初中英语语法基础知识总结(共20页).doc
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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上初中英语 语法基础知识总结一、名词1可数名词可数名词是指能计数事物名称的词,包括个体名词和集体名词,有单、复数形式。复数名词构成法如下:以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词加-es(除stomach)。以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,要变y为-ies。但以元音字母加y结尾时直接加-s。 以f或fe结尾的名词须直接加-s的,如:beliefs, proofs。变f或fe为-ves的,如:knives,leaves,wives,lives,thieveswolves,shelves,。注意handkerchief的复数可直接加-s。也可变f为-ves。以o结尾直接加-s,如:zoos
2、,pianos,kilos,photos,autos,radios。加-es,如:Negroes,heroes,potatoes。复数不规则的名词,如:manmen,womanwomen,footfeet,goosegeese,oxoxen,childchildren,toothteeth等。单复数形式一样的名词,如:Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,means,works等。2不可数名词不可数名词一般没有单复数之分,它包括物质名词、抽象名词和专有名词。 以-ics结尾的表示学科名称的名词一般用做单数。某些以-s结尾的表示单一事物的专有名词常用做单数。3名词的所有格(1)
3、 “s”所有格。一般名词后加“s”。如:Toms brothers bag。以-s或-es结尾的复数名词,在名词右上方加“”。如:the workers organization。 以-s结尾的专有名词所有格,若以读音Z结尾,一般可在名词右上方加“”,也可加“s”。如:Dickens/Dickenss cup。如果一样东西为两个人共有,则只有后一个名词加“s”;如果不是共有的,两个名词后都要加“s”。如:Tom and Marys room(共有);Marys and Toms cups(不共有)。(2) 表示无生命东西的名词,通常采用of+名词的结构来表示所有关系,总的来讲of所有格是s所有
4、格的一种替换形式。如:the classroom of the school。(3) 表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词,也可以加“s”来构成所有格。如:todays newspaper。一、基本型写出下列名词的复数形式:1. pencil-box _ 2. wife _ 3. Sunday_4. city_ 5. dress _6. Englishman _7. match _ 8. Chinese _9. zoo _10. exam_ 11. German _12. I have a lot of _(作业) to do every day.13. His _(裤子)
5、 are new, but mine are old.14. It is the best one of the _ (照片) in my family.15. Are they building any _ (图书馆) in the city16. Can you cut this big pear into two _(半)17. At the end of _(八月), you must get ready for the new school year.二、提高型来源: 1st is _ Day all over the world.A. Childs B. Childs C. Chi
6、ldrensD. Childrens 10th is _ Day in China, isnt itA. TeachersB. TeachersC. TeacherD. Teacher of_ is made of _.A. Glass; glassB. A glass; glassC. Glasses; glasses D. A glass; glasses is _ news.A. such a good B. a very good C. so good a D. such good _ it is! Lets go swimming.A. a fine weatherB. fine d
7、ayC. a fine dayD. bad weather like Chinese _.A. food and peoples B. foods and people C. foods and people D. food and people and I go to school _ every day.A. on feetB. on footC. by footsD. by buses17. What are you listening to, Jane _ or _A. a music; a newsB. music; newsC. music; newsD. music; a new
8、s many _ and _ are there in your classA. boy student; girl onesB. girls students; boys onesC. boys student; girl oneD. girl students; boy ones9.A group of _ are talking with two _ over there.A. Frenchmen; GermansB. Frenchmen; GermenC. German; FrenchmenD. Germans; Frenchmans10. That bus driver drank
9、two _.A. glass of waterB. glasses of watersC. cups of teaD. cup of tea11. Mrs. Smith is an old friend of _.A. Bobs motherB. Bobs mothersC. mother of BobD. Bob mothers12. The tall man with a big nose is _ teacher.A. Tom and CarlB. Toms and CarlsC. Tom and Carls a few _ came to visit some _ in Shantou
10、.A. German; places of interestB. Germans; places of interestsC. Germans; places of interestD. Germen; places of interest autumn comes, _ of most trees turn yellow and then fall down.A. leafB. leafsC. leave D. leaves二、冠词1不定冠词a,an表示one或every。如:You have a mouth。表示某一类人、事或物,相当于any。如:A spade is a tool。用于某
11、些固定词组中。如:a bit,a lot of。泛指某人或某物。如:A boy is waiting for her。用在rather,many,what等词之后。如:You are rather a fool。注意:名词以元音音素开头时,前面若加不定冠词,要用“an”。2定冠词the表示上文已提到过或下文将要提到的人或事物。如:I am very interested in the book。表示独一无二的人或事物。如:the world,the sun,the moon,the earth。用在序数词、形容词最高级及对两人或物进行比较时起特定作用的比较级前。如:the young,the
12、second story,the largest room。用在以-ese,-ch,-sh等结尾和表示国家、党派等专有名词前,以及在江、河、湖、海、山川、群岛的名词前。如: the Changjiang River,the Great Lake。用在方位名词前以及某些表示时间的词组或习惯语中。如:in the west,on the right。用在形容词前表示一类人。如:the young,the dead。在姓氏复数形式前,表示全家人,或这一姓氏的夫妇俩。如:The Greens are sitting at the breakfast table。用在单数可数名词前,表示某一类人或事物。
13、如:The horse is a use-ful animal。 在艺术、文娱活动名称前通常用定冠词。如:go to the cinema。3不加冠词(1) 一般专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前不加冠词。如:America,China,Shanghai Railway Station。但是当一个抽象名词或物质名词被限定时,前面加the。如:The milk in the bottle has gone bad抽象名词或物质名词前或后加上表示其特殊性质或类别的修饰词,指概念的“一种”、“一类”、“一次”等时,用不定冠词。如:After a swim,he had a rest。(
14、2) 可数名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、名词所有格等限制时,不加冠词。如:This book is mine。(3) 季节、月份、日期、一日三餐前一般不加冠词。如:Summer is the warmest season of the year。如果月份等被一个限定性定语修饰,就要加冠词。如:Jack joined the Army in the spring of 2002。(4) 表示语言学科名称、球类运动的名词前一般不用冠词。如:He is studying French in Paris。但是在the Chinese language,the English lan-guage
15、等中要用定冠词。(5) 在以“普通名词或形容词最高级+as”开始的让步状语从句中,前面不加冠词。如:Shortest as he is。用适当的冠词填空,不需要冠词的空白处填“”1. Tomorrow is _ Teachers Day and well make _ card for our English teacher.2. The bus is running about seventy miles_ hour.3. Mary is interested in _ science.4. Some people dont like to talk at _ table.5. Last n
16、ight I went to_ bed very late.6. Dont worry. We still have _ little time left.7. What _ beautiful day! And what _ fine weather!8. In _ winter it is cold in _ Beijing and warm in _Shanghai.9. John is_ cleverest boy in his class.10. We cant live without _ water or _ air.11. Tomorrow Mr. Smith will lea
17、ve Paris, _capital of_ France, for Washington by_ air.12. We were having_ lunch when they came in.13. This is _ book you gave me last week.14. What did you do _ last Saturday15. March 8 is _ Womens Day.16. If _ weather is fine tomorrow, we will go to the park.17. I prefer playing _ piano to playing
18、_ basketball.18. At _ age of five, he read a lot of books.19. Tom and Lucy are of _ same age.20. _ harder we study, _ more we learn.三、数词1基数词(1) 2199之间的二位数由十位数加个位数再加连字符构成。如24可写成twenty-four。(2) 101999之间的三位数由hundred加and再加二位数或末位数构成。加489可写成four hundred and eighty-nine。(3) 表示确切数目时,基数词hundred,thousand,mill
19、ion,billion不加s。如several hundred,ten million。但是表示不确定数目时,要用复数形式。如hundreds of。(4) 表示“在几十年代”用“in+the+逢十的数词复数”。如in the1980s或80s。2序数词一般由基数词加-th构成,前面一般加定冠词the。如the two hundredth。以y结尾的基数词构成序数词时,把y改成i,再加-eth。如the fiftieth。 不规则的序数词有first,second,third,fifth,eighth,ninth,twelfth。3其他几种数词(1) 分数由基数词和序数词合成,分子用基数词,分
20、母用序数词。分子大于l时,分母的序数词要用复数形式。如11/3读做three and two thirds1/3读做one(a)third;但1/2读做one(a)half,1/4读做one(a)quarter。(2) 小数点读做point;“零”读做zero;带小数点的数字从左至右依次读出。如读做zero point two。(3) 百分数读做percent。如17读做seventeen percent。四、代词1人称代词人称代词的主格做主语;宾格做宾语或表语。2物主代词物主代词有两大类,一般形容词性物主代词做定语;名词性物主代词做主语、宾语和表语。3反身代词反身代词由形容词性物主代词加-s
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