事”。如：You neednt have waited for me.2. Dare作情态动词时，主要用于疑问句、否定句和中，一般不用在肯定句中。如：How dare you say Im unfair.He darent speak English before such a crowd, dare he?3. Dare和need常用作实义动词，有时态、人称和数的变化，所不同的是，作实义动词时，在肯定句中，dare后面通常接带to的不定式，在否定和疑问句中，dare后面可接带to或不带

25、to的不定式。如：I dare to swim across this river.He does not dare (to) answer.Dont you dare (to) touch it!I wondered he dare (to) say that.He needs to finish it this evening.shall和should的用法一.Shall的用法：1. Shall用于第一人称，表示征求对方的意愿。如：What shall we do this evening?2. Shall用于第一、第三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。如：Shall w

26、e begin our lesson?When shall he be able to leave the hospital?3. Shall用于第二、第三人称，表示说话人给对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁。如：You shall fail if you dont work harder. （警告）He shall have the book when I finish reading. （允诺）He shall be punished. （威胁）二.Should的用法：1. Should表示劝告、建议、命令，其同义词是ought to；在疑问句中，通常用should代替ought to。如：You

27、 should go to class right away.Should I open the window?Should的含义较多，用法较活，现介绍三种其特殊用法。请看下面的句子： I should think it would be better to try it again. 我倒是认为最好再试一试。 You are mistaken, I should say. 依我看，你是搞错了。 I should advise you not to do that. 我倒是劝你别这样做。 This is something I should have liked to ask you. 这是我

28、本来想问你的。从以上例句可以看出：情态动词should用于第一人称时可以表示说话人的一种谦逊、客气、委婉的语气。Should还可以用在if引导的条件从句，表示一件事听起来可能性很小，但也不是完全没有可能。相当于“万一”的意思。从句谓语由should加动词原形构成，主句谓语却不一定用虚拟语气。如： Ask her to ring me up if you should see her. 你万一见到她，请让她给我打个电话。 If you should change your mind, please let us know. 万一你改变主意，请通知我们。 Should I (If I should

29、) be free tomorrow I will come. 万一我明天有时间，我就来。此外，Why(or How) + should结构表示说话人对某事不能理解，感到意外、惊异等意思。意为“竟会”。如： Why should you be so late today? 你几天怎么来得这么晚？ Where is Betty living? 贝蒂住在哪里？ How should I know? 我怎么会知道呢？ I dont know why you should think that I did it. 我真不知道你凭什么认为这件事是我干的。2. “should + have + 过去分词”

30、结构一般表示义务，表示应该做到而实际上没有做到，并包含一种埋怨、责备的口气。如： She should have finished it.I should have helped her, but I never could.You should have started earlier.will和would的用法1. 表示请求、建议等，would比will委婉客气。如：Would you pass me the book?2. 表示意志、愿望和决心。如：I will never do that again.They asked if we would do that again.The do

31、or wont open3. 用“will be”和“will(would) + have + 过去分词”的结构表示推测，主要用于第二、三人称。前者表示对目前情况的推测，后者表示对已经完成的动作或事态的推测。如：This will be the book you want.He will have arrived by now.The guests would have arrived by that time.I thought you would have finished this by now.4. Would可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。Would表过去习惯时比used to正

32、式，并没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。如：The wound would not heal.During the vacation he would visit me every week.5. 表料想或猜想。如：It would be about ten when he left home.What would she be doing there?I thought he would have told you all about it.ought to的用法1. Ought to表示应该。如：You ought to take care of him.2. 表示推测。注意与must表示推测时

33、的区别：He must be at home by now. （断定他已到家）He ought to be home by now. （不十分肯定）This is where the oil must be. （比较直率）This is where the oil ought to be. （比较含蓄）3. “ought to + have + 过去分词”表示过去应做某事而实际未做。如：You ought to have asked him (but you didnt).这时，ought to和should可以互相换用。注意：在美国英语中，ought to用于否定句和疑问句时，to可以省略。

34、如：Ought you smoke so much?You oughtnt smoke so much.ought和should的区别：1.ought语气略强。2.should较常用。3.ought在美国英语中用的很少，而should却相当常用。4.ought属正式用语。注：由于ought to 没有过去式，所以在直接引语变间接引语的过程中，就不再变化.used to，had better，would rather的用法1. Used to表示过去的习惯动作或状态，现在已不存在，在中，其形式可不变。如：He told us he used to play football when he wa

35、s young.在疑问句、否定句、否定疑问句或中，可有两种形式：疑问句Did you use to go to the same school as your brother?Used you to go to the same school as your brother?否定句I usednt to go there.I didnt use to go there.Usednt 亦可拼作usent，但发音皆为ju:snt。否定疑问句Usent you to be interested in the theatre?Didnt you use to be interested in the

36、theatre?强调句I certainly used to smoke, but it was a long time ago.I certainly did use to smoke, but it was a long time ago.其或简略回答中，也有两种形式：She used to be very fat, didnt she? （口语+常用）/ use(d)nt she? （正式+过时）Did you use to play chess? Yes, I did.Used you to get up early in the morning? Yes, I did. (Yes,

37、I used to.)2. Had better意为“最好”，后接不带to的不定式。如： We had better go now. Yes, we had (wed better / we had better).Hadnt we better stop now? (Had we better not stop now?)I think Id better be going. （用于进行时态，表“最好立即”）You had better have done that. （用于完成时态，表未完成动作）注：had best与had better同意，但较少用。You had better 用于同

38、辈或小辈，对长辈不可用。3. Would rather意为“宁愿”，表选择，后接不带to的不定式。如：Id rather not say anything.Would you rather work on a farm? Wouldnt you rather stay here? No, I would not. Id rather go there.由于would rather表选择，因而后可接than。如：I would rather work on a farm than in a factory.I would rather watch TV than go to see the fi

39、lm.I would rather lose a dozen cherry trees than that you should tell me one lie.Id rather you didnt talk about this to anyone. （句中的d rather不是情态动词，would在此是表愿望的实义动词）注：由于used to，had better同ought to一样没有过去式，所以在直接引语变间接引语的过程中，也不再变化.can (could), may (might)的用法can (could) 表示说话人能,可以,同意,准许,以及客观条件许可,could 为 ca

40、n 的过去式。Can you pass me the books?你能给我递一下书吗 ?Could you help me, please?请问,你能帮助我吗?What can you do?你能干点什么呢?Can you be sure?你有把握吗?can 和could 只能用于现在式和过去式两种时态,将来时态用 be able to 来表示。He could help us at all.他完全可以帮助我们。With the teachers help,I shall be able to speak English correctly.由于老师的帮助,我将能准确地讲英语。may (mig

41、ht) 可以, 表示说话人同意,许可或请求对方许可。You may take the book home.你可以把书带回家去.May I come in?我可以进来吗?May I use your dictionary?我可以用你的词典吗?You may put on more clothes.你可以多穿点衣服.He said he might lend us some money.他说他可以借给我们一些钱。may 否定式为 may not, 缩写形式是 maynt.might 是may 的过去式, 有两种用法, 一种表示过去式，一种表示虚拟语气, 使语气更加委婉, 客气或对可能性的怀疑。He

42、 told me he might be here on time.他说他能按时间来。Might I borrow some money now.我可以借点钱吗?He might be alive.他可能还活着。must, need, ought to, dare (dared)用法Must 必须,应该,一定,准是, 表示说话人认为有必要做某事, 命令, 要求别人做某事以及对事物的推测。must 用来指和一般将来时, 过去式可用 have to 的过去式代替。I must finish my work today. 我今天必须完成我的工作。You mustnt work all the tim

43、e. 你不能老是工作。Must I return the book tomorrow? 我必须明天还书吗?After such a long walk, you must be tired. 走了这么长的路,你一定困了。He must be the man I am looking for. 他一定是我要找的人。He had to go because of somebodys calling him that day. 那天他要走是因为有人叫他。must + have + 过去分词,表示现在对过去事物的推测。He must have told my parents about it.他一定把

44、这件事情告诉我父母亲了。He must have received my letter now.他现在一定收到我的信了。Its six oclock already, we must have been late again.已经六点钟了，我们一定又迟到了。must 和 have to 的区别: must 表示说话人的主观思想, have to 表示客观需要。You must do it now.你必需现在就干。(说话人认为必须现在干)I have to go now.我得走了。(客观条件必须现在走)need 需要 多用在否定式或疑问句中.Need I attend the meeting tomorrow?我需要明天参加会议吗?You need not hand in the paper this week.这一周你不必交论文。need 是一