自考英语语法简答题(共33页).docx

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上Chapter1Present the grammatical units that form a hierarchical order. 请给出语法单位等级结构图。 Hierarchy of grammatical unitsA text consists of one or more sentencesA sentence consists of one or more clausesA clause consists of one or more phrasesA phrase consists of one or more wordsA word consis

2、ts of one or more morphemesA morphemeIn grammatical terms, while a sentence is the largest unit (of a text), a word is the smallest, the lowest rank unit to which a grammatical function can be assigned. However, a sentence can team up with other sentences to form a larger linguistic unit-text, and a

3、 word is not the smallest meaningful element in the writing system. It can break into smaller elements which are called morphemes. So we have the above extended hierarchy of grammatical units.2Define morpheme, free morpheme, bound morpheme, morph and allomorph. 请给词素，自由词素，粘附词素，形素和词素变体下定义。1）What is a

4、morpheme?A morpheme is the minimal distinctive grammatical unit, and is the lowest unit in grammatical hierarchy. Morphemes are actually abstract elements of analysis. What occurs is an orthographic form in writing termed morph which realizes the morpheme.词素是语法的最小区别性单位，即最低一级的语法单位。词素的语音或拼写法的体现叫形素。词素是

5、抽象的形式成分，在不同的环境中由若干不同的形素来体现。2）What are free morpheme and bound morpheme?A free morpheme is a morpheme that has a meaning of its own and can be used independently. A free morpheme can be a simple word or the root of a derivative.A bound morpheme is a morpheme that doesnt have a meaning of its own and

6、cant be used independently. Bound morphemes only possess additional or grammatical meanings.Generally speaking, free morphemes often carry the meaning and bound morphemes often show grammatical features.3）What morph and allomorph?A morph is the realization of an orthographic form in writing or a pho

7、netic form in speaking of a morpheme.An allomorph is an indistinctive variant of a morpheme.3Distinguish root, stem, and base as morphological terms. (从形态上区分词根、词干、词基三个概念) What is a root, a stem or a base?They may refer to the same thing in some cases, but they are different.A root is that part of a

8、word that remains when all affixes have been removed. A root is not further analyzable in morphological terms.A stem has to do with inflectional features and is the part that remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added.4What ar

9、e the semantic and functional differences between a prefix and a suffix? 前缀和后缀在语义和功能上有何区别？The obvious semantic and functional differences between a prefix and a suffix is that the vast majority of prefixes do not change the original word class, and they tend to be semantically oriented, that is, it

10、adds new meaning to a base.However, suffixes are basically class-changing morphemes, they dont tend to be semantically changed.5Name at least five methods of word-formation and cite examples for each. （举例说明至少五种构词法）词缀法、复合法、转换法、拼缀法、逆生法、缩略法、首字母缩略法1）Affixation-a word is formed by attaching a lesser morp

11、heme, an affix to a major element, i.e. a base (which may already have one or more affixes incorporated in it). dislike, inexperienced, freedom2）Composition C a word is formed by compounding more than one base and this word functions both grammatically and semantically as a single word. Compound nou

12、ns-manservant, girl-friend, cut-throat, snowfall, deadline, aftermath, dropout;Compound verbs, compound adjectives, compound prepositions, compound conjunction, and compound pronouns, rhymed compound C neo-classic compounds.3）Conversion C is the derivational process whereby an item is adapted or con

13、verted to a new word class without the addition of an affix.4）Blending C a blend is a word formed from parts of two or more other words. motel, smog, newscast, medicare5）Backformation C many nouns are formed from verbs, such as worker and backformation refers to a similar process only reversed. baby

14、sitter came before babysit, chainsmoke came after chainsmoker6）Shortening C shortening is a process whereby part of a word is clipped so that the original word, usually polysyllabic, is shortened to a smaller word. ad for advertisement, phone for telephone.7）Acronym C An acronym is a word coined by

15、putting together the initial letters of a group of words. Alphabetisms (UFO, UN, pronounced as sequences of letters), and acronyms(NATO, BASIC，laser, pronounced as a word).6Cite examples for the simple verb phrase, the complex verb phrase, the finite verb phrase and the non-finite verb phrase. 举例说明简

16、单动词词组，复杂动词词组，限定性动词词组和非限定性动词词组。A verb phrase that goes without auxiliaries is termed the simple verb phrase, which is just a main verb or modifier + main verb; with auxiliaries, the complex verb phrase. Enjoys in John enjoys being flattered. And fully appreciate in I fully appreciate your generosity.

17、 are of simple verb phrase. Even experts can make mistakes. In this sentence can make is a complex verb phrase.The head word or the first element of a finite verb phrase is a finite verb, which bears the tense marker and in some cases keeps in concord with the subject, as in: Sue likes black coffee.

18、 A non-finite verb phrase is a phrase whose first element is a non-finite verb free of the constraints that a finite verb is subject to, and has three non-finite forms. I didnt expect you to be here. She hates being called by the wrong name.7What are the seven clause patterns? 什么是七种基本的句型？ According

19、to their structure, clauses falls into seven major patterns: SV, SVC, SVO, SVOO, SVOC, SVA and SVOA.S=subject, V=verb, C=complement, O=object, A= adverbial8Define the finite clauses and the non-finite clauses. 什么是限定分句？什么是非限定分句？The finite clauses are the ones that have subjects and finite verbs as pr

20、edicates.The non-finite clauses are the ones that leave subjects unsaid and verbs in non-finite forms.9Define the simple sentence, the compound sentence and the complex sentence. 给简单句，并列句和复合句下定义。 A one-clause sentence is termed a simple sentence; a simple sentence contains one clause.In a sentence w

21、ith more than one clause, if the clauses are related to one another by coordination, this sentence is called a compound sentence; by subordination a complex sentence.10Why do we need to go beyond the sentence and study the text? 我们为什么要超出句子而去学习语篇？Because to express a clear and complete idea or though

22、t, we need more than one sentence. It is quite rare that we only use one sentence to express our ideas. When an idea or thought is expressed in more than one sentence, we have a text, which relates sentences together. In other words, sentences in a text are coherent so that they help each other in e

23、xpressing a complete idea. The study of the text is to know how sentences can be joined together coherently so that they can best express ideas.Chapter Two1What are the four major types of sentences and what discourse functions are they normally associated with? 英语句子分为哪四种主要类型？其语段功能是什么？The four types

24、 of sentences in English are declaratives, interrogatives, imperatives and exclamatives.Declaratives are concerned with giving information and associated with statements.Interrogatives are primarily concerned with requiring information and associated with questions.Imperatives are primarily concerne

25、d with requiring actions and associated with commands.Exclamatives are primarily concerned with expressing the speakers impression of something and associated with exclamations.2Explain the conditions in which we need to use non-assertive words in positive statements and assertive words in questions

26、. 解释在哪种情况下我们在肯定句中用非肯定词和在问句中用肯定词In affirmative sentences in which there are if clauses, putative should clauses, and comparative clauses, non-assertive words can be used. Non-assertive words can also be used after words with negative import.When a positive answer is expected, assertive words can be u

27、sed in questions, such as: Is there some news for me? Is somebody waiting for me?3How do we determine the scope of negation? 如何确定否定范围There are five aspects that determine the scope of negation:1）From the negative word to the end of the sentence: I dont know him at all.2）Different intonation on an en

28、d-place adverbial: He didnt work all the ()week. =Its not true that he worked all the week.3）Disjuncts or conjuncts are excluded in the scope: Sure enough, nobody is going to help him.4）A particular stress: I dont like to go shopping with Mary on weekends.5）All and every in different stresses: All h

29、is books did not sell well. When all or every is stressed, it is partial negation.4What are the verbs which transferred negation often occurs with? What is their shared semantic feature? 哪些动词后经常出现否定转移？它们共同的语义特征是什么？Transferred negation often occurs with such verbs that express opinion as think, belie

30、ve, suppose, imagine, expect. I think that he wont come tomorrow. (stronger negative force）I dont think hell come tomorrow. (far more common）I dont imagine Tony will learn from this lesson, will he?5Apart from querying the truth of a statement, what other potential functions can a YES-NO question pe

31、rform? 一般疑问句除了对陈述句的真实性发问外，还有什么其他作用？They may be regarded as the speakers invitations or suggestions, made in a tentative way as they often are, rather than his negative assumption. They are like imperatives. Wont you come in?They can also be like exclamations. Such as: Isnt it lovely?6What is the pri

32、mary function of a WH-question? 特殊问句最主要的功能是什么？Spoken with a final falling tone, WH-questions are sometimes called information questions because they require some specific information in the reply. They do not query the truth of the statement, which is typically performed by YES-NO questions: rather,

33、 they ask for details about a part of it.Or: The primary function of a WH-question is to ask for information concerning what, when, why, whose, who, which and how.7What are the two major types of alternative questions? 选择疑问句的两大类型是什么？ Alternative questions fall into two subclasses: one is formed on t

34、he basis of YES-NO questions; the other on the basis of WH-questions: Which would you like, tea or coffee?What would you like, coffee or tea?8Explain the difference between a tag question with a final rising tone and one with a final falling tone. 阐述结尾升调或降调的附加疑问句的区别。 With a rising tone, the question

35、 expresses the speakers neutral expectation of the hearers response and invites the hearer to verify the truth of the proposition in the statement. Yet with a falling tone, the speaker asks for the hearers confirmation of the statement rather than his verification of the truth. Functionally, the for

36、mer is very much like a YES-NO question, while the latter can be regarded as similar to an exclamation.*Irregular question tagsaAfter an imperative, will you, wont you? Both are acceptable.bWhen the subject of the statement is words like everybody, anybody, someone, no one, in this case, either he o

37、r they is acceptable.cHave in a statement sometimes is an auxiliary, sometimes is a full verb. So in the tag question whether to use dont or havent depends on the contextualized meaning of have.dWith modal auxiliaries in the sentence, You could have heard the news last night, couldnt you? didnt you?

38、eStatements that contain negative words or words which are negative in meaning are usually followed by positive tags.9How do we reinforce a command? 如何对祈使句进行强调？The subject YOU is retained for emphatic effect. It may suggest the speakers impatience, insistence, or irritation when he wishes to get thi

39、ngs done. Or it may bring to light a contrast. The explicit YOU always carries stress to that effect.An alternative way of reinforcing a command with the second person subject is to add an initial do.10What are the two major types of exclamations? 感叹句的两大类型是什么？ They are two major types of exclamation

40、s: WHAT- and HOW- exclamations. The former is followed by a noun phrase, the latter is followed by an adjective or adverbChapter Three1What is a noun phrase? 什么是名词词组？ Noun phrases can be classified partly by its external functions and partly by its internal structure. The head word of a noun phrase

41、is typically a noun or pronoun, which may be premodified and/or postmodified by a variety of items on various levels ranging from word to phrase. （premodification +）head word (+postmodification)2What is a proper noun? 什么是专有名词？Proper nouns denote individual persons, places, etc. A proper noun begins

42、with a capital letter, has no plural form and cannot occur after an article, with only a few exceptions. For example, China, Europe, the United States, the Alps.3What is a common noun? 什么是普通名词？Common nouns can be classified into countable nouns and mass nouns, of which countable nouns may take singu

43、lar and plural forms.Countable nouns refer to the nouns that can take plural forms.4What is a mass noun? 什么是物质名词？According to the textbook, the term MASS is preferred to the term uncountable to avoid the ambiguous meaning of the latter word. Mass nouns refer to the nouns that cannot take plural form

44、s as countable nouns do.5What is a collective noun? 什么是集合名词？It means groups of people, animals or things. It belongs to a small group of common nouns. They are generally countable nouns but even when they take the singular form, they must keep in concord with / be compatible with a plural verb. Peop

45、le, committee, party, team, furniture6What is a unit noun? 什么是单位名词？Unit noun, also referred to as partitives, are a very special class of words used to specify the quantities of the modified noun. They are especially useful when we want to indicate the plural notion of a mass noun. They can also mod

46、ify countable nouns by referring to their number, measure, shape, etc.7What is number? 什么是数？ Number is one of the important criteria in distinguishing classes of nouns. In terms of number, some nouns are variable and some are usually not.A table / tables, a laugh / laughs, but butter can never be bu

47、tters in its plural form.Some words can be used as nouns in difference classes, as in the following pairs:There are six rooms in the house.There is much room for discussion.Dont count your chickens before they are hatched.Do you like boiled chicken. (meat of a hen or cock)The youth of our country ha

48、ve ideas.Twenty youths attended the meeting yesterday.From the above sentences we can see that many nouns can be variable in their classes, and thus have slightly different meanings.8What are singular invariables? 什么是单数名词？ Singular invariables mainly refer to proper nouns and mass nouns. The former ones, because of their unique reference, are normally invariable singulars even when some of these nouns appear in the Plural form. But some geographical proper nouns with a plural form are usually treated as plurals.The latter,