1998年专业英语八级考试真题.doc

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1、1998年专业英语八级考试真题TESTFORENGLISHMAJORS(1998)-GRADEEIGHT-PARTILISTENINGCOMPREHENSION(40MIN)Directions:InSectionsA,BandCyouwillheareverythingonceonly.Listencarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.MarkthecorrectresponseforeachquestiononyourColoredAnswerSheet.SECTIONATALKQuestion1to5refertothetalkinth

2、issection.Attheendofthetalkyouwillbegiven15secondstoanswereachofthefollowingfivequestions.Nowlistentothetalk.1.Accordingtothetalk,compulsivegamblingandalcoholicaddictionsharesimilaritiesbecause_.A.noactualfigureofaddictshasbeenreportedB.noscientificstudieshaveyieldedeffectivesolutionsC.bothaffectall

3、sectorsofsocietyD.bothcauseseriousmentalhealthproblems2.Thedevelopmentofthegamblingcompulsioncanbedescribedasbeing_.A.gradualB.slowC.periodicD.radical3.G.A.mentionedinthetalkisbelievedtobea(n)_A.anonymousgroupB.charityorganizationC.gamblersclubD.treatmentcentre4.Attheendofthetalk,thespeakersattitude

4、towardsthecureofgamblingaddictionis_.A.unclearB.uncertainC.optimisticD.pessimistic5.Throughoutthetalk,thespeakerexaminestheissueofgamblingina_way.A.balancedB.biasedC.detachedD.lengthySECTIONBINTERVIEWQuestion6to10arebasedonaninterview.Attheendoftheinterviewyouwillbegiven15secondstoanswereachofthefol

5、lowingquestion.Nowlistentotheinterview.6.Whatstrikesthewomanmostaboutthemalerobberishis_.A.clothesB.ageC.physiqueD.appearance7.Themostdetailedinformationaboutthewomanrobberisher_.A.mannersB.talkativenessC.heightD.jewelry8.Theintervieweeisbelievedtobeabank_.A.receptionistB.managerC.customerD.cashier9

6、.WhichofthefollowingaboutthetworobbersisNOTtrue?A.Bothwerewearingdarksweaters.B.Neitherwaswearingglasses.C.Bothwereaboutthesameage.D.Oneofthemwasmarkedbyascar.10.Aftertheincidenttheintervieweesounded_.A.calmandquietB.nervousandnumbC.timidandconfusedD.shockedandangrySECTIONCNEWSBROADCASTQuestions11an

7、d12arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitems,youwillbegiven30secondstoanswerthequestions.11.Accordingtothenews,theenormousfoodshortageinIraqhasthemostdamagingeffectonits_.A.nationaleconomyB.adultpopulationC.youngchildrenD.nationalcurrency12.TheWFPisappealingtodonornationsto_.A.doublelastyear

8、sfood-aidB.raise122millionforIraqipeopleC.provideeachIraqifamilywith26amonthD.helpIraqs12millionpopulationQuestion13isbasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven15secondstoanswerthequestion.13.Asaresultoftheagreement,thetwocountriesarsenalsaretobe_.A.upgradedinreliabilityandsafetyB.

9、reducedinsizeandnumberC.dismantledpartlylaterthisyearD.maintainedintheirpresentconditionsQuestions14and15arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven30secondstoanswerthequestions.14.Wecaninferfromthenewsthat_ofteenagersundersurveyin1993weredrugusers.A.28%.B.22%.C.25%.D.21%.15.Thef

10、ollowingstatementsarecorrectEXCEPT_.A.Parentsareaskedtojoinintheanti-drugefforts.B.TheuseofbothcocaineandLSDareontheincrease.C.Teenagersholdadifferentviewofdrugstoday.D.Marijuanaisaspowerfulasitusedtobe.SECTIONDNOTE-TAKING&GAP-FILLINGInthissectionyouwillhearamini-lecture.YouwillhearthelectureONLYONC

11、E.Whilelisteningtothelecture,takenotesontheimportantpoints.Yournoteswillnotbemarked,butyouwillneedthemtocompletea15-minutegap-fillingtaskonANSWERSHEETONEaftertheminilecture.Usetheblanksheetfornote-taking.FillineachofthegapswithONEword.Youmayrefertoyournotes.Makesurethewordyoufillinisbothgrammaticall

12、yandsemanticallyacceptable.TheRiseofRPHistoricalreasonsReceivedPronunciation(RP)wasoriginallyassociatedwitha16spokenintheregionbetweencentralEnglandandLondon,includingOxfordandCambridge.Itssurvivalwasduetoitsusebythe17inthe14thcenturyandbyuniversitystudentsinthe18Ages.Itsriseinimportanceresultedfrom

13、itsapplicationingovernmentandofficialdocuments.Theprestigeofits19patternofpronunciationcameaboutwithitsusein20schoolsinthe19thcentury.Asaresult,its21isacceptedbyTelevisionandtheradio,theprofessionsandteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguage.ThreecharacteristicsofRP1)itsspeakersdontregardthemselvesasconnect

14、edwithanygeographicalregion;2)RPislargelyusedinEngland;3)RPisaclassaccent,associatedwith22socialclasses.ItspresentstatusDeclineintheprestigeofRPistheresultofa)lossofmonopolyofeducationbytheprivileged;b)23ofhighereducationinthepost-warperiod.However,itstillretainsitseminenceamongcertainprofessionalpe

15、ople.Thereisariseinthestatusofall24accents.Wearemovingtowardsthe25position:generalacceptanceofallregionalaccentsandabsenceofaclassaccentthattranscendsallregions.PARTIIPROOFREADINGANDERRORCORRECTION(15MIN)ThepassagecontainsTENerrors.EachindicatedlinecontainsamaximumofONEerror.Ineachcase,onlyONEwordis

16、involved.Youshouldproofreadthepassageandcorrectitinthefollowingway:Forawrongword,underlinethewrongwordandwritethecorrectoneintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline.Foramissingword,markthepositionofthemissingwordwithasignandwritethewordyoubelievetobemissingintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline.Foraunnecessa

17、ryword,crosstheunnecessarywordwithaslash/andputthewordintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline.EXAMPLEWhenartmuseumwantsanewexhibit,(1)anitneverbuysthingsinfinishedformandhangs(2)neverthemonthewall.Whenanaturalhistorymuseumwantsanexhibition,itmustoftenbuildit.(3)exhibitWhenahumaninfantisbornintoanycommun

18、ityinanypartoftheworldithastwothingsincommonwithanyinfant,providedneitherofthemhavebeendamagedinanywayeitherbeforeorduringbirth.Firstly,andmostobviously,newbornchildrenarecompletelyhelpless.Apartfromapowerfulcapacitytopayattentiontotheirhelplessnessbyusingsound,thereisnothingthenewbornchildcandotoen

19、surehisownsurvival.Withoutcarefromsomeotherhumanbeingorbeings,beitmother,grandmother,orhumangroup,achildisveryunlikelytosurvive.Thishelplessnessofhumaninfantsisinmarkedcontrastwiththecapacityofmanynewbornanimalstogetontheirfeetwithinminutesofbirthandrunwiththeherdwithinafewhours.Althoughyounganimals

20、arecertainlyinrisk,sometimesforweeksorevenmonthsafterbirth,comparedwiththehumaninfanttheyveryquicklygrowthecapacitytofendforthem.Itisduringthisverylongperiodinwhichthehumaninfantistotallydependentontheothersthatitrevealsthesecondfeaturewhichitshareswithallotherundamagedhumaninfants,acapacitytolearnl

21、anguage.Forthisreason,biologistsnowsuggestthatlanguagebespeciesspecifictothehumanrace,thatistosay,theyconsiderthehumaninfanttobegeneticprogrammedinsuchwaythatitcanacquirelanguage.Thissuggestionimpliesthatjustashumanbeingsaredesignedtoseethree-dimensionallyandincolour,andjustastheyaredesignedtostandu

22、prightratherthantomoveonallfours,sotheyaredesignedtolearnanduselanguageaspartoftheirnormaldevelopmentsaswell-formedhumanbeings.PARTIIIREADINGCOMPREHENSION(40MIN)SECTIONA:READINGCOMPREHENSION(30MIN)Directions:Inthissectiontherearefourreadingpassagesfollowedbyfifteenmultiple-choicequestions.Readthepas

23、sagesandthenmarkyouranswersonyourAnswerSheet.TEXTASTAYINGHEALTHYONHOLIDAYDopeoplewhochoosetogoonexotic,far-flungholidaysdeservefreehealthadvicebeforetheytravel?Andeveniftheypay,whoensuresthattheygetgood,up-to-dateinformation?Who,forthatmatter,shouldcollectthatinformationinthefirstplace?Foravarietyof

24、reasons,travelmedicineinBritainisaresponsibilitynobodywants.Asaresult,manytravelersgoabroadillpreparedtoavoidseriousdisease.Whyistravelmedicinesounloved?Partlytheresanidentityproblem.Becauseittakesaninterestinanythingthatimpingesonthehealthoftravelers,thisemergingmedicalspecialisminvariablycutsacros

25、sthetraditionaldisciplines.Itdelvesintoeverythingfromseasickness,jetlagandthehazardsofcamelstomalariaandplague.Buttravelmedicinehasamoreseriousobstacletoovercome.Travelclinicsaremeanttotellpeoplehowtoavoidendingupdeadorinatropicaldiseaseshospitalwhentheycomehome.Butitisnotoriouslydifficulttogetanybo

26、dytopayoutmoneyforkeepingpeoplehealthy.Travelmedicinehasalsobeencolonizedbycommercialinterests-thevastmajorityoftravelclinicsinBritainarerunbyairlinesortravelcompanies.Andwhiletravelconcernsarehappytosellprofitableinjections,theymaybelesskeentospreadbadnewsabouttravelersdiarrheainTurkey,ortotakethet

27、imetospelloutpreventivemeasurestravelerscouldtake.TheNHSfindsitdifficulttodefinetravelershealth,saysRonBehrens,theonlyNHSconsultantintravelandtropicalmedicineanddirectorofthetravelclinicoftheHospitalforTropicalDiseasesinLondon.ShoulditcomewithintheNHSorshoulditbepaidfor?Itsagrayarea,andopinionisspli

28、t.Nooneseemstohaveanyresponsibilityfordefiningitsrole,hesays.Tocompounditslowstatusinthemedicalhierarchy,travelmedicinehastorelyonstatisticsthatarepatchyatbest.InmostcaseswejustdontknowhowmanyBritonscontractdiseaseswhenabroad.Andevenifadiseaseislinkedtotravelthereisrarelyanyinformationaboutwherethos

29、eafflictedwent,whattheyate,howtheybehaved,orwhichvaccinationstheyhad.Thisshortageofhardfactsandfiguresmakesitdifficulttogivedetailedadvicetopeople,informationthatmightevensavetheirlives.ArecentleaderintheBritishMedicalJournalargued:Travelmedicinewillemergeasacredibledisciplineonlyiftherisksencounter

30、edbytravelersandtherelativebenefitsofpublichealthinterventionsarewelldefinedintermsoftheirrelativeoccurrence,distributionandcontrol.Exactlyhowmuchmoneyiswastedbypoortraveladvice?Therealfigureisanybodysguess,butitcouldeasilyrunintomillions.Behrensgivesoneexample.Britainspendsmorethan1millioneachyearj

31、ustoncholeravaccinesthatoftendontworkandsogivepeopleafalsesenseofsecurity:Informationonthepreventionandtreatmentofallformsofdiarrheawouldbeabetterpriority,hesays.36.TravelmedicineinBritainis_.A.notsomethinganyonewantstorunB.theresponsibilityofthegovernmentC.administeredbyprivatedoctorsD.handledadequ

32、atelybytravelagents37.Themaininterestoftravelcompaniesdealingwithtravelmedicineisto_.A.preventpeoplefromfallingillB.makemoneyoutofitC.giveadviceonspecificcountriesD.getthegovernmenttopayforit38.InBehrensopinionthequestionofwhoshouldruntravelmedicine_.A.isforthegovernmenttodecideB.shouldbelefttospeci

33、alisthospitalsC.canbelefttotravelcompaniesD.hasnoclearandsimpleanswer39.Peoplewillonlythinkbetteroftravelmedicineif_.A.itisgivenmoreresourcesbythegovernmentB.moreaccurateinformationonitsvalueisavailableC.thegovernmenttakesoverresponsibilityfromtheNHSD.travelerspaymoreattentiontotheadvicetheygetTEXTB

34、THEHISTORICALBACKGROUNDOFSOCIALPSYCHOLOGYWhiletherootsofsocialpsychologylieintheintellectualsoilofthewholewesterntradition,itspresentfloweringisrecognizedtobecharacteristicallyanAmericanphenomenon.OnereasonforthestrikingupsurgeofsocialpsychologyintheUnitedStatesliesinthepragmatictraditionofthiscount

35、ry.Nationalemergenciesandconditionsofsocialdisruptionprovidespecialincentivetoinventnewtechniques,andtostrikeoutboldlyforsolutionstopracticalsocialproblems.SocialpsychologybegantoflourishsoonaftertheFirstWorldWar.Thisevent,followedbythegreatdepressionofthe1930s,bytheriseofHitler,thegenocideofJews,ra

36、ceriots,theSecondWorldWarandtheatomicthreat,stimulatedallbranchesofsocialscience.Aspecialchallengefelltosocialpsychology.Thequestionwasasked:Howisitpossibletopreservethevaluesoffreedomandindividualrightsunderconditionofmountingsocialstrainandregimentation?Cansciencehelpprovideananswer?Thischallengin

37、gquestionledtoaburstofcreativeeffortthataddedmuchtoourunderstandingofthephenomenaofleadership,publicopinion,rumor,propaganda,prejudice,attitudechange,morale,communication,decision-making,racerelations,andconflictsofwar.ReviewingthedecadethatfollowedWorldWarII,Cartwright1961speaksoftheexcitementandop

38、timismofAmericansocialpsychologists,andnotesthetremendousincreaseinthetotalnumberofpeoplecallingthemselvessocialpsychologists.Mostofthese,wemayadd,showlittleawarenessofthehistoryoftheirfield.Practicalandhumanitarianmotiveshavealwaysplayedanimportantpartinthedevelopmentofsocialpsychology,notonlyinAme

39、ricabutinotherlandsaswell.Yettherehavebeendiscordantanddissentingvoices.IntheopinionofHerbertSpencerinEngland,ofLudwigGumplowiczinAustria,andofWilliamGrahamSumnerintheUnitedStates,itisbothfutileanddangerousformantoattempttosteerortospeedsocialchange.Socialevolution,theyargue,requirestimeandobeyslaws

40、beyondthecontrolofman.Theonlypracticalserviceofsocialscienceistowarnmannottointerferewiththecourseofnatureorsociety.Buttheseauthorsareinaminority.MostsocialpsychologistssharewithComteanoptimisticviewofmanschancestobetterhiswayoflife.Hashenotalreadyimprovedhishealthviabiologicalsciences?Whyshouldheno

41、tbetterhissocialrelationshipsviasocialsciences?Forthepastcenturythisoptimisticoutlookhaspersistedinthefaceofslenderaccomplishmenttodate.Humanrelationsseemstubbornlyset.Warshavenotbeenabolished,labortroubleshavenotabated,andracialtensionsarestillwithus.Giveustimeandgiveusmoneyforresearch,theoptimists

42、say.40.SocialpsychologydevelopedintheUSA_.A.becauseitsrootsareintellectuallywesternB.asadirectresponsetothegreatdepressionC.tomeetthethreatofAdolfHitlerandhispolicyofmassgenocideD.foritspragmatictraditionsfordealingwithsocialproblems41.Accordingtotheauthor,socialpsychologyshouldhelpmanto_.A.preserve

43、individualrightsB.becomehealthierC.beawareofhistoryD.improvematerialwelfare42.Whobelievedthatmancaninfluencesocialchangeforthegoodofsociety?A.Cartwright.B.Spencer.C.Sumner.D.Comte.TEXTCGODANDMYFATHERIthoughtofGodasastrangelyemotionalbeing.Hewaspowerful;Hewasforgivingyetobdurate,fullofwarmthandaffect

44、ion.BothHiswrathandaffectionwerefitful,theycameandtheywent,andIcouldntcountoneithertocontinue:althoughtheybothalwaysdid.InshortGodwasmuchsuchabeingasmyfatherhimself.Whatwastherelationbetweenthem,Iwondered-thesetwopuzzlingdeities?Myfathersideasofreligionseemedstraightforwardandsimple.Hehadnoticedwhen

45、hewasaboythattherewerebuildingscalledchurches;hehadacceptedthemasanaturalpartofthesurroundingsinwhichhehadbeenborn.Hewouldneverhaveinventedsuchthingshimself.Neverthelesstheywerehere.Ashegrewupheregardedthemasunquestioninglyashedidbanks.Theyweresubstantialoldstructures,theywererespectable,decent,andv

46、enerable.Theywerefrequentedbytherightsortofpeople.Well,thatwasenough.Ontheotherhandheneverallowedchurches-orbanks-todictatetohim.Hegaveeachtherespectthatwasduetoitfromhispointofview;buthealsoexpectedfromeachofthemtherespecthefeltduetohim.Astocreeds,heknewnothingaboutthem,andcarednothingeither;yethes

47、eemedtoknowwhichsecthebelongedwith.Ithadtobeasectwiththeminimumofnonsenseaboutit;nototalimmersion,noexhorters,noholyconfession.HewouldhavebeenaUnitarian,naturally,ifhedlivedinBoston.SincehewasarespectableNewYorker,hebelongedintheEpiscopalChurch.Astolivingaspirituallife,henevertackledthatproblem.Some

48、menwhoacceptspiritualbeliefstrytoliveuptothemdaily;othermenwhorejectsuchbeliefs,trysometimestosmashthem.Myfatherwouldhavedisagreedwithbothkindsentirely.Hetookamoredistantattitude.Itdisgustedhimwhereatheistsattackedreligion:hethoughttheywerevulgar.Buthealsoobjectedtohavingreligionmakedemandsuponhim-hefeltthatreligi