为什么单身_关于上海剩女文化的身份认同及价值观的定性研究_卢琼瑶.docx

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1、 ANALYZING THE EMERGING SINGLE URBAN WOMENS “CULTURE” A QUALITATIVE STUDY OF SHANGHAI “3 S” WOMENS SITUATED-IDENTITY By Lu Qiongyao A thesis Submitted to the Graduate School and College of English In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for The Degree of Master of Arts Under the Supervision of Pro

2、fessor Steve J. Kulich Shanghai International Studies University May, 2010 本学位论文是我在导师的指导下取得的研究成果。在本学位论文 . . 中，除了加以标注和致谢的部分外，不包含其他人已经发表或公布过 的研究成果，也不包含我为获得住何教育机构的学位或学历而使用过 的材料。与我二伺工作的同事对本学位论文做出的贡献均己在论文中 作了明确的明说。 学位论文作者签名： 病 _ 签名日期： 2 而年氕月 U 日 学位论文使用授权声明 上海外国语大学有权保存学位论文的电子和纸质文档，可以借阅 或上网公开本学位论文的全部或部分内容，

3、可以向有关部门或机构送 交并授权其保存、借阅或上网公布本学位论文的全部或部分内容。对 于保密论文，按保密的有关规定和程序处理。 学位论文作者签名： 1 參 _ 签名日期 #年 i 月 A2 日 导师签名： 得 )啊 签名日期 年 f 月乂 日 Acknowledgements First Td like to express my sincere gratefulness to my adviser Steve J. Kulich, for his infinite patience and detailed consideration with my work, and for all th

4、e help he gave me in completing this paper. It is impossible for me to finish my paper without his encouragement and urge at key moments. His regular conversations with us inspired me and offered me a lot of ideas that are embedded in this thesis. I also owe my deep thanks to Professor Michael Pross

5、or, Ron Lustig, Zheng Wei, Cooper Wakefield, and Zhang Hongling. Profound thanks to them for those wonderful and thought-provoking lectures Fve heard during my two-year graduate study, and for all the help they gave me in the completion of this thesis. And there are also my dear IC fellow students,

6、who gave me help and inspirations, and who have made my two year study in SISU beautiful, happy and forever memorable. And my family, my parents and my brother, without whose ever-lasting support, I would never have come this far on my life path. I can never thank them enough. Last but definitely no

7、t the least, I have to extend my sincerest thanks to my 30 informants, those lovely, generous, open-minded single women, for their generous sharing of their stories and information. Without them, this paper could not have been done. Tm always interested in the theme of love, marriage, gender relatio

8、nship, which is an eternally inseparable part of human life. Thafs why I want to explore more and know more about it. Hopefully my research and observation would be able to help explore this field, theoretically and practically. 中文摘要 在北京、上海等大都市，有这么一群为数不少的女性：她们已经过了传统的 二十几岁的结婚年龄，上了三十岁，却还未婚。她们被称为 “大龄未婚

9、女性 ” ， 又被称为 “3S女性 ”，即 Seventies, Single, Stuck - 生于 70 年代，单身，在婚 姻市场中 “滞销 ”。她们大都存在 “三高 ”特点：学历高，收入高，职位高。同 时，她们还被简称为 “剩女 ”。过了婚龄却被婚姻剩在门外的女性。 那么，她们真是是被 “剩 ”下的吗？在男权仍然占主导地位、女性的主要角 色被定位于家庭的中国社会文化里，她们为什么选择了（或者 “被 ”选择了 ） 单 身？她们自己是怎么看待 “剩女 ”这个标签的呢？她们的婚恋观是怎样的呢？ 对于 “剩女 ”这一热门话题，目前国内研究虽多，却大多是从社会学的角度 加以审视，采用的也多是文本分

10、析的方法，而并没有紧密地联系实际进行定量或 定性的研究。 两性关系是跨文化交际学的重要议题之一。根据 Triandis 关于 “次文化 ” （ 又 称 “亚文化 ”或 “微观文化 ”）的定义，上海 “剩女 ”这一人群由于她们在性另 ij、 婚恋状况、居住地、职业、生活水准、经济条件、兴趣爱好等方面的 相似之处， 而已经建构成为一种特殊的微观文化。本文通过对现居上海的 30 名大龄单身女 性进行深度访谈和调查的形式收集了大量访谈资料，在此基础上进行定性分析和 个案研究。从 Triandis和 Carley H.Dodd 的文化定义出发，以杨国枢的传统价值 观和个人现代性为理论依据，把中国当代大城

11、市里的剩女现象作为一种独特的微 观文化加以审视，研究这一微观文化在主流文化中的形成原因，以及与后者的异 同、矛盾、冲突、与妥协，再以 Goffman的情景身份认同理论为框架，对她们的 价值观和身份认同展开实证讨论，试图归纳这一 微观文化的特点所在，以及这一 人群在同社会主流价值观背道而驰的情况下的身份认同感。这一研究既具有理论 意义，也具有实用价值。 本次研究的主要内容有四个方面： “剩女 ”文化形成的社会文化背景，通过 比较传统和现代的两性关系和婚恋观的异同审视 “剩女 ”文化的成因，倾听 “ 剩 女 ”人群的亲口诉说得到第一手材料，而后通过整理访谈资料分析这一人群的普 遍价值观以及对自己单

12、身身份的认同感，最后从跨文化交际角度总结这一微观文 化的深层特点和本质。 研究结果发现，这一新兴都市单身女性微观文化的本质是传统与现代、中式 与西式的文化冲突。在女性的教育程度和经济状况都得到提升的当代中国社会， 传统的 “嫁汉嫁汉，穿衣吃饭 ”“男主内，女主外 ” 等两性关系理念以及男权文 化与男女平等思潮、现代多元文化的渗透以及城市化进程的影响交织，在这种传 统与现代、东方与西方的双重影响下，这一代未婚女性充满了矛盾的心理，在跨 文化交际和冲突的狭缝里摸索着最佳的渠道和最好的归宿，既中心化又边缘化， 乐观中交织着悲观，既现实又理想化，清醒中有迷惘，顺其自然又努力争取，不 将就，不妥协 ，努

13、力工作，享受物质和精神两者带来的快乐。 关键词：剩女；两性关系；传统价值观；个人现代性；微观文化；身份认同 III Abstract An increasing number of Chinese women, especially women in big cities like Shanghai, remain single after the traditionally marked55 marriageable age of twenty-something. These women are called The 3S women: Seventies, Single, Stuck”，

14、 or simply the “leftover women” by our society. Are they really the “leftovers” ？ Why， of all women， do they remain single, and especially in a familism-oriented country like China? What do they think of this “leftover” label and their status and what are their concepts and concerns in terms of mate

15、 selection? The “leftover woman” is a hot topic in present Chinese society. A large number of studies have been conducted on this topic, yet most of them are done from the sociological perspective with text analysis methods. Quantitative or qualitative methodology is seldom employed for close and in

16、-depth investigation. Gender relationship is an important theme of intercultural communication. According to Henry Triandis definition of subcultures (which is also termed “micro-culture” by some other scholars)， with this group of single womens shared factors such as sex, marital status, residence,

17、 education, occupation, resources, leisurely life and so on, a unique micro-culture seems to have been constructed against the main stream social culture. So what specifically are its Uculturalf, features? To ensure this and related questions, thirty single women in Shanghai were interviewed and fir

18、st-hand materials were collected to conduct qualitative study and case analysis. Starting from the definitions of culture by Triandis and Carley H. Dodd, Kuo-shu Yangs individual traditionally and modernity scale was employed as the theoretical foundation, and then this urban single women phenomenon

19、 was examined as a special micro-culture; Further, the reasons for its formation in its contrasting main stream cultural context is explored, as well as its patterns of communication, conflict， contradiction and compromise with the latter. Goffmans situated-identity theory was then applied to study

20、this groups values and identity, after which IV conclusions are made about the characteristics of this micro-culture. This study consists primarily of four aspects: examination of the social cultural background against which this “leftover” womens culture is formed; the analysis of reasons for its f

21、ormation using comparative study between traditional and modern gender relationship and mate selection theory; analysis of this group5s self-responded universal and general values and identity; and finally exploration of the in-depth characteristics and essence of this micro-culture from the perspec

22、tive of intercultural communication. This study carries both theoretical and practical significance. This study suggests that the core of this new emerging urban single womens micro-culture is the intercultural conflict between traditionality and modernity as well as oriental and western culture. Co

23、ntent-analysis of the interview data revealed that the conflicted concept and disparate conduct between convention and modernity, and “Chinese” and Western style was found in practically every aspect of their life. Suggestions for further researches and applications are also provided. Key words: Lef

24、tover women; Micro-culture; Gender relationship; Situated-identity. v 7 Contents 中文摘要 . ii Abstract. IV 1. Introduction and Background . 1 1.1 Social background: Singletons as a new emerging phenomenon .1 1.2 Academic background .2 1.2.1 Macroculture and microculture .2 1.2.2 Triandiss subculture .3

25、 1.3 Chinese traditional value .4 1.4 “3S” womens culture as a micro-culture and subculture.5 2. Literature Review .7 2.1 Yang Kuo-shus traditionality and modernity research .7 2.2 Situated identity research . 10 3. Research Methodology . 14 3.1 Research goal . 14 3.2 Significance of this research p

26、rogram . 14 3.3 Background of prior research . 16 3.4 Research Questions . 17 3.5 Research Methodology . 19 3.5.1 Qualitative study . 19 3.5.2 Questionnaire Design . 20 3.5.3 Participants . 20 3.5.4 Procedures . 21 3.6 Analysis . 23 4. Results and Discussions . . 25 4.1. Research findings . 25 4.1.1

27、 Reasons for singleness . .25 4.1.2 Relationship issues . 26 4.1.3 State and style of single life . 30 4.1.4 Attitudes toward singleness and marriage . 31 4.1.5 Romantic expectation . 32 4.2 Interpretation of the findings . 34 4.2.1 Contradiction and conflicts . 34 5 5. Intercultural Communication .

28、 39 5.1 Relationship with family . 39 5.2 Education and concept . 39 5.3 Relationship with employment . 44 5.4 Relationship with social supports . 45 VI 6. Conclusions . . . 50 6.1 Summary: “3S” womens situated-identity . 50 6.2 Limitations and suggestions . 52 References . . 54 Appendix 1 Demograph

29、ic Information of Interviewees . 58 Appendix 2 Questionaire . 59 Appendix 3 Chinese interview questions . 62 List of Tables and Figures Table One: Statistical description of reasons for singleness . 26 Table Two: Statistical description of relationship history . 27 Table Three: Statistical descripti

30、on of main channels for meeting new guys . . 30 Table Four: Attitudes toward singleness and marriage . 31 Table Five: Attitudes toward career and family . 32 Table Six: The ranking of mating characteristics favored and required . 34 Figure One: Romantic expectation of the other half. . . . 33 VII 1.

31、 Background Introduction 1.1 Social background: Singletons as a new emerging phenomenon Singletons are a new phenomenon in China, where women are traditionally expected to be married by the time they are 30. Despite the fact that the traditional Chinese preference for male children means 119 boys ar

32、e born for every 100 girls and gender imbalance is acute in China, a single women5s middle-class is emerging, with more and more financially independent women in big cities complaining that it is difficult to find a suitable partner. (Telegraph.uk, 2009). According to a census (China daily, 2006), i

33、n 1990, there are only one hundred thousand single people at the age of 30 to 50 in Beijing, yet in 2006, the number of marriageable yet unmarried people has already exceeded a million, with women making up of more than a half, which means that there are more than five hundred thousand single women

34、over 30 in Shanghai and Beijing respectively. That9s a threefold increase as much as that in 1990. According to some sociologists, the fourth wave of singleness is now coming to China since the dawn of this new century. Against this big social background, a group of single women is attracting more a

35、nd more attention at home and even abroad, they are called “3S” women or “Shengnv” in Chinese. Shengnv”， literally meaning “leftover woman” in English， is one of the 171 new Chinese vocabulary released by China ministry of Education in August, 2007. It indicates single women above the normal matrimo

36、nial age, who usually have high education, high income and elder age, yet with difficulty finding ideal match to go into marriage. “3S” means “Seventies, Single, Stuck”， These women were bom in the nineteen seventies, they remain single when they are already above the normal matrimonial age, and they have difficulty in finding their future husbands and hence stuck. These big-city single women are said to have three ahigh,5s. First, high education. They all have at least bachelors degree, some even belong to the “oversea returnees” group; secondly, high income. All of