新编实用英语语法(删减版含答案)(共75页).doc

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上一、英语句子结构一、简单句的6种基本结构简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）的句子。Li Hui and Li Hua went there together.She went out, bought a bottle of wine and returned hurriedly.1.主谓结构：主语+不及物动词(S+Vi)。本结构是由主语加不及物动词或短语构成,常用来表示主语的动作。2.主谓宾结构：主语+及物动词+宾语（S+Vt+O）。其中的谓语动词须是及物的动词（词组）。宾语须是名词或相当于名词的成分。3.双宾语结构：主语+及物谓语动词（词组）

2、+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（事物） (S+Vt+IO+DO) 如：He brings me cookies every day. She made me a beautiful dress.但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词to或for，如：He brings cookies to me every day. She made a beautiful dress for me.用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。用for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, o

3、ffer, pass, promise, return, send, show, write, ask,等。（需借助for 的）buy, call, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare,等4复合结构：主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语（S+Vt+O+C）。宾语与宾语补足语有逻辑的主谓关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不完整。可以用做宾补的有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式和分词。如：The sun keeps us warm.(we are warm) I heard him singing.(he is singin

4、g) You must get your hair cut.(Your hair is cut)用it做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，是英语常用句型。即主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如，I found it very pleasant to be with your family.5主系表结构：主语+连系动词+表语(S+V+P)。连系动词（Link verb)：be动词（am, is, are, was, were, have been)；其他连系动词如：become,turn,go,get和感官动词如：feel, sound，look, smell，taste, obse

5、rve等。连系动词与其后的成分构成系表结构，表语多为形容词或副词。表语说明主语的状态、性质、等，可为形容词、副词、名词、代词、不定式、分词。（1）当连系动词不是be，而其后是名词和代词时，多表达变为之意。eg: He became a teacher at last. His face turned red.（2）感官动词多可用作连系动词。eg: He looks well.他面色好。 It sounds nice.这个听起来不错。 I feel good.我感觉好。 The egg smells bad.这个鸡蛋难闻。 6There系动词主语（There is a man.）表示“存在有”，

6、这里的there没有实际意义。此结构中不能出现表示“有”的实义动词have，即不能说There has an old man there. 试比较：There is a boy there.那儿有一个男孩。前一个there无实义，后一个there为副词“那里”。这个句型也可以变形为：There is going to be-将会有-There havehas been-已经有-There appeared(seemed) (to be)-好像有-There lived-住着- There used to be-过去常有-There happened to be-碰巧有-There remain

7、ed-剩下有-等。上述六种句型，主语、宾语可有修饰语定语，谓语可有修饰语状语。如：The red sun rises. The red sun rises in the east. He brings me cookies every day.二、并列句：由并列连词把两个或以上的简单句连在一起的句子。并列句中的简单句互不依从，没有主从之分。并列连词有：and, both-and, but, not only-but (also), or, so, still, yet, for, either-or, neither-nor, while 等。1.but是并列连词，用于句首，其后无符号隔开；h

8、owever是副词，可位于句首、句中或句尾，其后常有逗号。 He said it was so; however, he was mistaken. 2.yet可与and连用，but不可；yet可与although/though连用，but不可。 ThoughAlthough he was ill, yet he managed to come.；Though可作副词，放在句末：“不过、但是”，although无此用法。He said he would help me;he didnt,though.3.so不可与because连用。4.祈使句名词短语+andoror elseotherwis

9、e+将来时的陈述句。祈使句表示条件，陈述句表示结果。Tie the corners of the handkerchief to the points of the cross, and you will have a nice strong kite.=If you tie the corners of the handkerchief to the points of the cross, you will have a nice strong kite.5.while作并列连词，表示对比的情况“然而”。The language in America stayed the same, wh

10、ile the language in England changed.三、复合句：由一个主句和一个（或一个以上）的从句构成的句子。从句作主句的一个成分，常有连接词引导，从句和主句都有完整的主语和谓语。根据从句在全句中的不同作用，从句可分为：宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句。前四种从句的作用相当于名词，统称为名词性从句。定语从句的作用相当于形容词，又被称为形容词性从句。He said he would do what he could to help her out. (宾语从句)When he came back to home, I was preparing

11、supper. (时间状语从句)Although he practiced hard, he didnt pass the driving test. （让步状语从句）尽管他努力练习了，他没有通过驾驶考试。Whoever comes late shall wash up the dishes. (主语从句)My idea is that we should put off the plan. (表语从句)The idea that we should put off the plan wasnt accepted by all(同位语从句)简单句和复合句简单句（SIMPLE SENTENCE)

12、1.主语+连系动词+表语(S+V+P)2.主语+不及物动词(S+Vi)3.主语+及物动词+宾语（S+Vt+O）4.主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(S+Vt+IO+DO)5.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语（S+Vt+O+C）6There be句型（ThereLink verbS）并列句(COMPOUND SENTENCE)通常由and ,but 等词连接。I turned on the TV and we sat down and watched it.I bought my sister a present, but she did not like it.复合句(COMPLEX SEN

13、TENCE)1.名词性从句：（1）主语从句（2）宾语从句（3）表语从句（4）同位语从句2.形容词性从句定语从句3.状语从句（时间、地点、目的、原因、条件、结果、比较、方式等）2008-2012年高考英语试题分类汇编-句子结构 (08全国II) 1. Stand over there,_ youll be able to see the oil painting better.A. but B. till C. and D. or(08重庆) 2.The artist was born poor, poor he remained all his life. A. and B. or C. bu

14、t D. so (08江苏) 3.It is often said that the joy of traveling is _ in arriving at your destination _ in the journey itself.A. 不填；butB. 不填；or C. not; orD. not; but (08湖南) 4.I thought wed be late for the concert, _ we ended up getting there ahead of time. A. but B. or C. so D. for (08湖南) 5._ the website

15、 of the Fire Department in your city, and you will learn a lot about Firefighting.AHaving searched B. To search C. Searching D. Search (08四川) 6.In some places women are expected to earn money _ men work at home and raise their children. A. but B. while C. because D. though(11全国I) 1. Someone wants yo

16、u on the phone. _nobody knows I am here.A. AlthoughB. And C. But D. So（11山东）2. Find ways to praise your children often, _ youll find they will open their hearts to you.A. tillB. orC. andD. but（11辽宁）3. Bring the flowers into a warm room _ theyll soon open.A. or B. and C. but D. for【2012四川】4. At schoo

17、l, some students are active _ some are shy, yet they can be good friends with one another. A. while B. although C. so D. as【2012北京】31. _ at the door before you enter my room, please.A. Knock B. Knocking C. Knocked D. To knock08年答案：1.C 2.A 3.D 4.A 5.D 6.B11年答案：1.C 2.C 3.B12年答案：(12全国) 34. B （12四川）4.A

18、(12北京) 31.A翻译练习：练习一：1.你应当努力学习。 2.她昨天回家很晚。 3.那天早上我们谈了很多。4.会议将持续两个小时。 5.在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。练习二：1.昨晚我写了一封信。2.今天下午我想同你谈谈。3.这本书他读过多次了。4.他们成功地完成了计划。5.你们必须在两周内看完这些书。6.那位先生能流利地说三种语言。 练习三：1.Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。2.奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。3.Mary把钱包交给校长了。4.请把那本字典递给我好吗？5.他把车票给列车员看。练习四：1.我们叫她Alice.2.他的父母给他取名为John.3.我们大

19、家都认为他是诚实的。4.他们把门推开了。5.他们把小偷释放了。6.我们要使学校变得更美丽。7.他请我们参加做游戏。8.我要你把真相告诉我。9.卫兵命令我们立即离开。10.明天我要找人来修理机器。11.每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。12.痛苦使得他叫喊起来。三、代词一、代词的分类：1.人称代词：分主格（作主语、表语）和宾格(作动宾、介宾)2.物主代词：分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。形容词性物主代词放在名词前作定语，有my, our, your, his, her, its, their。名词性物主代词后不能接名词，相当于“形容词性物主代词+n.”,有mine, ours, yours,

20、 his, hers, its, theirs。名词+of+名词性物主代词名词所有格构成双重所有格形式：a friend of minefathers我爸爸的一个朋友3.反身代词:myself ,yourself ,himself ,herself ,itself ,ourselves ,yourselvesthemselves 当宾语和主语是同一人或同一物时，宾语往往要用与主语相对应的反身代词。“Who called me this morning when I was out?” “A man calling himself Robert.”4.指示代词:this ,that ,these

21、 ,those。thisthat可以做程度副词，意思和用法同so。5.疑问代词:who ,whom ,what（一般指不定数目中的选择）,which（提供一定范围内选择）Which do you like better, this one or that one?6.相互代词:each other（两个人或物之间）,one another（三个或三个以上的人或物之间）7.不定代词:some ,any ,all ,both ,none ,one, each ,either ,neither ,other ,another, something ,anything ,nothing ,anyone

22、 ,anybody , someone ,somebody ,nobody 8.关系代词(用于定语从句，除as译为“正如、如像”、whose“-的”，其它一般无词义):who ,whom ,whose，that ,which ,as 9.连接代词(用于名词性从句或状语从句)：whowhomwhatwhich（都有词义）；who（m）ever“任何人，无论谁”,作主语宾语;whatever“任何人或物、无论-什么（事物）”，作主语宾语定语;whichever“无论哪个-”作主语宾语定语。Could I speak to whoever is in charge of International

23、Sales, please?Whatever news the newspapers print，some people always believe it.无论报纸刊登什么新闻，总是有人相信。二、代词用法考点1.反身代词可用于某些固定搭配：(all)by oneself单独地；of oneself 自动地，自行地；for oneself 替/为自己；teach oneself自学；behave oneself使自己行为规矩；come to oneself苏醒dress oneself（自己）穿衣服；seat oneself=sb be seated; say to oneself心里想；ta

24、lk to oneself自言自语；devote oneself to把自己献身于；absent oneself from缺席；enjoy oneself玩得高兴；help oneself to随便-；make oneself at home不要拘束；introduce oneself自我介绍2.指示代词this/these一般用来指时间和空间上较近的人或物；that/those常指时间和空间上较远的人或物。He almost drowned in that pool. 他差点淹死在那水池里。When was that? 什么时候（的事）？that可代替不可数名词或单数名词，特指，且后常有介词

25、短语修饰=the+n.复数形式是those；those代替复数名词以免重复。one代替单数可数名词，是泛指，即同类中的某一个=aan+n.复数形式是ones；the one表特指，用来替代同类事物中的另一个；it代替单数可数名词，特指同一个,it=the+n. The water of the well is cleaner than that of the river. The Christmas cards are much better than those you bought yesterday.3.不定代词some(-）多用于肯定句；some(-)可用于表示请求、提议或者希望得到肯

26、定回答的疑问句中。Would you please spare me some ink? 你能分点墨水给我吗？some有时与数词连用，“大约”：some forty students 大约40个学生 any(-)多用于否定句，疑问句或条件句中。any(-)也可用于肯定句，（修饰可数名词时指三者或以上的）“任何一个（些）人或物”。 Edison became quite expert at it and could find work in any town he went to.all与none,no one,nothing,no all表示“三者或三者以上全部都”，可以修饰可数、不可数名词；

27、none表示对三个或三个以上的人或物的否定（可指可数或不可数名词），意思是“没什么人物”，可作主语和宾语，作主语谓语动词可用单数或者复数，后可接of短语：None of them have/has failed. none可以简略回答以How many或How much开头的疑问句。例如：How many books are there on the desk ? None. 注意：no one (nobody),只指人，不接of短语，no one作主语时只能跟单数谓语，回答以who开头的问句。例如：Who is in the room ? no one(Nobody)nothing回答wha

28、t开头的问句；no总是在名词前作定语，相当于not anynot a. Is there any oil in the glass ? None. none指前面提到的人或物“一个什么也没有”Whats in the bottle? Nothing. nothing指一切都没有了。other ,another ,the other ,others ,the others other表示“其他的”,没有范围限制，与名词复数连用。如：other books/boysanother指三者或以上的“另一个”，可作代词或形容词用，代替或修饰单数可数名词。another+数词few等+复数名词=数字few

29、等 +more+复数名词=数字few等+复数名词+more “再另一-”如：I dont like this hat ,please show me another (one). We walked another ten miles(=ten more milesten miles more).我们又走了十英里 the other可作代词或形容词用，指两个(部分)事物或人中的“另一个部分”：He has only two brothers, of whom one is a teacher ,the other an officer.I can see only two teachers i

30、n the office. Where are the other teachers ? others泛指其他的人或物；the others特指其余的人或物。others常和some对比使用：Thirty students in our class are boys ,the others are girls. Some are carrying water, others are watering the trees.常用one-another-the other-“一个-，另一个-，另一个-”one作为不定代词，泛指“任何人”（包括说话人在内）：One must do ones duty.

31、 当one前有形容词修饰时，形容词前须有冠词或代词：Could you show me a smaller one? 还可用来代替上文出现过的可数名词（指人或物）,泛指，复数形式是ones。 例如：I have bought a new bike. My old one doesnt work. either两者之一，neither两者中一个也不。either-or, neither-nor连接两个主语用就近原则。either在否定句或否定词组后面、too在肯定句后面表示“也”。If he doesnt go, I wont either. I dont like maths and he d

32、oesnt like it,either.eachevery each强调个体，起名词和形容词的作用。指两者或两者以上（人或物）的每一个；every，强调全体无一例外，只能作定语修饰名词，指三者或三者以上（人或物）的每一个。Trees have been planted on each side of the road.few和a few作主语或修饰主语时，谓语用复数；little和a little 作主语或修饰主语时，谓语用单数。 not a little=very much; not a bit=not at all. quite a few=many; quite a little=mu

33、chanything用于疑问否定条件句,用于肯定句语气很强，“任何人物”；everything“每件事、一切”，表示全体。 anything but根本不，nothing but 只是 What he said is anything but practical since everything depends on “if”.他所说的根本不实际因为他说的一切都取决于“如果“。nothingnoneno one no bodyneither或not与any(-)、each连用表示全部否定；not与all every(-)both 表部分否定。Every man is not honest.并非

34、每个人都诚实。Each man is not honest.每个人都不诚实。2008-2012年高考英语试题分类汇编代词(11全国II）1. I got this bicycle for_；my friend gave it to me when she bought a new one.A. everything B. something C. anything D. nothing(11北京）2. The employment rate has continued to rise in big cities thanks to the efforts of the local govern

35、ments to increase _. A. themB. those C. itD. that(11上海) 3. To stay awake, he finished a cup of coffee and ordered _.A. the otherB. otherC. the othersD. another(11山东) 4. The two girls are so alike that strangers find _ difficult to tell one from the other. A. it B. them C. her D. that(11安徽）5. Surpris

36、ingly, Susans beautiful hair reached below her knees and made_ almost an overcoat for her. A. them B. her C. itself D. herself (11福建）6. We have various summer camps for your holidays, you can choose_based on your own interests. A. either B. each C. one D. it (11四川）7. There is _ in his words. W e sho

37、uld have a try. A. something B. anything C. nothing D. everything(11辽宁）8.- Would you like tea or coffee? - _, thank you. Ive just had some water. A. Either B. Both C. Any D. Neither(11陕西）9.-Would you get me a bar of chocolate from the kitchen, dear?- _ one? A. Other B. Every C. Another D. More(11重庆）

38、10.Silly me! I forget what my luggage looks like.What do you think of _ over there?A. the one B. this C.it D.that(11湖南)11.I know that _ would ever discourage him; he would never give up wanting to be a director. A. something B. anything C. everything D.nothing (12全国)1. Larry asks Bill and Peter to g

39、o on a picnic with him,but_of them wants to,because they have work to do. A.either B.any C.neither D.none(12北京)2. Many people have donated that type of blood;however,the blood bank needs_.A.some B.less C.much D.more(12山东)3. When you are done with the book,just give it to Lucy or Helen or_.A.whoever

40、B.wherever C.whatever D.however(12辽宁)4. If youre buying todays paper from the stand,could you get_for me?A.one B.such C.this D.that(12浙江)5. Studying Wendys menu,I found that many of the items are similar to_of McDonalds.A.those B.ones C.any D.all(12福建)6. Have you figured out how much the trip will c

41、ost? $4000,or_like that.A.anything B.everything C.something D.nothing(12江苏)7. Sophia waited for a reply,but_came. A.either B.another C.neither D.none(12江西)8.My brother would like to buy a good watch but_was available from that shop.A.nothing B.none C.no one D.neither(12重庆)9. John，when shall we meet

42、again,Thursday or Friday? _.Ill be off to London then.A.Either B.Neither C.Both D.None参考答案：11年答案：1.D 2.C 3.D 4.A 5.C 6.C 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.D 11.D12年答案：1.C 2.D 3.A 4.A 5.A 6.C 7.D 8.B 9.B四、定语从句一、 什么是定语？修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。定语可以由形容词，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式，介词短语或一个句子来担任在复合句中，修饰主句的某个名词、代词或整个主句的从句叫定语从句，定语从句在作用上相当于形容词，所

43、以又称为形容词性从句被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句分为限制性和非限制性从句（有逗号隔开）两种。二、 关系词： 1.关系代词：（1）that可指代人或物，从句中作主语、宾语和表语。作宾语时可省，介词后不能用that、非限制性定语从句不能用that。(2)which指代事物或者主句内容,在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或者定语。作宾语时可省（但介词后的which不省）只用that不用which引导的定语从句：情 况 例 句1.no(-),every(-),any(-),some(-),few,much,all,little,no等不定代词作先行词或修饰先行词时，常用that引导从句.somethi

44、ng两者均可。Is there anything that I can do for you?2.先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。The first thing that we should do is to help him.3.先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。This is the best foreign film that I have ever seen.4.先行词前被the very, the only, the same,the last修饰时。Thats the very tool that we are looking for.5.先行词既指人又指物时。They talked about the things and friends that they could remember.6.主句是由Who/Which引导的特殊疑问句时。Who is the man that is standing over ther