药用植物学重点(共7页).doc
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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上第一章 植物的细胞1. 细胞壁的组成有几部分?(How about the composing of the cell wall ?)答:胞间层(intercellular layer) 初生壁(primary wall) 次生壁(secondary wall)2. 细胞壁的特化有哪些?(What are included in cell wall characteristics ?)答:木质化(lignification)木栓化(suberization) 角质化(cutinization)粘液质化(mucilagization)矿质化(mineralization
2、)3. 晶体的类型有哪些?(Which types has crystal ?)答:草酸钙结晶( calcium oxalate crystal)a. 方晶(solitary crystal) b.针晶(acicular crystal ) c.簇晶(cluster crystal) d.沙晶(crystal sand) e.柱晶(columnar crystal)碳酸钙结晶( calcium carbonate crystal) 区别碳酸钙和草酸钙:碳酸钙结晶遇醋酸时放出二氧化碳。 (不属于其中):硫酸钙结晶、橙皮苷、靛蓝附:1. *Cell:The structural and funct
3、ional unit of a tissue.2. 细胞的组成(constitute):细胞壁(cell wall)、原生质体(protoplast)、后含物(ergastic substance)3.*Protoplast(原生质体):There are all life matter in the cell, called protoplast .(有生命的物质构成的)Including:(1)cytoplasm(细胞质) (2)nucleus(细胞核) (3)organelle(细胞器)*plastid(质体):chloroplast(叶绿体) chromoplast(有色体) leuc
4、oplast(白色体)4.*植物细胞与动物细胞相区别的三大特征:细胞壁、液泡、质体5.* ergastic substance (后含物):The plant cell in the life process, produces various non- life matter as a result of the metabolism activity, called ergastic substance.(非生命物质总称)*Including:starch(淀粉) inulin(菊糖)protein(aleurone grain)(蛋白质以糊粉粒贮存) fat and fat oil(脂肪
5、和油) pigments(色素) crystal(晶体)6. *Pit(纹孔)次生壁在加厚的过程中,并不是均匀地增厚,在很多地方留有一些没有增厚的部分,称为纹孔。 The secondary wall does not increase thick evenly , leave some and has not increased the thick part in a lot of places during the process of thickenning, called the pit. 纹孔的类型(1) simple pit(单纹孔)(2) bordered pit(具缘纹孔)(3
6、) half bordered pit(半缘纹孔)7.*plasmodesmata(胞间连丝)细胞间有许多纤细的原生质丝穿过初生壁上微细孔眼彼此联系着,这种原生质丝称为胞间连丝。 There are a lot of very thin protoplasm silks that cross and come into being the very small hole on the primary wall and get in touch each other among the cells, this kind of protoplasm silk is called plasmodes
7、mata.8.starch grain(淀粉粒):具有脐点(hilum)和层纹(annular striation)淀粉粒有单粒(simple starch grain)、复粒(compound)、半复粒(half compound starch grain)9.*cell divisions(细胞分裂):mitosis(有丝分裂)、amitosis(无丝分裂)、meiosis(减数分裂)第二章 植物的组织 1. 组织的类型及其功能(?)?(How about the types and function of the tissue ?)(X)答:分生组织(meristem)Character
8、: intense ability of meristem 基本组织(ground tissue)/薄壁组织(parenchyma)/营养组织(vegetative tissue)Character: possess assimilative,store,absorbing,aerating function.分为四类:a.同化组织(assimilation parenchyma) b.贮藏组织(storage parenchyma ) c.吸收组织(absorbtion parenchyma ) d.通气组织(aerenchyma )保护组织(protective tissue)分类:依据来
9、源不同分为表皮(初生保护组织)和周皮(次生保护组织)。Character: protecting function.机械组织 (mechanical tissue )Character: stability and substain function.类型:根据细胞壁增厚的成分、增厚的部位和增厚的程度,可分为厚角组织和厚壁组织。输导组织(conducting tissue)Character:transport water and nutritious matter .类型:a. 导管和管胞: 输送水分及溶于水中的无机养料,存在于木质部;(自下而上) b.筛管、伴胞和筛胞: 输送光合作用制造的
10、有机营养物质,存在于韧皮部。(自上而下)分泌组织(secretory tissue)Character:secrete some special matter2. 气孔的类型?(What is the types of the stoma ?)答:双子叶植物气孔的类型(不直不平环):平轴式气孔(paracytic type):气孔周围有2个副卫细胞,其长轴与保卫细胞和气孔的长轴平行直轴式气孔(diacytic type):(同上)垂直不定式气孔(anomocytic type):36个副卫细胞,大小基本相等不等式气孔(anisocytic type):34个,其中一个明显小环式气孔(actin
11、ocytic type):小、多、环单子叶植物气孔的类型:哑铃状(dumb-bell)3. 毛茸的类型?(What is the trichome ?)答:腺毛(glandular hair):是由表皮细胞分化而来的,有腺头和腺柄之分;腺头具有分泌功能,能分泌挥发油、黏液、树脂等物质。腺鳞(glandular scale):腺鳞是一种具短柄或无柄的腺毛。glandular hair:varicose bulbiform head with secretive function 非腺毛(non-glandular hair):无腺头和腺柄之分;无分泌功能。 No varicose bulbifo
12、rm head and secretive function4. 厚角组织和厚壁组织的区别?(Where is the difference of collenchyma and sclerenchyma ?)答:厚角组织(collenchyma)特 点:为活细胞,不均匀增厚,一般在角隅处增厚,也有在切向壁和细胞间隙处增厚的。 thick wall at their corners ,therefore they are life cells.厚壁组织sclerenchyma特 点:为死细胞,次生壁全面增厚All-sided thickenning secondary walls,herefo
13、re they are dead cells.Including:fiber(纤维)、stone cell(石细胞)5. 导管的类型?(Which types has the vessel ?)答:环纹导管(annular vessel) 螺纹导管(spiral vessel)梯纹导管(scalariform vessel) 网纹导管(reticulate vessel)孔纹导管(pitted vessel)6. 外部和内部分泌组织各有哪些?(What is the exterior and inner secretory tissue ?)答:(1)外部分泌组织(Exterior secre
14、tory tissue)腺毛(Glandular hair)腺鳞(glandular scale) 蜜腺(nectary)(2)内部分泌组织(Interior secretory tissue)分泌细胞(Secretory cell) 分泌腔(Secretory cavity)分泌道(Secretory canal) 乳汁管(laticifer)附:1.Tissue(组织):the cell group which resource and function is same and morphology and structure is similar ,moreover close cont
15、act each other.2. protective tissue(保护组织)Including(1)epidermis(表皮):stoma(气孔)trichome(毛茸) (2)periderm(周皮):木栓层(phellem)、木栓形成层(phellogen)和栓内层(phelloderm)3.维管束(vascular bundle):主要由韧皮部(phloem)和木质部(xylem)组成。韧皮部包括筛管 (sieve tube)、伴胞(companion cell) 、筛胞( sieve cell)、韧皮薄壁细胞(phloem complementary cell)和韧皮纤维(phl
16、oem fiber)。木质部包括导管(vessel)、管胞 (tracheid)、木薄壁细胞(xylem complementary cell)和木纤维(xylem fiber)。4.维管束的类型:无限外韧维管束(open collateral vascular bundle) 有限外韧维管束( closed )双韧维管束 (bicollateral vascular bundle ) 周韧维管束( amphicribral ) 周木维管束( amphivasal ) 辐射维管束 (radial )第三章 植物的器官1. 营养器官和繁殖器官分别有哪些?(Which is vegetative
17、and reproductive organs respectively ?)答:营养器官:(根、茎、叶)vegetative organ (root,stem,leaf)繁殖器官:(花、果实、种子)reproductive organ(flower,fruit,seed)2. 根的生理功能?(What is the function of the root ?)答:根的主要功能是吸收(Absorb function)、输导(transportation)、支持(supportion)、贮藏(preservation)、 繁殖(breeding)、合成(synthesize)和分泌(excre
18、te)等作用。3. 根尖的构造?(How about the structure of the root tip ?)答:根冠(root cap) 分生区(Meristematic zone)伸长区(elongation zone) 成熟区(maturation zone)4. 根的初生构造包括几部分?(How much parts in primary structure of the root ?)答:表皮(epidermis) 皮层(cortex)维管柱(vascular cylinder)5. 单、双子叶植物茎的区别?(What is the difference of the ste
19、m of Monocotyledon and Dicot ?)答:单子叶植物一般没有形成层和木栓形成层;Monocotyledons generally do not have cambium and phellogen单子叶植物维管束主要是有限外韧维管束或周木维管束,而双子叶植物是无限外韧维管束;Monocotyledon vascular bundles are closed collateral vascular bundle or amphivasal vascular bundle,while dicotyledon are open collateral vascular bund
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