高中英语语法(时态和语态.doc

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上高中英语语法(时态和语态)一 动词的时态时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。英语动词有16种时态，但是常见的只有九种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时、现在完成进行时。(一） 一般现在时（do / does）1具体用法1) 表示经常性或习惯性动作We always care for each other and help each other. 我们总是互相关心互相帮助。He goes to school every day.2) 表示现在的特征或状态He is very happy.Do

2、you sing? -A little.3) 表示普遍真理Light travels faster than sound. 光速比声速快。Actions speak louder than words. 行动胜过言语。* 常与一般现在时态连用的词或短语主要有：often, usually, sometimes, every day, every morning/afternoon, on Sundays/weekends等等。 I often go to the cinema on Sundays. 我经常星期天去看电影。 He goes to work early every day. 他每

3、天上班很早。 （二）一般过去时( did )（1）表示过去某一特定时间所发生的、可完成的动作或状态，常与表示确切过去时间的词、短语或从句连用。例如： We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film. （2）表示过去习惯性动作。例如： He always went to class last. I used to do my homework in the library. （三）一般将来时 ( will / shall do)1）表示将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或状态。例如： I shall graduate

4、 next year. 2）一般将来时有时可以表示一种倾向或习惯性动作。如Crops will die without water.You wont succeed without their support.3) 几种替代形式： *be going to +v在中广泛使用，表示准备做或将发生的事情。例如： Im going to buy a house when weve saved enough money. *be to +v表示计划安排要做的事，具有必要的强制性意义。例如： I am to play tennis this afternoon. *be about to +v表示即将发

5、生的事情。例如： He was about to start. *be due to +v表示预先确定了的事， 必定发生的事。例如： The train is due to depart in ten minutes. 5）少数动词如：begin, come, leave, go, arrive, start, stop, return, open, close等的一般现在时可用来表示将来的动作。（多用来表示按计划事先安排好即将发生的动作，句中通常还有一个表示将来的时间状语）。例如：The meeting begins at seven.The train starts at nine in

6、the morning.（四）现在进行时 ( is / are doing)1） 表示现在某时或某段时间内正在进行的动作。常与现在进行时连用的词组是now， right now，at the mother，for the time being，for the present, 或某个具体的时间（几点钟）。He is writing a letter now.She is visiting Beijing this week.2） 有时用来代替一般现在时态，表示一个经常性动作或状态，这时是为了表示一种感情（如赞叹，厌烦，满意，不满等）He is always thinking of his wo

7、rk. (表示赞许)The boy is always talking in class. （表示不满） 3) 有时用来表示一个在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作（这时多有一个表示未来的时间的状语）We are leaving on Friday. 我们星期五动身。 How many of you are coming to the party?（五）现在完成时（have / has done） （1）现在完成时用来表示对目前状况仍有影响的，刚刚完成的动作（常与yet，already，just连用），或者过去某一时刻发生的，持续到现在的情况（常与for，since连用）。例如： I have ju

8、st finished my homework. Mary has been ill for three days. （2）常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有：since, for, during, over等引导出的短语；副词already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等；状语词组this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等。例如： So far, she hasnt enjoyed the su

9、mmer vacation. There have been a lot of changes since 1978. （3）完成时态可用在下列结构中： *This (That, It) is (was) the first (second.) time +定语从句；*This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定语从句；*This (That, It) is (was) +形容词最高级+ n +定语从句。如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成时；如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时，从句谓语动词通常用过去完成时。例如： （1）Th

10、is is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting. （2）There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening. （六）过去进行时 (was / were doing)过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生后，另一个过去的动作正在进行，或表示过去反复的习惯，常与always，continually，constantly等动词连用。例如： 1）We wer

11、e discussing the matter when the headmaster entered. 2）Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk.（七）过去完成时 ( had done)（1）表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况，这个过去的时间可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示；或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。例如： 1）We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in. 2）By the end of last year they

12、had turned out 5, 000 bicycles. （2）动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时，表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。例如： I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasnt able to get away. 另外两种表示过去想做而未做的事的表达方式是： 1）was / were + to have done sth, 例如： We were to have come yesterday,

13、but we couldnt. 2）intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth, 如： I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so. （3）过去完成时常用于以下固定句型： 1）hardly, scarcely, barely + 过去完成时+ when + 过去时。例如： Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move. 2

14、）no sooner +过去完成时+ than +过去时。例如： No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me. 3）by (the end of ) +过去时间，主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。例如： The experiment had been finished by 4 oclock yesterday afternoon. (八)一般过去将来时1. 一般过去将来时的形式Should / would+ 动词原形was / were + 动词-ing形式2. 一般过去将来时常用于宾语从句中，其主语的谓语动词为过去时态，可表示从过去某时看来将要

15、发生的事情，如：He said that he would speak at the meeting.He was sixty-eight. In two years he would be seventy.（九）现在完成进行时 ( has / have been doing)现在完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如： I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still havent found it. 运用动词时态要注意的几个问题（一）在时间和条件等状语从句中不要用将来时态，如

16、Well give him the book if he wants it.He decided to fight back if he was hit again. Ill call you as soon as Ive finished my work. (二) 时态的一致（时态的呼应），如We saw that the smoke was coming from a window.I didnt know if she would come.He admitted that he had been on the march.*不进行时态调整的情况：1）从句说的是一种普遍真理，如：Long

17、 ago, people didnt know the earth moves round the sun.2）当从句的谓语改成过去时可能造成误会，如Did he say that the train leaves at 5:30?（三）瞬间动词在完成时态中的使用，如：误：I have received her letter for three months.正：I received her letter three months ago.正：It is three months since I received her letter.（四）注意某些要求一定时态的句型* was/ were d

18、oing sth. when did sth.I was reading a book when the bell rang* was/were about to do sth. when did sth.We were about to leave when the telephone rang.She was about to go out when it started to rain* 表示做事做了第几次或共几次，要用完成时态，如：Its the first time Ive seen her.We have been there three times.* It is / has b

19、een sinceIt is (has been) two weeks since I came here.She said it was five hours since she had finished her work.* hardlywhenWe had hardly got in the crops when it began to rain.Hardly had we got in the crops when it began to rain.* no soonerthanI had no sooner come into the room than the door was c

20、losed.No sooner had I come into the room than the door was closed.二动词的语态语态也是动词的一种形式，英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，而被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。 1）We use electricity to run machines.（主动语态） 2）Electricity is used to run machines.（被动语态） 1 不能用于被动语态的动词和短语 （1）在英语中，不及物动词不能用于被动语态，但有些不及物动词（包括短语）容易引起误用。如：appear, belon

21、g, belong, die, escape, fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, occur, come true, take place, consist of。 （2）某些表示状态或特征的及物动词，如：become, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit也没有被动语态。 2 被动语态的时态形式 常用的被动语态有下表所列的几种时态形式。 时间一般时 进行时完成时 现在 am askedam being asked is askedis being asked are asked are being asked

22、 过去 was be askedwas being asked were be asked were being asked 将来 shall be asked shall have been asked will be asked will have been asked 过去 should be asked should have been asked 将来 would be asked would have been asked 3 短语动词的被动语态 短语动词转换为被动语态时，通常被看作是一个动词，后面的介词或副词不能拆开或省略。例如： 1）So far no correct conc

23、lusion has arrived at. 2）All the rubbish should be got rid of. 4get + -ed分词的被动语态 get + -ed分词结构强调动作的结果，而非动作本身，常用来表示突发性的，出乎意料的偶然事件。例如： The boy got hurt on his way home from work. 另外，get + -ed分词还可用于谈论为自己做的事，是主动的行为而不是被动的行为。例如： get dressed（穿衣服） get divorced（离婚） get engaged（订婚）get confused（迷惑不解） get lost（

24、迷路）get washed（洗脸） get married（结婚） 5 被动语态与系表结构的区别 （1）The novel was well written.（系表结构） （2）The novel was written by Diskens.（被动语态） 6 不能用于被动语态的及物动词，如：have, fit, hold, lack, costI have a computer.The hall can hold 200 people.7. 主动性式表被动意义当feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容词时；当cut、read、sell、wear、write等词带状语

25、修饰语时；当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时。This kind of cloth washes easily.这种布易洗。These novels wont sell well.这些小说不畅销。My pen writes smoothly.我的钢笔写起来很流畅。The door wont lock.门锁不上。The fish smells good.鱼闻起来香。当break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等动词表示“发生、关闭、制定”等意思时。The plan worked out successfully.The lamp

26、s on the wall turn off.want, require, need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。在“be + 形容词 + to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。This kind of water isnt fit to drink.The girl isnt easy to get along with.另外：be to blame(受谴责)，be to rent（出租）也用主动形式表被动。Choose the right answer1. They _ friends since they met

27、 in Shanghai. A. have made B. have become C. have been D. have had2. The secretary is going to report to the manager as soon as he _. A. will arrive B. arrives C. is going to arrive D. is arriving3. We all know that ice _. A. feel cold B. is felt sold C. is feeling cold D. feels cold4. -This cloth _

28、 well and _ long. - OK. Ill take it. A. washes ; lasts B. is washed; lasted C. washes, is lasted D. is washing, lasting5. Helen _ her key in the office so she had to wait until her husband _ home. A. has left; comes B. left; had come C. had left; came D. had left; would come6. It _ every day so far

29、this week. A. is raining B. rained C. rains D. has been raining7. - Are you going to the movies tonight? - Yes, I _ my work by that time. A. will finish B. finish C. am going to finish D. will have finished8. - Was the driving pleasant when you vacationed in Mexico last summer? - No, it _ for four d

30、ays when we arrived, so the roads were very muddy. A. was raining B. would be raining C. had been raining D. has rained9. You wont know if the coat fits you until you _ it on. A. will try B. are trying C. tried D. have tried10. My dictionary _, I have looked for it everywhere but still _.A. has lost

31、; dont find B. is missing; dont findC. has lost; havent found D. is missing; havent found11. - How long _ each other before they _ married? - For about a year.A. have they known; get B. did they know; were going to getC. do they know; are going to get D. had they known; got12. - Come in, Peter, I wa

32、nt to show you something.- Oh, how nice of you. I _ you _ to bring me a gift.A. never think; are going B. never thought; were goingC. didnt think; are going D. hadnt thought; were going13. When Jack arrived he learned Mary _ for almost an hour.A. had gone B. had set off C. had left D. had been away1

33、4 - Im sorry to keep you waiting. - Oh, not at all. I _ here only a few minutes. A. have been B. had been C. was D. will15. The police found that the house _ and s lot of things _.A. has broken into; has been stolen B. had broken into; had been stolenC. has been broken into; stolen D. had been broke

34、n into; stolen16. - Have you moved into the house? - Not yet. The rooms _.A. are being painted B. are painting C. are painted D. are being painting17. If the city noises _ from increasing, people _ shout to be heard at the dinner table 20 years from now.A. are not kept ; will have to B. are not kept

35、; have to C. do not keep; will have to D. do not keep, have to18. - _ the sports meet might be put off.- Yes, it all depends on the weather. A. Ive been told B. Ive told C. Im told D. I was told19. I dont think Jim saw me; he _ into space.A. just stared (凝视) B. was just staring C. has just stared D.

36、 had just stared20. - _ my glasses? - Yes, I _ them on your bed a minute ago. A. Do you see; saw B. Had you seen; have seen C. Have you seen; saw D. Would you see; saw 21. - We could have walked to the station; it was so near. - Yes. A taxi _ at all necessary. A. wasnt B. hadnt been C. wouldnt be D.

37、 wont be22. - Who is Jerry Cooper?- _? I saw you shake hands with him at the meeting.A. Dont you meet him yet B. Hadnt you met him yetC. Didnt you meet him yet D. Havent you met him yet23. - Nancy is not coming tonight. - But she _! A. promises B. promised C. will promise D. had promised24. _ it wit

38、h me and Ill see what I can do.A. When left B. Leaving C. If you leave D. Leave25. It is clear that his poor education _ him back. A. has been held B. is holding C. will be held D. had held26. - How are you planning to travel to Shanghai? - I _ yet, but I _ taking a train.A. havent decided; am consi

39、dering B. havent decided, considerC. didnt decided; am considering D. hadnt decided; have considered27. The pen I _ I _ is on my desk, right under my nose. A. think, lose B. thought , had lost C. think , had lost D. thought, have lost 28. - Have you heard about the new school? - No, when and where t

40、o build the new one _ yet. A. is not decided B. are not decided C. hasnt decided D. havent decided29. - Sorry, Im late. - Thats OK. I _ long. A. havent waited B. dont wait C. havent been waiting D. didnt wait30. - Nancy sat in the front seat on the left side of the classroom. - Oh! I thought she _ i

41、n the back. A. will sit B. had sat C. is sitting D. has sat31. I _ my face when suddenly someone _ at the door. A. washed, knocked B. washed, was knocking C. was washing, was knocking D. was washing, knocked32. I _ at the station half an hour ago, but the train _ yet. A. arrived, hadnt come B. was a

42、rriving, hadnt come C. arrived, hasnt come D. had arrived, didnt come33. - Why did you come by taxi? - My car broke down last week and I still _ it repaired. A. havent had B. didnt have C. dont have D. wont have34. Im surprised to find you here looking well and playing tennis, Jim. Ann said that you

43、 _ sick. A. are B. were C. would be D. had been 35. The price _, but I doubt whether it will remain so. A. went down B. will go down C. has gone done D. was going down36. - Did you go to Qingdao for vacation last August? - I _ to go, but I got sick at the last minute. A. was planning B. had been pla

44、nning C. planned D. have planned37. I finally got the job I dreamed about. Never in my life _ so happy. A. did I feel B. I felt C. I had felt D. had I felt38. - How are you today? - Oh, I _ as ill as I do now for a very long time. A. didnt feel B. wasnt feeling C. dont feel D. havent felt39. The reporter said