现在完成时和过去完成时(共7页).doc

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上现在完成时和过去完成时【教学目标】由一篇疫情相关的文章引出本节课主题，先复习现在完成时的知识，再对比过去完成时的知识进行学习【教学重难点】教学重点：现在完成时和过去完成时的结构，常见标志词和现在完成时过去完成的区分教学难点：现在完成时和过去完成时的区分，如何区分和具体情境中的运用详讲Recently, an epidemic named new type of coronavirus pneumonia has spread widely among the population. All the infected people will have symptoms

2、such as fever, cough, expectoration and fatigue. If it is serious, it will cause life danger. This virus was originally transmitted from Wuhan. But why did it spread from Wuhan? This is because in the market of South China in Wuhan, it is illegal to resell the game infected with the virus. It is the

3、 greed of some people that makes the ecology of nature out of balance, and human beings suffer from this fate.In these days when the virus appears, there are such a group of people who are not afraid of infection. They rush to the front line, devote themselves to work silently, protect the health of

4、 patients silently, and even some people fall in the front line with the virus. They wear white clothes, and they heal people. These people are medical workers who are called angels in white. They never give up fighting pneumonia, even in the new year, in such a grand festival of family reunion, the

5、y still fight in their jobs. Although they cant be reunited with their relatives, they dont regret it, because there are more patients waiting for them to treat them, and the doctors are kind-hearted. Isnt it rare in the world?现在完成时一、概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。二、现在完成时用法之常用词语：能与现

6、在完成时连用词语很多，如副词just, already, yet, before, ever, recently 等，但下面是一些典型而且重要的例子：(1) since(自从)：不管用作介词、连词还是副词, 句子(主句)谓语通常都用现在完成时：I havent seen her since last week. 自上周以来我一直未见过她。【注】有时可用其他时态的情况，但须注意： 对于某些表示状态的动词(如 seem 等)，或因语义等方面的原因，有时可能用一般现在时比较现在完成时更合适：It seems like years since we last met. 我们似乎几年未见面了。 若不是指

7、从过去持续到现在，而是指从较远的过去持续到在一个较近的过去，则用过去完成时：Yesterday he told me that he hadnt eaten anything since Tuesday. 他昨天告诉我自星期二以来他一直未吃任何东西。(指从星期二至昨天未吃东西) 表示时间长度时，通常用一般现在时代替现在完成时：Its ten years since he left here. 他离开这儿已10年了。(2) so far (到目前为止)：So far there has been no bad news. 到现在为止还没有什么坏消息。(3) in for, during the

8、past last years(在过去年中)：In the past two years Ive seen him little. 过去两年我很少见到他。【注】在一定的上下文里，若是以过去时间为起点，也可用过去完成时。(4) up to until now(到现在为止)：Up to now, the work has been easy. 到现在为止这工作还算容易。(5) Its will be the first time that(第一次)：Its the first time Ive come here. 这是我第一次来这儿。三、基本结构：have/has + done否定形式：have

9、/has + not +d one.一般疑问句：have或has开头+主语+动词的过去分词。例：I have seen the film already.我已经看过那部电影了。(现在我知道电影的内容了。)Have you seen my bag?你看到我的手提包了吗? (你知道它在哪里? )四、基本用法对于初接触现在完成时的人来说，往往会产生一种茫然，因为它似乎与一般过去时相似。那就是，这两种时态描述的动作都始于过去。其实不然，现在完成时主要表示，发生在过去的动作延续到现在刚刚完成、或许还要延续；侧重于这个动作对现在带来的结果、产生的影响、积累的总和等等。而一般过去时则只不过是表示动作发生在过

10、去的什么时候。弄清了这一区别，就很容易理解现在完成时了。它主要适用于下面的几种情况：1）表示截止现在业已完成的动作By now, I have collected all the data that I need .到现在为止，我已收集到了我所需的全部资料。2）表示发生在过去而对现在产生影响、带来结果的动作Have you had your dinner? 你吃晚饭了吗？3）表示过去发生的动作持续到现在，并可能还要延续It has been five years since he joined the army .他参军五年了。几点注意：1)一个句子应该用什么时态只能取决于它需要表达的意思，以

11、及它所处的语言环境。例如：He speaks English .（一般现在时，说明动作发生的经常性。）He spoke English when he was in New Zealand .（一般过去时，说明动作发生的时间。）He is speaking English.（现在进行时，说明动作正在进行。）He has spoken English for three years since he came to the USA.（现在完成时，这里说明动作的总和。）He has been speaking English since he came to the USA. （现在完成进行时，强

12、调动作的连续性。）2）在含有时间状语从句或条件状语从句的主从复合句中，如果主句的谓语动词是一般将来时，那么从句的谓语动词就只能用一般现在时来表示将来时；如果主句的谓语动词是过去将来时，那么从句的谓语动词就只能用一般过去时来表示过去将来时。例如：I will not play tennis if it rains tomorrow.3) 有些动词表示无法持续的动作，它们一般不宜用于进行时态中。这类动词常见的有：be , believe , consist , find , forget , hate , have , hope , hear , know , like , love , noti

13、ce , prefer , remember , see , seem , smell , suggest , taste , understand , want , wish , sit down , stand up 等等。基础练习1.Howlonghaveyou_here?A.comeB.gotC.arrivedD.been2.Mygrandpadied_.A.attheageofmy2B.for2yearsC.whenIwas2.D.myagewas6.3.Janehas_toBeijing.Shewillcomebacktomorrow.A.beenB.goneC.wentD.nev

14、erbeen4.Itistenyears_Ilastsawher.A.afterB.sinceC.forD.that5.-WhowillgotothestationtomeetLorry?-Iwill.I_herseveraltimes.A.metB.havemetC.hadmetD.willmeet6.-Whatanicedress!Howlong_you_it?-Just2weeks.A.will,buyB.did,buyC.are,havingD.have,had7.-DoyouknowLydiaverywell?-Yes,SheandI_friendssincewewereveryyo

15、ung.A.havemadeB.havebecomeC.havebeenD.haveturned8.TheSmiths_inChinafor8years.A.haslivedB.livedC.havebeenD.live9.-Hello,thisisMr.Greenspeaking.CanIspeaktoMr.Black?-Sorry.He_theBainiaoPark.A.hasbeentoB.hasgonetoC.wenttoD.willgoto10.-_youever_totheUS?-Yes,twice.A.Have,goneB.Have,beenC,Do,goD.were,going

16、过去完成时一、概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即过去的过去（ past-in-the-past ）。二、常搭配的时间状语：before, by the end of last year(term, month),etc.三、基本结构：had + 动词的过去分词（done）. （had通用于各种人称）否定形式：had + not + 动词的过去分词done.一般疑问句：had放于句首。例句：She said she had never been to Paris. 她说她从未去过巴黎。四、过去完成时的判断依据1. 由时间状语来判定一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时

17、间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：(1) by + 过去的时间点。I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night.(2) by the end of + 过去的时间点。We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.(3)before + 过去的时间点。They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.2. 由过去的过去来判定。过去完成时表示过去的过去，是指过去某一

18、动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：(1)宾语从句中当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如：She said that she had seen the film before.(2)状语从句中在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如：When I got to the station, the train h

19、ad already left.3. 根据上、下文来判定。I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadnt seen each other since he went to Beijing.五、过去完成时的主要用法1. 过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在过去的过去。如：When I woke up, it had stopped raining.我醒来时，雨已经停了。（主句的动作发生在过去的过去）2. 过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是过去的过去，只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。如：He

20、told me that he had written a new book. (had written 发生在 told 之前 )3. 过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与 already ， yet ， still ， just ， before ， never 等时间副词及 by ， before ， until 等引导的短语或从句连用。如：Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years.4. 过去完成时表示某

21、一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years.（ had worked 已有了 20 年，还有继续进行下去的可能）六、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为助动词 have (has) + 过去分词。过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调过去的过去，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。I h

22、ave learned 1000 English words so far到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。基础练习1Heaskedme_duringthesummerholidays.A.whereIhadbeenB.whereIhadgoneC.wherehadIbeenD.wherehadIgone2.What_Jane_bythetimehewassever?A.did,doB.has,doneCdid,did.D.had,done3.I_90

23、0EnglishwordsbythetimeIwasten.A.learnedB.waslearningC.hadlearnedD.learnt4.She_livedherefor_years.A.had,afewB.has,severalC.had,alotofD.has,agreatdealof5.Bythetimemyparentsreachedhomeyesterday,I_thedinneralready.AhadcookedB.cookedC.havecookedD.wascooked6.Shesaidshe_theprinciplealready.A.hasseenB.sawC.

24、willseeD.hadseen7.Shesaidherfamily_themselves_thearmyduringthewar.A.hashidden,fromB.hadhidden,fromC.hashidden,withD.hadhidden,with8.Bythetimehewastenyearsold,he_.A.hascompleteduniversityB.hascompletedtheuniversityC.hadcompletedanuniversityD.hadcompleteduniversity9.Shehadwrittenanumberofbooks_theendo

25、flastyear.A.forB.inC.byD.at10.He_toplay_beforehewas11yearsold.Ahadlearned,pianoB.hadlearned,thepianoC.haslearned,thepianoD.learns,piano.11.What_Annie_bythetimehewasten?A.did,doB.did,didC.has,doneD.haddone12.He_inthefactoryforthreeyearsbeforehejoinedtheArmy.A.hasworkedB.worksC.hadworkedD.willwork13.B

26、ytheendoflastweek,they_thebridge.A.hascompletedB.completedC.willcompleteD.hadcompleted14. Benhatesplaying_violin,buthelikesplaying_football.A.atheB.thetheC./.theD.the/15.Bythetimehewas4,he_alotofGermanwords.A.hadlearnedB.haslearnedC.learnedD.learns能力提升一、语法填空A wealthy old man lived alone in a big hou

27、se. He was growing _（weak） day by day. Since he was unable to look after _（him）, he decided to hire （雇佣） a nurse to take care _him. One day, the old man interviewed two _（nurse）Anthony and Peter. Anthony was a handsome young man while Peter looked quite ordinary. The old man asked Anthony to make te

28、a for him. After Anthony left, the old man turned to Peter and said, Anthony has _（give） me a very bad account of you. He said you are rude and untrustworthy. Is this correct? Peter thought for a minute and said, _Anthony has a bad opinion of me, there must be something wrong with me. I should take

29、some time to change these things. The old man was very impressed by Peters words. At the same time, Anthony came back with _cup of tea for the old man. The old man sent Peter to make breakfast for him. He then returned to Anthony and told him. Peter spoke very poorly of you while you were gone. _do

30、you think about this? After hearing this, Anthony shouted _（angry）. In the end, Peter _（choose）. Peter looked quite common, but he had impressive inner beauty.二、完形填空Have you ever seen the advertisement: Learn a foreign language in six weeks, 1 give your money back? Of course, it 2 happens quite like

31、 that. The only language 3 to learn is the mother language. And think 4 practice is needed for that. Before the Second World War people usually learned a foreign language 5 the literature(文学) of the country. Now most people want to 6 a foreign language. Every year millions of people start learning 7

32、 . How do they do it? Some people try at home 8 books and tapes, others go to evening classes or watch TV programs. 9 they use the language only 2 or 3 times a week, learning it will 10 a long time, like language learning at school. A few people try to learn a language fast by studying for 6 or 11 h

33、ours a day. Its much easier to learn the language in the country where it 12 . But most people are 13 to do this, and many people dont have to do so. Machines and good books will be very 14 , but they can not do the students work. 15 the language is learned quickly or slowly, it is hard work. 1. A.

34、soB. orC. andD. but2. A. cant B. impossibleC. neverD. often3. A. easily B. difficultC. able D. easy4. A. how muchB. how longC. how fastD. how many5. A. studiedB. to studyC. studyingD. study6. A. talkB. tellC. speakD. say7. A. themB. thisC. thatD. it8. A. withoutB. withC. in D. by9. A. If B. WhenC. S

35、ince D. Until10. A. spend B. useC. take D. cost11. A. some B. moreC. other D. less12. A. speaks B. is speakingC. spoke D. is spoken13. A. able B. possibleC. unable D. not possible14. A. careful B. forgetfulC. wonderful D. helpful15. A. either B. whetherC. whatD. how名师点评本文主要想告诉读者，学英语是一个长期而艰苦的劳动，没有任何捷

36、径可走。无论你用什么方法学习用书、机器或在学校，不多实践就无法达到预期的目的。答案简析1. B。这里的or是“否则”的意思。2. C。根据作者的观点，这种事绝对不可能发生。impossible是一个形容词，不符语法，cant后不可能跟happens，often意思与作者的意图相反。3. D。唯一容易学的语言是母语。这里需要一个形容词充当后置定语。4. A。用来修饰不可数名词，只有用how much，全句意为“母语好学，还需要那么多的练习。”何况外语呢？。5. B。动词不定式充当目的状语。意为“学习外语来研究文学”。6. C。说某种语言用speak，speak English，speak Chi

37、nese。7. D。用it代指上文所说的a foreign language。8. B。这里的with是“用”的意思。9. A。作者在这里提出一种假设。如果他们一星期只有一两次使用外语。10. C。固定短语，意为“做某事花费某人多长时间”。11. B。后面省略了than 6 hours。意为6个小时或更多的时间。12. D。it 代指上文所指的foreign language，故用被动被态。13. C。许多人不可能做到这一点。这里不可以用not possible，因为它的主语不可以用人。14. D。机器和书对于学习英语来说是很有帮助的。15. B。whether or固定短语。三、阅读理解Cr

38、itical thinking is the ability to think clearly and rationally about what to believe or what to do. According to a report on the World Economic Forum (2016), critical thinking, creativity, and their practical application are widely accepted as the top three skills that young people need to possess i

39、n their future career. A good critical thinker usually takes the following steps before he decides what to do. Whenever he needs to do something, he would, first of all, reason. He checks why he needs to do it and whether he really needs to do it. Then, analyze. He tries to find out what it really i

40、s and the best way to do it. After that, evaluate. He makes sure whether he is able to do it and how to do it well. Finally, he makes the decision and takes action. Take the “Double 11” (a popular online shopping day in China) as an example. A few days before it, he checks carefully what he needs an

41、d whether he really needs them, and makes a shopping list. He goes to the online shops to compare the quality and the prices of the things that he is going to buy. He compares the shops that sell these things. Then he checks whether he can afford them and in which shops he is going to buy them. Alth

42、ough it takes him some time to make the decisions, he would not regret after the shopping. Then what would happen if he didnt think critically before he made the decisions? After the crazy “Double 11”, there were usually a lot of complaints on the Internet. There were regrets about buying more things than they needed. There were complaints about the poor quality and the prices of the things they bought. There were also complaints because they received wrong things or simply received nothing. There were all kinds of regrets and complaints. Why so? They had not thou