高中英语语法讲解与练习之情态动词(共10页).doc
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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上高中英语语法之情态动词(一)情态动词的定义:情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度。(二)情态动词的特点:1)有一定词义;2)不受主语人称和数的变化影响;3)与主要动词的原形(或称不带to的不定式)一起构成谓语(除oughtto作固定词组看待)。情态动词无人称和数的变化, 情态动词后面跟的动词需用原形,否定式构成是在情态动词后面加 not。 个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式, 过去式用来表达更加客气, 委婉的语气, 时态性不强, 可用于过去,现在或将来。情态动词属非及物动词,故没有被动语态。He could be here soon. 他很快就来。 We can
2、t carry the heavy box. 我们搬不动那箱子。 除此之外,情态助动词还有如下词法和句法特征: 1) 除ought和used以外,其他情态动词后面只能接不带to的不定式。 We used to grow beautiful roses. I asked if he would come and repair my television set. 2) 情态助动词在限定动词词组总是位居第一: They need not have been punished so severely. 3) 情态助动词用于第三人称单数现在时的时候,没有词形变化,即其词尾无-s形式: She dare
3、 not say what she thinks. 4) 情态动词没有非限定形式,即没有不定式和分词形式,也没有相应的动名词: Still, she neednt have run away. 5) 情态助动词的“时”的形式并不是时间区别的主要标志。在不少场合,情态助动词的现在时和过去时形式都可以表示现在、过去或将来时间: Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something? She told him he ought not to have done it. 6) 情态助动词之间是相互排斥的,即在一个限定动词词组中只能出现一个情态助动词
4、,但有时却可以与have和be基本助动词连用: You should have washed the wound. Well, you shouldnt be reading a novel.(三) 情态动词有四类:只做情态动词:must,can(could),may(might),ought to 可做情态动词又可做实义动词:need,dare 可做情态动词又可做助动词:shall(should),will(would) 具有情态动词特征:have(had,has) to,used to 情态动词表猜测(四)情态动词的基本用法1.can(could)1)表示能力,could主要指过去时间。T
5、woeyescanseemorethanone. Couldthegirlreadbeforeshewenttoschool?这女孩上学前能识字吗?2)表示可能(理论上或是逻辑判断上)。Thetemperaturecanfallto60,thatis60belowfreezing. 气温可降至60,也就是零下60。Hecant(couldnt)haveenoughmoneyforanewcar.他不可能有足够的钱买新车。3)表示允许。CanIhavealookatyournewpen?我可以看一看你的新钢笔吗?Heaskedwhetherhecouldtakethebookoutofthere
6、adingroom.他问他可不可以把书带出阅览室。4)表惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度。主要用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中。Wherecan(could)theyhavegoneto?他们会去哪儿了呢? Hecant(couldnt)beoversixty.他不可能超过六十岁。5)比较委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法。Can(Could)youlendmeahand? Imafraidwecouldntgiveyouananswertoday.恐怕我们今天不能给你答复。2.may(might)1)表允许,might可以指过去时间,也可指现在时间,语气更委婉。HetoldmethatImightsmokei
7、ntheroom.他告诉我可以在房间里抽烟。May(Might)Iaskforaphotoofyourbaby?我可以要一张你宝宝的照片吗?在回答以may引起的问句时,多避免用这个词,而用其它方式,如Yes,please./Certainly./Pleasedont./Youdbetternot./No,youmustnt.等,以免显得太严峻或不客气。2)表可能(事实上)。可以指过去时间,也可以指现在时间,但语气更加不肯定。Hemaybeathome.他可能在家。Shemaynotknowaboutit.她可能不知道这件事。3.must1)表示义务。意为“必须”(主观意志)。Wemustdoe
8、verythingstepbystep. Youmustnttalktoherlikethat.你不可能那样对她说话。-Mustwehandinourexercisebooksnow?我们现在就要交练习本吗?-No,youneednt./No,youdonthaveto.不必。(这种情况下,一般不用mustnt) 2)表示揣测。意为“想必、准是、一定”等,只用于肯定句。Hemustbeill.Helookssopale.他准是病了。他的脸色苍白。Sheswearingadiamondnecklace.Shemusthavealotofmoney.她戴着钻石项链,一定很有钱。4.shall1)表
9、征询意见,用于第一、第三人称疑问句。ShallIgetyousometea?我给你点茶好吗? Whatshallwedothisevening?我们今晚做什么?2)表说话人的意愿,有“命令、允诺、警告、决心”等意思,用于第二、第三人称陈述句。 YoushalldoasIsay.按我说的做。(命令) Youshallhavemyanswertomorrow.你明天可以得到我的答复。(允诺) Heshallbesorryforitoneday,Itellyou.有一天他会后悔的,我告诉你。(警告) Nothingshallstopusfromcarryingouttheplan.什么也不能阻止我们
10、执行这项计划(决心) 5.will1)表意愿,用于各种人称陈述句。Iwilldoanythingforyou. Ifyouwillreadthebook,Illlendittoyou.如果你愿意读这本书,我会把它借给你。2)表请求,用于疑问句。 Willyouclosethewindow?Itsabitcold.请你把窗户关上好吗?有点冷。 Wontyoudrinksomemorecoffee?再来一点咖啡好吗? 3)表示某种倾向或习惯性动作。 Fishwilldieoutofwater.鱼离开水就不能活。 Thedoorwontopen.这门打不开。Theboywillsittherehou
11、rafterhourlookingatthetrafficgoby. 那男孩常常坐在那里好几个钟点,看着车辆行人通过。6.should1)表义务。意为“应该”(某件事宜于做),用于各种人称。Youshouldbepolitetoyourteachers.你对老师应该有礼貌。Youshouldntwasteanytime.你不应该浪费时间。2)表推测,意为“想必一定、照说应该、估计”等。Thefilmshouldbeverygoodasitisstarringfirstclassactors. 这部新电影是一流演员主演的,估计拍得很好。Theyshouldbehomebynow.照说他们现在应当
12、已经到家了。7.would1)表意愿。Theywouldnotlethiminbecausehewaspoorlydressed.他们不让他进去因为他衣着旧。IsaidIwoulddoanythingforyou.我说过我愿意为你做任何事。2)表委婉地提出请求、建议或看法。Wouldyoulikeanotherglassofbeer? Theywouldnthaveanythingagainstit.他们不会有什么反对意见。3)表过去反复发生的动作或过去的一种倾向。Everytimeshewasintrouble,shewouldgotohimforhelp.她每遇到麻烦都会向她求助。他告诉我
13、盒子打不开了。8.oughtto1)表义务,意为“应该”(因责任、义务等该做),口气比should稍重。Youarehisfather.Yououghttotakecareofhim.你是他父亲,应当管他。Yououghtnttosmokesomuch.你不应该抽这么多烟。2)表推测,暗含很大的可能,语气较弱。HanMeioughttoknowhistelephonenumber.韩梅该知道他的电话号码。Theresafinesunset;itoughttobeafinedaytomorrow.今天有晚霞,明天应该是个好天。9.usedto(和be used to do, be used to
14、 doing 区别)表示过去的习惯动作或状态,现在不复发生或存在。疑问式和否定式有两种。Heusedtoliveinthecountryside,butnowhelivesinthecity.他过去住在乡下,现在住在城里。 Thereusedtobeabuildingatthestreetcorner,butithasbeenpulleddown.街道拐角处过去有座楼房,现在拆了。Iusednt(didntuse)tosmoke.我过去不抽烟。Usedyou(Didyouuse)togotoschoolonfoot?你过去常步行去学校吗?(五)其他用法首先它是动词,而且不同于行为动词,行为动词
15、表示的是可以通过行为来表达的动作(如写,读,跑),而情态动词只是表达的一种想法(如能,也许,敢)。用法是:情态动词+行为动词原形 例句:I can read this sentence in English. 我能用英语读这句话。 情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,表示说话人的情绪,态度或语气的动词,但不能单独作谓语, 只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。 We can be there on time tomorrow.我们明天能按时去那儿。 May I have your name? 我能知道你的名字吗? Shall we begin now?我们现在就开始吗? You must obey the
16、school rules.你必须遵守校规。情态动词数量不多,但用途广泛,主要有下列: can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would),have (to) ,had better. 专项练习(二)1. Jean have kept his promise. I wonder why he changed his idea.A. mustB. shouldC. needD. would 2. Jane have come to the party, but she
17、not find the exact time.A. could; couldB. might; couldC. should; couldD. should; would3. So many mistakes in your homework! You more careful.A. may beB. had toC. would beD. should have been4Her brother be at home now, because he was seen playing basketball in the stadium just now. A. mustntB. neednt
18、C. cantD. shouldnt 5-I cant understand why our boss is late. -He the early bus.A. could missB. may have missed C. can have missedD. might miss6. She didnt answer the phone, she _ asleep.A. may beB. must beC. should have beenD. must have been7The little girls eyes were red. She _.A. may cryB. must cr
19、yC. must be criedD. must have been crying8He_ his supper now, for the dining hall is still closed.A. cant be having B. neednt be having C. mustnt be having D. shouldnt be having9I parked my bike behind the building, but now it is gone. It _ . A. may be stolen B. must be stolen C. must have been stol
20、en D. must have stolen10. _ Mr. Black_go to work by ferry before the bridge was built?A. Did; used to B. Use; toC. Did; use toD. Does; use to11. The hotel is only a stones throw away, you _ take a bus.A. need not to B. not need to C. dont need D. need not12. I am busy now, _ my brother do it for you
21、 ?A. WillB. ShallC. MustD. May13. -You neednt do it right now, need you?-Yes I am afraid I _ .A. needB. needntC. mustD. mustnt 14.My English-Chinese dictionary has disappeared . Who _ have taken it? (2003年上海春季高考) A. shouldB. mustC. couldD. would15. -The room is so dirty._ we clean it?-Of course. (20
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