新编简明英语语言学知识点汇总(共17页).docx
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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上新编简明英语语言学知识点汇总1 Introduction1.1 What is linguistics?Scientific study of language.Interpretation:try to answer the basic questions and probe into various problems related to language;linguistics studies not any particular language but language in general;scientific study because based on
2、 systematic investigation of linguistic data.1.1.2 The scope of linguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called general linguistic.phoneticsStudy the sounds used in linguistic studyphonologyHow sounds put together and convey meaningmorphologyThe way symbols representing sounds are arrang
3、ed and combined to form wordssyntaxRules governing the combination of wordssemanticsThe study of meaningpragmaticsStudy the meaning in contextAbove are major or core branches of linguistics;Following are linguistics link with other disciplines.sociolinguisticslanguage and societypsycholinguisticsHow
4、 infant acquire mother tongue,process information(language and brain)Applied linguisticsApplied to the recovery of language,language acquisition1.1.3 Some important distinctions in linguisticsprescriptivedescriptiveAims to lay down rules for “correct & standard”;i.e.to tell people what they should s
5、ay or notDescribe and analyze the language actually use(modern linguists believe that whatever occurs in the language people use should be described and analyzed)synchronicdiachronicThe description of a language at some point of time The description of a language as it changes through timeModern lin
6、guistics are most synchronic:Difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development;Synchronic description are often thought of as being descriptions of a language in its current existence.speechwritingSpeech is prior to writing:writing system is always “invented”by th
7、e users to record the speech when the need arises;speech plays a greater role in terms of amount of conveying information;speech is always the way native speaker acquire their mother tongue while writing is learn and taught in school;spoken language reveals more feature of human speech,which is auth
8、entic while written language is only the revised record of speech.Langue 语言Parole 言语Abstract linguistic system;Relatively stableThe realization of language in actual use; Concrete;Vary from person to person & situation to situationProposed by Swiss linguist F.de Saussure in the early 20th century:pa
9、role is a mass of linguistic facts,to abstract langue from petenceperformanceThe ideal users knowledge of the rules of his languageThe actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.proposed by American linguist N.Chomsky ,Similar to Saussure,what linguists should study is the idea
10、l speakers competence,not the performance.Difference:Saussure took sociological view of language and hi s notion of langue is a matter of social convention;while Chomsky looks at psychological point and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.Traditional grammarModern linguist
11、icsPrescriptive;written language is primary;Force language into a Latin-based framework;Descriptive;Spoken language is primary;Trying to set up a universal frameworkModern linguistics begin from the publication of F.de Sassures book course in general linguistics1.2 What is language1.2.1 Definitions
12、of languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.Characteristics:language is system,elements of language are combined according to the rules;language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what it stands
13、for, A rose by any other name would smell as well;language is vocal because the primary medium for all language is sound;language is human -specific,different from animal communication.1.2.2 Design features of languageProposed by American linguist Charles Hockett:comparing the animal & human communi
14、cation systems.Following are five major design features of human language:arbitrarinessNo logical connection between meaning and sounds(except onomatopoetic and compound words)productivityIt makes to possible to construction and interpretation of new signal by its users.dualityLanguage is a system w
15、hich consists of two structures. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds,which are meaningless by themselves.But the sounds can grouped or regrouped together into a larger numbers of units of meaning such as morpheme or words,which are found at the higher level of system(carp & park).Then
16、the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite numbers of sentences;DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speakers;cultural transmissionWhile human capacity for language has a genetic basis,the details of any language sys
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