2012年吉林大学考博英语真题.pdf

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1、2012 年吉林大学考博英语真题Part I Vocabulary and Structure (30%)Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence thereare fourchoices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Thenmark thecorresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line throu

2、gh the center.1. Language, culture, and personality may be consideredof each otherin thought, butthey are inseparable in fact.A. indistinctlyB. separatelyC. inelevantlyD. independently2. The work was done in theof reforms in the economic, social and culturalspheres.A. contextB. contestC. pretextD. t

3、exture3. The dean tried to retain control of the situation on campus, but his attemptwasbythe board of trustees.A. approvedB. frustratedC. disclosedD. justified4. Some journalists are found of overstating the situation so that their news maycreate agreat.A. explosionB. sensationC. exaggeratingD. sti

4、mulation5. There was little, if any, evidence to substantiate the gossip and,therewas little todisprove it.A. by the same tokenB. under the same conditionC. at the same stageD. for the same purpose6. Every chemical change either results from energy being used to produce the change,or causesenergy to

5、 bein some form.A. given offB. put outC. set offD. used up7. The United Nation Law of the Sea Conference would soon produce an ocean-miningtreatyfollowing itsdeclaration in 1970 that oceans were the heritage of mankind.A. unanimousB. abstractC. autonomousD. almighty8. This growth in theof diabetes i

6、s due, in part, to an increase in obesity.A. inferenceB. incidenceC. regulationD. repetition9. Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around 110 billion,the160 billion thePresident is struggling to get through the Congress.A. in proportion toB. in reply toC. in relation toD. in contrastto10. Fran

7、cesof nuclear testing in the South Pacitic last month triggeredpollticaldebates and mass demonstrations.A. assumptionB. consumptionC. presumptionD. resumption11. Theof a oultural phenomenon is usually a logical consequence of somephysicalaspect in the life style of the people.A. implementationB. dem

8、onstcationC. manifestationD. expedition12. Readingthe mind only with materials of knowledge, it is thinking thatmakes whatwe read our.A. rectitiesB. prolongsC. minimizesD. furnishes13. Previous studies provokedbecause the used patients whose diagnosis wasquestionable.A. contrlbutionB. contractionC.

9、controversyD. convergence14. Although the model looks good on the surface, it will not bear close.A. temperamentB. contaminationC. scrutinyD. symmetry15. I never said anything like that at all You are purposelymy ideas to proveyourpoints.A. revisingB. contradictingC. distortingD. distracting16. To s

10、urvive in the intense trade competition between countries, companies mustthequalities and varieties of their products to the world-market demand.A. forfeitB. enhanceC. guaranteeD. gear17.I was unaware of the critical points invoived, so my choice was quite.A. arbitraryB. rationalC. mechanicalD. unpr

11、edictable18. An important property of a scientific theory is its ability tofurtherresearch andfurther thinking about a particular topic.A. stimulateB. renovateC. arouseD. advocate19. All the off-shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they readlettersfrom theirfamilies.A. affectionateB. sentimen

12、talC. intimateD. sensitive20. Whoever formulated the theory of the origin of the universe, it is justand needs proving.A. spontaneousB. hypotheticalC. intuitiveD. empirical21.The ceremony willas soon as the president arrives.A. commendB. complyC. confrontD. commence22. The barbarous aggressors grew

13、more and morein slaughtering people andburningdown their houses.A. amorphousB. ferociousC. audaciousD. egregious23. Some of the words employed by Shakespeare in his works have becomeand各类考试资料 vx：344647 公众号：顺通考试资料are nolonger used in the present days.A. obsoleteB. obsceneC. obviousD. oblique24. Becau

14、se of the economic slowdown, the government changed its policy torevenueby limiting commerce.A. disregardB. challengeC. diminishD. reject25. The spectators in the stadium cheered up when they saw hundreds of colorfulballoonsslowly into the sky.A. descendingB. ascendingC. escalatingD. elevating26. An

15、 increasing proportion of our population, unable to live without advancedmedical, will become progressively more reliant on expensive technology.A. interferenceB. interruptionC. interventionD.interaction27. Several intemational events in the early 1990s seem likely to, or atleast weaken,the trends t

16、hat emerged in the 1980s.A. revoltB. revolveC. reverseD. revive28. Foreign disinvestments and theof South Africa from world capital marketsafter1985 further weakened its economy.A. displacementB. eliminationC. exclusionD. exception29. We are moving towards a moreand cooperative society ,which isgett

17、ing better and better.AfraternalBemotionalCexclusionDillegal30. The student wereabout who their new teacher would be when thebell rang for their first class in the new semester.A. foreseeingB. speculatingC. fabricatingD. ponderingPart III Reading Comprehension (60%)Questions 51 to 55 are based on th

18、e following passage.When a disease of epidemic proportions rips into the populace, scientistsimmediately get to work, trying to locate the source of the affliction and findways to combat it. Oftentimes, success is achieved, as medical science is able toisolate the parasite, germ or cell that causes

19、the problem and finds ways toeffectively kill or contain it. In the most serious of cases, in which the entirepopulation of a region or country may be at grave risk, it is deemed necessary toprotect the entire population through vaccination, so as to safeguard lives andensure that the disease will n

20、ot spread.The process of vaccination allows the patients body to develop immunity tothe virus or disease so that, if it is encountered, one can fight it off naturally.To accomplish this, a small weak or dead strain of the disease is actually injectedinto the patient in a controlled environment, so t

21、hat his bodys immune systemcan learn to fight the invader properly. Information on how to penetrate the diseases defenses is transmitted to all elements of the patient s immune system in a processthat occurs naturally, in which genetic information is passed from cell to cell.This makes sure that, sh

22、ould the patient later come into contact with the realproblem, his body is well equipped and trained to deal with it, having already doneso before.There are dangers inherent in the process, however. On occasion, even theweakened version of the disease contained in the vaccine proves too much for the

23、body to handle, resulting in the immune case of the smallpox vaccine, designed toeradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly wiped out the entire Native Americanpopulation and killed massive numbers of settlers. Approximately 1 in 10,000 peoplewho receives the vaccine contract the smallpox disease f

24、rom the vaccine itself anddies from it. Thus, if the entire population of the United States were to receivethe Smallpox Vaccine today, 3000 Americans would be left dead.Fortunately, the smallpox virus was considered eradicated in the early 1970s,ending the mandatory vaccination of all babies in Amer

25、ica In the event of are-introduction of the disease, however, mandatory vaccinations may resume,resulting in more unexpected deaths from vaccination. The process, which is trulya blessing, may indeed hide some hidden cures.51. How do vaccines protect humans from diseases according to paragraph two?A

26、. By passing information on how to fight the disease to the disease.B. By passing information on how to fight the disease to the immune system.C. By weakening the disease so that the immune system can defeat it.D. Introducing the disease to the body, so that survivors have already foughtit.52. What

27、does the example of the smallpox vaccine illustrate?A. The way that vaccines protect people from diseases.B. The effectiveness of vaccines in eradicating certain diseases.C. The practical use of a vaccine to control an epidemic disease.D. The possible negative outcome of administering vaccines.53.Th

28、eauthorarguesthatvaccinationsarebothablessingandacursebecause.A. saving the many would not necessarily justify the death of the few.B. some vaccines, such as the smallpox vaccine, have negative side effects.C. they dont always work.D. while many lives are saved, SOME ARE ACTUALLY KILLED BY THE VACCI

29、NT.54. The best title for the passage would be.A. “The Smallpox Vaccine: An Analysis”.B. “How Vaccines Work”.C. “Vaccines: Methods and Implications”.D. “A Warning on the Negative Side Effects of Vaccines”.55. The main purpose of the passage is to.A. convince the reader that vaccines are not as safe

30、as many think.B. educate the reader on how vaccines are used and some of their dangers.C. educate the reader on the circumstances that would necessitate widespreadvaccinations.D. present the method by which vaccines are used through the case of the smallpoxvaccine.Passage TwoQuestions 56 to 60 are b

31、ased on the following passage.Few natural dangers are more feared than avalanches. Avalanches are a familiarpart of European history, Particularly in the Swiss and French Alps. This is wherethe direction of wars has turned almost instantly because of avalanches wiping outinvading armies.In North Ame

32、rica, avalanches are limited almost entirely to the Rocky Mountainsand the lower ranges to the west, the Sierra Nevadas and the Cascades. Avalancheshave occurred in the mountains of New England but not with the regularity andintensity seen in the western mountains.Several methods are used in explain

33、ing and predicting avalanches. Scientistsand learning about them using research methods. So many of the factors that createavalanches are hidden beneath the snows surface that predictions are still largelyguesswork. Therefore, winter travelers must assume the worst of conditions whenthe traverse the

34、 slopes.An avalanche occurs when a given amount of snow becomes too heavy for whateveris holding it in place. It then breaks loose and slides downhill.Avalanches are divided into two general categories, loose snow and slab. A loosesnow avalanche usually starts at a single point, such as a skier s tr

35、ack, and spreadsout like a fan or a pyramid in a chain reaction. One crystal breaks another free,which multiples as the loose snow moves downhill. Sometimes these avalanches stopafter only a few feet. Sometimes they move thousands of tons of snow downhill inspeeds up to 300 miles per hour. This crea

36、tes a shock wave that can flatten partsof a forest that are not even touched by the actual avalanche.Slab avalanches are those that have a wide area of snow which breaks loose ina large piece. These can range in size from just a few square feel to thousandsof square feet of snow. The most dangerous

37、and common type of avalanche for skiersis the so-called “soft slab” avalanche. This type occurs most often during, orjust after a heavy snowfall. The snow hasnt yet had a chance to settle and adhereto the temperature, the less likely the new snow will form a bond with theexisting snow.56. What would

38、 be the best title for this passage?A. AvalanchesB. The History of AvalanchesC. Skiers BewareD. Avalanches Can Kill57. According to the passage, how did avalanches affect wars?A. They hid the armies approaching the city aiding in the attack.B. They killed the armies approaching the city.C. They bloc

39、ked paths into the city.D. They snowblinded the approaching armies.58. According to the passage, what must skiers assume about avalanches when skiing?A. They only have to worry after a heavy snowfall.B. Avalanches only occur in the Swiss or French Alps.C. They should always expect that an avalanche

40、will occur.D. When skiing in New England, they will never have to worry about an avalanche.59. According to the passage, when is the most dangerous time for skiers?A. When the temperature is below 20 degrees F.B. Right before a snowstorm.C. During a snowstorm.D. In the winter.60. According to the pa

41、ssage, which factor causes an avalanche?A. The slope of the mountain.B. The size of the snowfall.C. The amount and intensity of movement around the snowfall.D. The weight of the snow.Passage ThreeQuestions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.Recent stories in the newspapers and magazines sug

42、gest that teaching and researchcontradict each other, that research plays too prominent a part in academicpromotions, and that teaching is badly underemphasized. There is an element of truthin these statements, but they also ignore deeper and more important relationships.Research experience is an es

43、sential element of hiring and promotion at a researchuniversity because it is the emphasis on research that distinguishes such auniversity from an arts college. Some professors, however, neglect teaching forresearch and that presents s problem.Most research universities reward outstanding teaching,

44、but the greatestrecognition is usually given for achievements in research. Part of the reason isthe difficulty of judging teaching. A highly responsible and tough professor isusually appreciated by top students who want to be challenged but disliked by thosewhose records are less impressive. The mil

45、d professor gets overall ratings thatare usually high, but there is a sense of disappointment on the part of the beststudents, exactly those for whom the system should present the greatest challenges.Thus, a university trying to promote professors primarily on the basis of teachingqualities would ha

46、ve to confront this confusion.As modern science moves faster, two forces are exerted on professors: one isthe time needed to keep up with the profession; the other is the time needed toteach. The training of new scientists requires outstanding teaching at the researchuniversity as well as the arts c

47、ollege. Although scientists are usually “made”in the elementary schools, scientists can be “lost” by poor teaching at the collegeand graduate school levels. The solution is not to separate teaching and researchbut to recognize that the combination is difficult but vital. The title of professorshould

48、 be given only to those who profess and it is perhaps time for universitiesto reserve it for those who profess and it is perhaps time for universities to reserveit for those willing to be an earnest part of the community of scholars. Professorsunwilling to teach can be called “distinguished research

49、 investigators” ofsomething else.The pace of modern science makes it increasingly difficult to be a greatresearcher and a great teacher. Yet many are described in just those terms. Thosewho say we can separate teaching and research simply do not understand the system,butthosewhosaytheproblemwilldisa

50、ppeararenotfulfillingtheirresponsibilities.61. What idea does the author want to convey in the first paragraph?A. The relationship between teaching and research should not be simplified.B. Teaching and research are contradictory.C. Research can never be emphasized too much.D. It is wrong to overesti